Cable Distance Research Articles

Distance Locator for an Underground Cable Fault

In this paper, a way for sleuthing underground cable fault distance locator is done by using microcontroller. The target of this project is to work out the gap of underground cable fault through base station in kilometers. It uses the straight forward conception of ohm’s law, voltage drop can vary counting on the length of fault in cable, since the current varies. A group of resistors are used to represent the length of cable in kilometers and a dc voltage is fed at one end and the fault is detected the change in voltage using analog to voltage converter. The fault occurring at what distance is shown on LCD which is interfaced with the microcontroller that is used to make the necessary calculations.

Simulation and calculation of maximum transmission power for offshore wind plants accounting for the Electro-Magnetic transient process

The offshore wind power industry is witnessing a shift towards larger scale and longer offshore distances, pushing the transmission capacity and transmission distance of submarine cables to their maximum limits. Consequently, it is essential to evaluate the maximum transmission limit of offshore wind power. At the same time, the larger scale of the wind farm will make the Electro-Magnetic transient (EMT) processes have a greater impact on the system stability. To address these issues, this paper firstly established a wind generator (WG) model through a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) model with averaging parameters, as well as a cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) submarine cable model to construct an offshore wind power system via AC transmission. Subsequently, a continuous EMT simulation method is proposed to calculate the maximum transmission capacity and transmission distance limit. Real-time transient simulations were conducted to check the transient stability constraints during the calculation process. Finally, through several case studies on different types of cables, the simulation and calculation results are presented to provide useful references for engineering applications.

Design and experiment of an auxiliary device for dragging submarine cable with external surface clamp

To extend the tugging distance of submarine cables inside mooring tubes, this paper presents an auxiliary submarine cable tugging device with an external surface clamp. There are few existing auxiliary tug devices for submarine cables, and it is necessary to develop such a device that is suitable for long distances and large-diameter heavy submarine cables. The structural size of the cable is analyzed, and the drag force required by the marine cable and the obstacle surmounting ability of the auxiliary device are examined. The friction-reducing performance of the device is verified by experiments using short and long sea cables. The experimental results show that the marine cable dragging auxiliary device reduces the friction by more than 50%, enabling dragging distances to reach 1500 m in the underwater protective tube.

Investigation of the strut‐and‐tie model of a single‐plane cable‐stayed bridge tower under vertical component of the cable force

AbstractThe design of reinforcement of concrete pylons in cable‐stayed bridges is a challenging task. Usually, only the influence of the strong horizontal component of the cable force is considered during the reinforcement design of the concrete tower, while the bursting forces caused by the vertical components of the cable forces are ignored. However, the latter is also an important factor for concrete cracking in bridge towers. In this paper, the concrete tower of a single cable plane cable‐stayed bridge is considered. The strut‐and‐tie model (STM) of the pylon wall subject to the vertical components of one single cable force was derived. Based on the minimum strain energy principle, an equation for predicting the bursting force was given. Then, the STMs of a concrete pylon with two cable forces with different vertical distances between cables were proposed. A series of equations for predicting the bursting force in different STMs were presented. The STMs of a concrete pylon with multiple cables were subsequently obtained from the STM for two cable forces. The analysis results show that the vertical distance between cables has a great influence on the STM configuration of the tower. When the cable distance is less than 0.7 times the width of the tower wall, the bursting force is larger than that when the cable distance is larger than 0.7 times the width of the tower wall. This study was expected to provide a reference in the design and applications of pylons of concrete cable‐stayed bridges.

Calculation method for elastic parabolic cable subjected to uniformly distributed load on each segment and concentrated load at many points

Using the assumption that the load is evenly distributed in the horizontal direction, the article has given the cable deflection equation as a function that depends only on the horizontal coordinates, the length of the cable and horizontal distance between two supports. This result leads to the construction of a general system of equations to calculate the deflection, tension, and elongation of an elastic single cable resting on two supports with or without high difference, bearing uniformly distributed loads (or evenly distributed at intervals) and load is concentrated at many points. Calculations of examples to compare with results have been performed by other methods.

Twisted Pair Cable Fault Diagnosis via Random Forest Machine Learning

Applying the fault diagnosis techniques to twisted pair copper cable is beneficial to improve the stability and reliability of internet access in Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Access Network System. The network performance depends on the occurrence of cable fault along the copper cable. Currently, most of the telecommunication providers monitor the network performance degradation hence troubleshoot the present of the fault by using commercial test gear on-site, which may be resolved using data analytics and machine learning algorithm. This paper presents a fault diagnosis method for twisted pair cable fault detection based on knowledge-based and data-driven machine learning methods. The DSL Access Network is emulated in the laboratory to accommodate VDSL2 Technology with various types of cable fault along the cable distance between 100 m to 1200 m. Firstly, the line operation parameters and loop line testing parameters are collected and used to analyze. Secondly, the feature transformation, a knowledge-based method, is utilized to pre-process the fault data. Then, the random forests algorithms (RFs), a data-driven method, are adopted to train the fault diagnosis classifier and regression algorithm with the processed fault data. Finally, the proposed fault diagnosis method is used to detect and locate the cable fault in the DSL Access Network System. The results show that the cable fault detection has an accuracy of more than 97%, with less minimum absolute error in cable fault localization of less than 11%. The proposed algorithm may assist the telecommunication service provider to initiate automated cable faults identification and troubleshooting in the DSL Access Network System.

“Cone Beam Imaging of Cochlear Implants “

Abstract Objectives to assess the role of Cone Beam CT (CBCT) in the postoperative cochlear implant (CI) imaging in determining details about the electrode position, insertion depth, angle and other fine anatomical details. Methods This retrospective study included 32 patients (34 ears) with post-CI CBCT imaging. All images were anonymized and reviewed by two experienced head and neck radiologists in consensus for the measurements of the implant insertion depth, facial canal (vertical part) diameter, wall thickness and distance between it and the electrode cable, then assessment of the quality of visualization of fine structures as the facial nerve canal, chorda tympani, separate electrode contacts and scalar position of electrodes were done using 4-point scale. Results The insertion angles for the electrodes were measured in all the ears with a mean ± SD = 430.24 ± 121.43, the facial canal diameters were measured in 97.1% (33 ears) with a mean ± SD = 1.54 ± 0.33, the facial wall thickness was measured in 79.4% (27 ears) with a mean ± SD = 0.62 ± 0.32, the facial canalelectrode cable distances were measured in 97.1% (33 ears) with a mean ± SD = 1.64 ± 0.50 and the chorda tympani was visualized in 88.2% (30 ears). Perfect visualization of the scalar position of electrodes were encountered in 76.5% (26 ears), separate electrode contacts in 20.6% (7 ears), facial canal in 35.3% (12 ears), facial canal wall in 26.5% (9 ears), and chorda tympani in 41.2% (14 ears). Conclusion CBCT is a valuable tool in the postoperative assessment of cochlear implants

Permanent Fault Location for Three-Core Cable Using Multiconductor Coupling Model

Phase-to-ground faults in underground cables are usually correlated with the metallic sheaths. This work proposes a fault location method for the three-core cable in distribution system using voltage and current measurements at the both terminals. First, a generic model for the three-core cable with independent sheath is constructed by lumped parameter approach. Then, considering the practical measurement restrictions, a simplified yet effective equivalent circuit is proposed on the basis of the generic model. Additionally, the analysis of the earthed strap current is presented. The earthed strap current is used to determine cable fault distance by voltage and current equations. By PSCAD/EMTDC, an effectiveness evaluation of the proposed model is given, and the performance of the proposed algorithm is investigated with extensive fault simulations. The results demonstrate the method is not affected by different fault conditions. Finally, the comparison with other algorithms shows higher accuracy and feasibility of the proposed method for a three-core cable with independent sheath.

Underground Cable Fault Distance Locator

Underground cables undergoes a wide variety of faults due to underground conditions, wear and tear, etc. Diagnosing fault source is difficult and the cable should be fully taken out from the ground to check the faults. The project work is intended to detect the location of fault in underground cable lines from the base station in km using a micro controller. To detect a fault in the cable, thecable must be tested for faults. This prototype uses the simple concept of Ohms law. Depending upon the length of fault of the cable, the current will be varied. In the urban areas, the overhead lines are replaced by underground cables. When the fault occurs in underground cable, the process to detect the exact location of the fault in underground cable is very difficult. We can find the exact location of the fault by this proposed system. The prototype is modelled with a set of wires representing cable length in km and fault creation is made, at every known distance to cross check the accuracy of the same.In case of fault, the voltage across wires changes accordingly, which is then fed to an Arduino.LCD which is connect to Arduino displays fault location in distance. The fault occurring distance and phase is displayed on a 16X2 LCD interfaced with the microcontroller.

Improving the Stability of An Interconnected Power System Using Genetic Eigenvalue Technique

Improving the power stability of an interconnected Nigerian 330KV 48 bus power system was developed using Genetic Eigenvalue Technique to mitigate the challenges of proper placement of power system stabilizer due to its highly dynamic and nonlinear nature. In order to eliminate load losses, equipment malfunctioning, and other quality issues, unnecessary tripping and cascaded failures in system network, power system stabilizers are installed to improve system stability. The operational and process data of 330KV power system grid network, cable distance meter (CDM-75), Transmission line calculator (AWR version) were sampled at Transmission Company of Nigeria Osogbo, Osun State of Nigeria. The Genetic Eigenvalue technique was used to generate eigenvalues, damping ratios and participation factors for proper placement of PSS (Power System Stabilizers) to mitigate the effect of transmission line and power plant outage contingencies. The PSSs were placed using Genetic Eigenvalue Analysis technique performed better than PSS placed based on conventional Arnoldi eigenvalue technique. The simulation results for base case voltage profile and for the trajectories of the impact of contingencies were plotted on the MATLAB/SUMULINK environment. From the output plots, the percentage of voltage instability suppression time improvement of Genetic technique over Arnoldi is 51.86%. Oscillation suppression at generator 1, is 74%, and that of generator 3 is 79%, and finally at generator 5 is 76.98%. PSS placed on Nigerian 330KV 48 bus plant and transmission line of an interconnected power system case study power system based on genetic analysis suppressed voltage oscillation faster compared to the time it took the PSS based on the conventional Arnoldi eigenvalue analysis technique. Keywords: Power Stability- Genetic Eigenvalue, ArnoldiEigenvalue, PSS. DOI: 10.7176/JETP/11-1-03 Publication date: January 31 st 2021

The Simulation Analysis and Coupling Mechanism of harness and wire cable

Considering the complexity of the electromagnetic environment, a large number of electronic equipment and cable harnesses are concentrated. For different environments, this paper is prepared to consider the three problems of cable crosstalk, field-line coupling and cable radiation, which basically covers all cable electromagnetic interference problems. Considering the changes of cable length, cable height from the ground, cable distance, angle and grounding mode, this paper also takes these factors into account and explores the results by changing these parameters. According to this, the anti-interference measures between the cables of Electrical Multiple Unit can be obtained.

Fault Detecting Robot for Underground Electrical Cables Using ATMEGA Aurdino

Nowadays in urban areas electrical cables run underground instead of overhead. A wide variety of faults occur in underground cables due to improper conditions, wear and tear damages. For overcoming these, cables has to be replaced, which will affect the resistance and may leads to voltage breakdown. Therefore robots are designed to help during faulty condition where human interface is difficult. In this paper by implementing robotic features with a underground cable faults distance locator is done by using a microcontroller. The fault occurring at any point is displayed on LCD which is interfaced with the microcontroller that is used to make the necessary calculations. Robotics is considered as the fastest growing field helps human and minimize the gap of the underground cable faults through base station in kilometers and even as future scope robot can advanced with technologies like artificial intelligence and machine learning capability.

Underground Cable Fault Distance Locator and Counter Based Damaged Cable Replacement Indicator System

This paper deals with two objectives, the first objective focuses on finding out the location of fault occurred in any phase in the underground cable system (Clegg in Underground cable fault location. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1993) using the basic principle of Ohm’s Law. The second objective basically focussed on making a programmed counter to count the number of faults, respectively, occurring in each phase during the life span of the underground cable so that damaged cable can be replaced with a new cable of same length and characteristics after reaching the limit of predefined number of faults. For this, the concept of software counting operation (Mellor-Crummey and LeBlanc in A software instruction counter. University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627) is applied on the occurrence of a short circuit fault event in any phase of the underground cable by using counter programming. For this paper, the basic concept of Ohm’s law (Paul and Kakoti in Underground cable fault locator. IARJSET 3(9), 2016) is used according to which, if a low DC voltage is applied at the feeder end through a series of resistor in cable lines, the current would vary depending upon the location of fault in the cable. A software simulation of the system consisting of an ATmega 328P microcontroller (Atmel-8271-8-bit-AVR-Microcontroller-ATmega48A-48PA-88A-88PA-168A-168PA-328-328P_datasheet_Complete, Microchip), fault sensing circuit and a low voltage regulated power supply is performed. Here, the fault sensing circuit is developed using a combination of four resistors and four switches for each phase that is an equivalent model of an underground cable line, is interfaced to an ATmega 328 microcontroller with the help of internally inbuilt ADC for providing the digital data to microcontroller.

A smart‐integrated IoT module for intelligent transportation in oil industry

AbstractApart from being fundamental in industry 4.0, IoT also extends its capability to smart transportation in an oil pipeline system. The initiation of the Internet of Things has witnessed incredible success in the application of wireless sensor networks and ubiquitous computing for various smart‐control applications. In the oil industry, for smooth, accident‐less, long‐range pipeline transportation, data communication through wireless sensor networks plays a predominant role in IoT. For the prominent integration with the internet, it is essential to fabricate a middleware by overcoming the shortcomings like interoperability and heterogeneity. But yet there is no compact, integrated IoT module with power and energy‐efficient configuration to take the modern technology to the next level of innovation of wireless network systems with embedded sensors in the oil industry. Hence, this paper presents a novel, unique‐integrated compact, smart IoT module that aims at reducing costs associated with commercial data loggers and sensing modules, requiring control and data storage that need proprietary software. Other usual drawbacks of commercial solutions are limited sensor connections with low expansion flexibility and maintenance restricted to the manufacturer and long cable communication distances. The proposed integrated smart IoT module operation relies on free software, allowing online distribution and communication with a cloud server wirelessly via Wi‐Fi through message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) and hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) for efficient data communication. A secured high‐level engineering web page called Web Monitor was developed for online data analysis with real‐time monitoring and control to afford intelligent transportation in oil pipelines. Further, in this work, the real‐time validation of the proposed smart IoT module performance in the oil pipeline during abnormal circumstances is also provided. Through this integrated IoT module, the entire oil pipeline network with each substation can be interconnected and controlled beneficial with its intelligence, low cost, and portability.

Effects of Parameter Uncertainties on Interaction between Submarine Telecommunication Cables and Lateral Seabed Movements

Submarine telecommunication cables are the physical backbone of the Internet. They are often buried shallowly beneath seabed and affected by seabed movements. Due to the long distance of cables and the complexity of submarine environment, interaction between cables and seabed movements inevitably involves various parameter uncertainties. However, effects of parameter uncertainties on submarine cable responses to seabed movements have not been fully investigated. This paper aims to address this problem using random finite element method (RFEM) that integrates finite element (FE) analysis with Monte Carlo simulation (MCS). First, deterministic FE analysis is performed to investigate cable responses to lateral seabed movements. Then MCS is implemented to study the effects of parameter uncertainties on cable responses. Statistical analysis of the MCS results is performed to prioritize the effects of parameter uncertainties on cable damage probability. Random field is also used to model spatial variability of soil parameters. Effect of the correlation length on cable damage probability is investigated. The results show that uncertainty of the anchored cable length La has the most significant effect on cable damage probability, while the effects of uncertainties in soil friction angle ϕ and effective unit weight γ′ are minor. Ignoring spatial variability of soil parameters may lead to significant misjudgment of cable damage risk.

Development of fault distance locator for underground cable detection

This project proposes fault distance locator model for underground power cable using an Arduino uno. The use of underground cables arise a problem of identifying the fault location and the distance of cable fault as it is not open to view as in case of overhead cable. Thus, the underground cable fault distance locator is develop to detect the exact fault location and the distance of underground cable fault from based station in kilometers as the system will detect the faulted cable on underground and will send the information to the control room by using a relay. An underground cable system is a common practice followed in major urban area. The concepts of Ohm’s law are used in this project and are placed underground with short circuit type fault condition. If any fault occurs, the voltage drop will vary depending on the length of fault in cable since the current varies. Tracer method is used to detect faulted by walk through the cable lines. Fault point is traced by the audible signal or electromagnetic signal. These projects are equipped with a set of resistors, power supply, a set of switches, Arduino Uno and LCD. The prototype of an underground cable fault distance locator is designed with the performance of Tracer method.

Design of Electric Power Line Drawing Algorithm

Abstract At present, the drawing of power lines is still in the state of semi-manual design, mainly completed by AutoCAD, which not only consumes human resources, but also has low efficiency. Therefore, this paper designs an automatic drawing software for power lines. It integrates drawing and data management. Based on the basic information of power lines, this software imports and automatically converts the basic power data (latitude and longitude data) containing GPS/BeidDou positioning information into the distance, direction, angle and other information of poles and cables. Then, it realizes the function of automatically drawing the power line graph according to the scale by multiple tree traversal algorithm. This software is easy to operate and reliable, and has achieved good results in practice.

Optimum design of cryogenic pump for circulation cooling of high temperature superconducting cables

Pressure drops and temperature rises caused by the cooling with liquid nitrogen are evaluated for two typical examples of HTS cables. One is the three-in-one-type AC cable located inside a corrugated pipe, and the other is the single-core-type DC cable located inside a straight pipe. The theoretical expressions of pressure drop and temperature rise indicate the contributions from three components such as the friction between the liquid nitrogen and the wetted surfaces, the ratio of the heat input to the mass flow rate of liquid nitrogen and the vertical change of position along the cooling pipe. The numerically estimated results are validated by comparing them with the test results carried out by the other groups. Furthermore, the maximum feeding distance of HTS cable can be determined by adjusting the flow rate of pump if the maximum permissible pressure drop and temperature rise are fixed in advance.

IoT embedded systems network and sensors signal conditioning applied to decentralized photovoltaic plants

The proposed Internet of Things (IoT) monitoring network aims at reducing costs associated with commercial dataloggers and sensing modules, requiring control and data storage that need proprietary software. Other usual drawbacks of commercial solutions are limited sensor connections with low expansion flexibility, maintenance restricted to the manufacturer and long cable communication distances. Our developed IoT network was implemented and tested in three grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) plants, installed in Fortaleza and Maracanaú, in Brazil, and Cologne, in Germany. The proposed IoT embedded systems are based on free software, allowing online distribution, free usage and communication with a server in the Cloud wirelessly via WiFi. A web page called Web Monitor was developed for online data consultation and for real-time monitoring of the three plants. PV modules temperature monitoring has the objective of providing data for the analysis of electricity generation efficiency and for detecting failures characterized by overheating of the PV plant. Meteorological data such as solar irradiance, ambient temperature, relative humidity and wind speed are also monitored, allowing a more complete analysis of the effect of these variables on the PV module’s performance. Hence, we propose the design and development of an IoT modular system to compose a worldwide monitoring network focused on meteorological and PV modules temperature data, available to researchers from partner institutions.

Broadband infrastructure, ICT use and firm performance: Evidence for UK firms

The recent economics literature has begun to recognise that ICT is a heterogeneous technology altering information storage, processing and communication in distinct ways. In this paper we use the arrival of a new communication technology, ADSL broadband, to study the effects of heterogeneous types of ICT on firm performance. To do so free from endogeneity bias, we construct instruments using postcode-level geographic variation in the infrastructure underlying broadband internet – the pre-existing telephone network. We show that after placing various restrictions on the sample, instruments based on the timing of ADSL broadband enablement and the cable distance to the local telephone exchange satisfy the conditions for instrument relevancy and validity. We find in turn, that ICT causally affects firm size (captured by either sales or employment) but not productivity.