Cable Connection Research Articles

33kV cable connector failures due to shunt reactor switching by means of vacuum circuit breaker – A thorough investigation & mitigation analysis

Switching of (small) inductive currents by means of vacuum circuit breakers may lead to multiple re-ignitions. This is the result of the ability of the interrupter's quenching capability, which generates steep overvoltages that can stress the equipment insulation. Should no mitigation measures be applied, the equipment is exposed to a high risk of failure. In this paper, the findings and conclusions of a such a failure investigation and mitigation analysis are presented, referring to multiple cable connector failures in 33kV shunt reactor installations in the Netherlands.

Measurement and Identification of Partial Discharge in 11kV XLPE Cable Jointing

The reliability of power networks can be compromised by failures in cable connections, which are often caused by poor insulation quality. The use of different insulating materials during the connection process can result in defects, leading to partial discharge (PD) in high voltage equipment. PD measurements using a Rogowski Coil sensor and a high-efficiency Oscilloscope, following the IEC-60270 guidelines, are a widely recognized method for evaluating the quality of insulation systems. Experimental measurement was performed at university high voltage laboratory. This paper focuses on measuring PDs in extension (joint) cables, where they typically occur, specifically in 11kV XLPE jointing cables, and comparing them with ordinary cables without jointing. The project aims to analyze PD signal characteristics and identify partial discharge patterns in the time and frequency domains using MATLAB. .

PCB Rogowski Coil sensor by using Saw blade pattern for arcing fault detection

Rogowski is a special current transformer and has been categorised as a low-power stand-alone current sensor. This sensor is designed by using a Saw blade pattern with 50 turns and 100 turns. This number of turns will impact the increment of the sensitivity of the sensor. Rogowski coil is used for measuring the alternating current (AC) and high-speed current pulses. The PCB Rogowski Coil will detect the arcing fault that design with AutoCAD software after that import to CST software. An arc is created when the electrical current jumps the gap between two conductive materials. The most common causes of arcs include worn contacts in electrical equipment, damage to insulation, break in a cable and loose connections. In order to reduce the arc fault risk, the arc fault interrupter (AFI) technology and arc fault detectors (AFD) have been developed. However, these devices are most suitable for domestic application or low voltage (LV). This paper proposed a simulation using AutoCAD and CST software to design a Rogowski coil and the Rogowski Coil sensor will be tested by using CST software in terms of radiation pattern. The biggest radiation pattern in red colour is the saw blade pattern in 100 turns at 2 KHz frequency, the radiation pattern covering entire sensor area compared with other radiation patterns with other frequency. The main lobe magnitude for 2 KHz frequency is 46.8 dB, main lobe direction is 180 deg, angular width is 153.4 deg and the side lobe level is zero. This is the best number of turn and frequency compared to 50 turn saw blade sensor.

Connection of cables with conductor temperatures up to 110°C

Connection of cables with conductor temperatures up to 110°C

Increasing access to pathology services in low- and middle-income countries through innovative use of telepathology.

In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), surgical care can be limited by access to pathology services. In Uganda, the pathologist-to-population ratio is less than 1 to 1 million people. The Kyabirwa Surgical Center in Jinja, Uganda, created a telepathology service in collaboration with an academic institution in New York City. This study demonstrated the feasibility and considerations of implementing a telepathology model to supplement the critical pathology needs of a low-income country. This was a retrospective, single-center study of an ambulatory surgery center with pathology capability using virtual microscopy. The remote pathologist (also known as a telepathologist) controlled the microscope and reviewed histology images transmitted across the network in real time. In addition, this study collected demographics, clinical histories, the surgeon's preliminary diagnoses, and the pathology reports from the center's electronic medical record. Nikon's NIS Element Software was used as a dynamic, robotic microscopy model with a video conferencing platform for communication. An underground fiber optic cable established Internet connectivity. After a two-hour tutorial session, the lab technician and pathologist were able to proficiently use the software. The remote pathologist read (1) pathology slides with inconclusive reports from external pathology labs, and (2) tissues labeled by the surgeon as suspicious for malignancy, which belonged to patients who lacked financial means for pathology services. Between April 2021 and July 2022, tissue samples of 110 patients were examined by a telepathologist. The most common malignancies on histology were squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus, ductal carcinoma of the breast, and colorectal adenocarcinoma. With the increasing availability of video conference platforms and network connections, telepathology is an emerging field that can be used by surgeons in LMICs to improve access to pathology services, confirming histological diagnosis of malignancies to ensure appropriate treatment.

Voltage Drop Estimation during Shore Connection with the Use of Motor Drives Modified as Static Frequency Converters

Ship-to-shore connection is an important technological element that reduces air pollution in ports. Therefore, ports install facilities that allow mooring ships to connect to the port distribution network. By 2025, this will be mandatory for all ports in Europe. This can be a challenging task in most ports due to the different frequency of the network and ship frequency. This problem can be solved by the use of grid-forming static frequency converters. This solution also brings some other advantages: The ship is not threatened by high shore short-circuit currents, and the port distribution network is not affected by the character of the ship load. However, frequency converter software must include a droop control algorithm to ensure that voltage deviations do not exceed the allowed limits during transients. Typical frequency converters used for shore connection are those developed as static frequency converters (SFCs). However, those converters were not developed for large power outputs, which are needed to power large vessels, such as ferries or cruise ships. This paper proposes motor drives that were modified to operate as SFCs. This approach has quite a lot of advantages which are described in this article. This paper describes both a standard shore connection system without a frequency converter and a solution that includes static frequency converters. The paper then focusses on voltage deviation estimations during connection/disconnection of large load (ferry or cruise ship) to static frequency converters. In this work, a high-voltage shore connection (HVSC) simulation model is developed, including a frequency converter, a shoreside transformer, medium-voltage (MV) connection cables, and a power system of the ship, to analyze in detail the behavior of the system in the case of connection or disconnection of the ship load. The model was made in DIgSILENT PowerFactory for the case of a commercial port in southern France. The model gives credible estimations of voltage drops/surges during transient and steady states.

New indices for performance evaluation of cable-driven parallel robots: Motion/force transmissibility

Cable-driven parallel robots (CDPRs) have attracted considerable attention due to their enlarged workspaces and high acceleration values. However, no very intuitive and universally applicable indices have been developed to evaluate CDPR performance. By modifying a general motion/force performance index proposed by Sutherland and Roth, this paper proposes a unified transmission index to quantitatively evaluate the motion/force transmissibility of CDPRs. This index is frame-free and relative to singularities. Furthermore, the power coefficients of the positive and negative output motion directions are calculated. Thus, the fundamental issue of CDPR implementation, namely, that the cable can transmit only positive force, is considered in this performance evaluation method. To introduce the performance evaluation method and transmission index, motion/force transmissibility analyses of a completely-restrained CDPR and redundantly-restrained CDPR are presented. Finally, the local transmission index (LTI) distributions of different cable geometry connections and cable attachment point positions are compared to determine appropriate geometric connections and geometric parameters.

Time delay effect reduction on the wireless networked control system using an optimized FOPI-FOPD controller

Wireless Networked Control System (WNCS) is made up of an actuator, sensor, and controller that communicates through a wireless network rather than typical point-to-point cable connections. Lower maintenance costs, greater flexibility, and increased safety are the main WNCS advantages, so as a result, it has attracted a lot of researchers. Nevertheless, time delays and packet losses in wireless data transmission are classified as complicated problems, which impair WNCS output accuracy and may influence the overall system stability. Integer-Order PI-PD (PI-PD) and Fractional-Order PI-PD (FOPI-FOPD) controllers are proposed to reduce the impact of the control signal transmission's time delay and improve system performance. Matlab Simulink and True-time simulator are used to simulate the WNCS, and ZigBee protocol is used in transceiving the control signal between the controller and the system. Rotary Inverted Pendulum (RIP) acted as the controller's objective. The Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) technique is utilized to evaluate the best controller parameters. Xbee S2 modules are used to implement the signal transmission process over ZigBee protocol. The FOPI-FOPD controller outperforms the PI-PD controller in the simulation and experimental results in decreasing the influence of time delay on system stability

Pengontrolan Robot Bulu Tangkis menggunakan Mikrokontroller ATmega128 berbasis Android Mobile

In Indonesia, badminton was one of the most popular sport in various circles. Along with the times, robots can be designed as a device that can be used to play badminton. Robominton was badminton robot which is operated manually by human using a remote control or fully automatic. For a robot that controlled by manual-based, bluetooth or cable connection using joystick was used. This refers to the rules that have been set by DIKTI in “Robot Abu Indonesia (KRAI) 2015” Contest. As for the robot control system that we develop, are robotic system with manual control using android as a transmitter and bluetooth module HC-05 as a receiver. There is a robotic navigation control systems, transmission control systems shuttlecock, shuttlecock and servicing of control systems. ATmega 128 processor, four DC motors, with the EMS driver 30A H-Bridges was used as a hardware on shuttlecock transmission syste,. For shuttlecock services, self-designed pneumatic driver with solenoid valve was used. From the test results, the robot was able to navigate premises 11 formation movement, five pieces of shuttlecock transmission, and can serve up and down with a pneumatic

Proactive flow control using adaptive beam forming for smart intra-layer data communication in wireless network on chip

Systems-on-chips need numerous predesigned cores to advance. NoC enables Multi-Core SoCs (MC_SoCs). Conventional NoC cores use power and latency on multi-hop wired connections. An effective Wireless Network-on-Chip (WiNoC) architecture can overcome NoC difficulties. On-chip antennas, transceivers, and routers replace multi-hop cable connections with high-bandwidth single-hop wireless networks using WiNoC. Nanotechnology development demands fast data transfer to overcome performance bottlenecks from sharing memory modules and connecting fabrics. This research offers a new Proactive Flow control using Adaptive Beam formation for Smart Intra-layer Data Communication technique(PF_SDC) to optimally use network resources and assure QoS in Wireless Network-on-Chip for next-generation nano-domain technology. Hybrid NoC architecture optimises application admission for data transfer over wired and wireless interconnects. Data traffic is managed by a fuzzy inference-based Intelligent Head Agent (IHA). Queue load predicts router status for the fittest path selection. IHA initiates beams at angles to admit data flow towards the target while utilising the least amount of network power and resources. A simulation model shows that the proposed system may be applied in real-world applications and consumes little power with good throughput.

Multi-Parameter Optical Monitoring Solution Applied to Underground Medium-Voltage Electric Power Distribution Networks.

This work presents a multi-parameter optical fiber monitoring solution applied to an underground power distribution network. The monitoring system demonstrated herein uses Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors to measure multiple parameters, such as the distributed temperature of the power cable, external temperature and current of the transformers, liquid level, and intrusion in the underground manholes. To monitor partial discharges of cable connections, we used sensors that detect radio frequency signals. The system was characterized in the laboratory and tested in underground distribution networks. We present here the technical details of the laboratory characterization, system installation, and the results of 6 months of network monitoring. The data obtained for temperature sensors in the field tests show a thermal behavior depending on the day/night cycle and the season. The temperature levels measured on the conductors indicated that in high-temperature periods, the maximum current specified for the conductor must be reduced, according to the applied Brazilian standards. The other sensors detected other important events in the distribution network. All the sensors demonstrated their functionality and robustness in the distribution network, and the monitored data will allow the electric power system to have a safe operation, with optimized capacity and operating within tolerated electrical and thermal limits.

Impact of processing-latency induced interaural delay and level discrepancy on sensitivity to interaural level differences in cochlear implant users.

This study investigated whether an interaural delay, e.g. caused by the processing latency of a hearing device, can affect sensitivity to interaural level differences (ILDs) in normal hearing subjects or cochlear implant (CI) users with contralateral normal hearing (SSD-CI). Sensitivity to ILD was measured in 10SSD-CI subjects and in 24normal hearing subjects. The stimulus was a noise burst presented via headphones and via a direct cable connection (CI). ILD sensitivity was measured for different interaural delays in the range induced by hearing devices. ILD sensitivity was correlated with results obtained in a sound localization task using seven loudspeakers in the frontal horizontal plane. In the normal hearing subjects the sensitivity to interaural level differences deteriorated significantly with increasing interaural delays. In the CI group, no significant effect of interaural delays on ILD sensitivity was found. The NH subjects were significantly more sensitive to ILDs. The mean localization error in the CI group was 10.8° higher than in the normal hearing group. No correlation between sound localization ability and ILD sensitivity was found. Interaural delays influence the perception of ILDs. For normal hearing subjects a significant decrement in sensitivity to ILD was measured. The effect could not be confirmed in the tested SSD-CI group, probably due to a small subject group with large variations. The temporal matching of the two sides may be beneficial for ILD processing and thus sound localization for CI patients. However, further studies are needed for verification.

Developments of Prototype Automatic Transportation Lines with a Direct Electric Drive

The increasingly demanding requirements for the production capacity, accuracy and repeatability of industrial production require the development of fully automated transportation lines in which a workpiece is mounted once and passes all stages of the technological process. To solve these problems, the leading manufacturers of machinery construction equipment offer, instead of conveying systems with belt or roller drive, modular automatic transportation lines based on direct drives with permanent-magnet linear synchronous machines. A specific feature of using a linear machine in a transportation line is an inverted mutual layout of the primary part (the armature) and the secondary part (the magnetic way) in which the magnetic way segment moves over a number of modules distributed along the line with a set of armatures and sensors controlled by individual servo amplifiers interconnected by a digital bus. With such solution, a workpiece is attached to the passive moving part that does not require the connection of electrical cables – to ensure its free and independent movement within the entire production line. The modularity of the design provides flexibility of the transportation systems. The article gives a review of solutions offered by various manufacturers, shows the specific features of using linear synchronous machines and sensors in such systems, and proposes the authors’ own developments of prototype transportation lines.

Open-MAC: A low-cost open-source motorized commutator for electro- and opto-physiological recordings in freely moving rodents

In vivo electro- and optophysiology experiments in rodents reveal the neural mechanisms underlying behavior and brain disorders but mostly involve a cable connection between an implant in the animal and an external recording device. Standard tethers with thin cables or non-motorized commutators require constant monitoring and often manual interference to untwist the cable. Motorized commutators offer a solution, but those few that are commercially available are expensive and often not adapted to widely used connector standards of the open-source community like 12-channel SPI. Here we introduce an open-source motorized all-in-one commutator (Open-MAC): a low-cost (240–390 EUR), low-torque motorized commutator that can operate with minimal audible noise in a torque-based mode relying on dual magnetic Hall sensors. It further includes electronics to operate in a torque-free, online pose-estimation-based mode, with future developments. Operation is controlled by an onboard microcontroller (XIAO SAMD21) powered by a USB-C cable or DC power supply. The body and movable parts are 3D-printed. Different Open-MAC versions can support electrophysiology with up to 64 recording channels using the Open-Ephys / IntanTM recording systems as well as miniature endoscope (miniscope) recordings using the UCLA Miniscope v3/4, and can host a fibre for optogenetic modulation.

Preview the Products on Display at Display Week 2023

Preview the Products on Display at Display Week 2023

Wireharness continuity test equipment design microcontroller-based aircraft module and atmega328p NRF24l01+ Wireless

In the manufacture of aircraft there are systems - systems that are very complex and must be integrated with each other, these systems are integrated with each other with wireharness transmission media. Wireharness is a collection of cables that are tied to form a bundle into a single unit. The continuity testing tool available today uses a multimeter, the disadvantage of using a multimeter is that it takes a long time to carry out because it must be tested one by one point to be tested while there are quite a lot of points to be tested, both operators often have difficulty when looking for cable addresses on the wirelist, the three tools used are not flexible. The purpose of this research is to design and make an aircraft wireharness continuity test tool that can test quickly because it can test many points at the same time, makes it easier for operators when looking for cable addresses on the wirelist, and is flexible when testing because it can measure two points that are quite far apart. far compared to a multimeter probe. This tool has two parts master and slave and each part uses an Atmega328p microcontroller-based controller as a data processor. Then also used 2 CD74HC4067 ICs, namely a 4 to 16 line multiplexer/demultiplexer whose binary output is controlled by a microcontroller. As well as for unidirectional communication between master and slave using NRF24l01+ (wireless). To operate the tool and display the results of the wireharness test, an application program was created using Visual Studio 2010 with the Visual Basic programming language. The system created will be realized into hardware capable of conducting a continuity test of 32 connection pin points in a multipoint to multipoint manner. After all systems are realized, then further testing is carried out on the tool, where this test is carried out to find out whether this tool can operate in accordance with what was planned. In continuity testing with this tool, it is able to produce good tests because it is able to carry out multipoint continuity tests and the communication distance between master and slave is 20 meters, and the testing time using this tool is 46.2% faster than using a multimeter. By using this continuity tester to speed up the work, the result is safer because the cable connections are not confused, can test the connection is disconnected or connected.

Evaluation of Information Indicators of Quantization Noise Generated by Speech Signal Analogue-Digital Conversion

The paper presents a technique for estimating the information parameters of the quantization noise generated by the analog-to-digital conversion of the measuring signal . An experiment and algorithm descriptions are presented to confirm the correctness of the method for processing and extracting the information parameters of the signal and quantization noise , in which a connecting cable is used instead of a measuring antenna . The measurement results are shown in the form of graphs of the dependences of the quantization noise extraction time by accumulation on influencing factors and controlled parameters , which demonstrate the limiting values of the extraction of information parameters of the quantization noise of the analog-to-digital conversion of the measuring signal . Confirmation of the hypothesis of estimating the information parameters of the quantization noise is obtained .

WIRELESS NETWORKS IN DAY TODAY LIFE

Wireless networking has very important features as it offers firm and user’s flexibility, and portability with in the budget. It allows the users to get access to the network without the physical wired tied between them. It uses high frequency radio waves to communicate between devices. Technology is no longer judged by its technical brilliance, but by the return on investment. Wireless Networks fit into this because the technology has been around long enough and can provide enough benefits to be seriously considered for deployment. Mobility is another feature by wireless. This leads to other provision of wireless, that of scalability. It really helps in extending your network. It also becomes important if an enterprise has a rented office and needs to shift to a new place. Wi-Fi, or wireless fidelity, is freedom: it allows you to connect to the internet from your couch at home, a bed in a hotel room, or a conference room at work without wires. It is a wireless technology like cell phones, Wi-Fi enabled computers send and receive data indoors and outdoors; anywhere within the range of the base station. And the best thing of all, Wi-Fi is fast. In fact, it’s several times faster than the fastest cable modem connection. Wireless networks have seen unprecedented rise in their size and number of users in recent years. This unprecedented rise is attributed to the rise in the number of mobile computing devices. More over the amount of data that is handled by these wireless networks has increased in recent years. This increase in the flow of data over these wireless networks is due to increase in popularity of cloud computing, which is built on the concept of Software as a Service, where in all the data processing happens on the cloud. KEYWORDS: Wireless network , wi-fi , technology

Cable current-carrying status analysis and early fault warning method based on temperature information

Long-term operation of cables and equipment under abnormal currents can cause insulation aging and reduce the service life of the equipment. Identifying the current-carrying status accurately and early detection of potential failures of power cables is particularly significant for ensuring the operation of power equipment safely and economically. This paper proposed a method for detecting the current-carrying status of power cables and an early fault warning based on temperature information. Based on the theoretical basis of the relationship between temperature and current. According to IEC 61000-3-7 and IEC 60038 standards, the current-carrying state evaluation method is analyzed and given, and the early fault warning model is established. Finally, the paper takes the cable connector and the lightning arrester in the power ring network cabinet as an example to verify the method’s feasibility. It shows that the characteristic information of the relative temperature variation curves under different current carrying states significantly differs. Includes the slope of hour 9, the slope of hour 2, and the maximum. Then the total duration under abnormal current operation is calculated, and the early warning of faults can realize.

Numerical Investigations on Suspended Power Cable Configurations for Floating Offshore Wind Turbines in Deep Water Powering an FPSO

Abstract Floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) are an opportunity for floating production storage and offloading units (FPSOs) to reduce emissions. To avoid long connecting power cables with long transmission distances between a FOWT and an FPSO, the novel concept of a suspended power cable in a large water depth of 1000 m is investigated in this study. The power cable is kept floating between the sea surface and the seabed without touching either of them. A catenary configuration and two configurations with subsea buoys attached at different locations along the cable are investigated. The OC3-Hywind 5 MW reference FOWT is set up with a deepwater mooring system, and a spread-moored FPSO is modeled with characteristics similar to existing FPSOs. Steady-state and dynamic simulations are carried out in the numerical software OrcaFlex. The different configurations are first evaluated in steady-state analyses. The largest tensions are observed for the catenary configuration, whereas it shows the lowest horizontal cable excursions. Buoys attached along the center section of the cable lift it into regions with strong currents. This results in a large horizontal excursion of the cable and large tensions. The suspended configuration with buoys attached evenly over the cable results in significantly lower tensions than the other two configurations. It is studied further with dynamic analyses. The tensions at the floater hang-offs increase by a maximum of 24% compared to steady-state results indicating that dynamic analysis is crucial for the design of suspended cable configurations.