Cabbage Leaf Research Articles

Efficacy of chitin synthesis inhibitors on crucifer leaf webber, Crocidolomia binotalis (Zell) in cabbage under field condition

The field experiment was conducted to test the efficacy of chitin synthesis inhibitors on crucifer leaf webber, Crocidolomia binotalis (Zell) in cabbage, during the rabi seasons of 2017-18 and 2018-19. The study revealed that, diflubenzuron 25 WP @1g/l was the best treatment in controlling cabbage leaf webber followed by novaluron 10 EC 1.25ml/l and buprofezin 25 SC @1.25ml/l. The diflubenzuron 1g/l reduced the crucifer leaf webber infestation by 70.57 percent and 72.05 percent in the year 2017-18 and 2018-19, respectively and all the Chitin synthesis inhibitors caused 60 to 71 and 63 to 72 percent reduction in pest population, while neem oil eliminated 45 and 55 percent crucifer leaf webber population during the year 2017-18 and 2018-19, respectively.

The effect of various dosages of fishbone flour and tofu slurry on chemical characteristic of alfisol and yield of leaf cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. acephala)

Abstract. Soetedjo INP, Jansari EA, Ndiwa ASS. 2020. The effect of various dosages of fishbone flour and tofu slurry on chemical characteristics of alfisol and yield of leaf cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. acephala). Trop Drylands 4: 58-61. Alfisol is a type of soil that has been going through intensive weathering and development, resulting in leaching of nutrients such as N, P, and K. These conditions might be improved by application of organic matters such as various kinds of waste. Fishbone flour and tofu slurry are potential organic waste that might be applied to improve chemical characteristics of alfisol. This research aimed to determine a proper dosage waste of fishbone and tofu slurry in improving chemical characteristics of alfisol and yield of leaf cabbage (kalian or kale) (Brassica oleracea var. acephala). Factorial experiment was conducted in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 3 replications. The research treatments were two factors, i.e., kinds of organic waste (fishbone flour and tofu slurry) and various dosage applications (300 g polybag-1, 400 g polybag-1, 500 g polybag-1). Observed data were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by a Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5%level. Observed variables included soil nutrient content (total nitrogen, available phosphorus, exchangeable potassium) and yield of leaf cabbage. Result of the research showed that there was no significant effect of either interaction of the two factors or the single factor treatment of organic waste on all observed data. However, dosage of organic waste application significantly affected nutrients content of alfisol that 500 g polybag-1 produced a higher content of N, P, and K compared to other treatments. Similarly, application 500 g polybag-1 of organic waste resulted in a higher fresh weight of leaf cabbage of 218.83 g polybag-1.

Use of non-chemical methods for the management of southern blight disease of carrot incited by Sclerotium rolfsii

This experiment was conducted to assess the effect of Trichoderma harzianum, soil solarization, and biofumigant on southern blight dis-ease of carrot incited by Sclerotium rolfsii isolate CS 5. A series of in-vitro and in-vivo trials laid out to select a virulent isolate of S. rolfsii against the carrot variety New Kuroda and evaluated the mustard, cabbage, cauliflower, and broccoli leaf extracts for choosing an effec-tive biofumigant against test pathogen. Mustard was the most effec-tive in inhibiting the radial growth, and sclerotia formation (80.37 and 83.37%) of S. rolfsii (isolate CS 5) at 40% level of concentration followed by cabbage leaf extract (62.22 and 68.69%). On the contrary, a total of 10 isolates of T. harzianum were screened against the test pathogen on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium for choosing a dominant isolate of T. harzianum. The isolate Th-6 was found as the most active in inhibiting the radial growth (84.44%) of S. rolfsii fol-lowed by Th-1 (75.56%). In the application of T. harzianum, biofumi-gation, and soil solarization, the treatment appeared to be the most superior in reducing pre- and post-emergence mortality of carrot during secondary field trials. The lowest southern blight disease inci-dence (10.77%), and disease severity (12.78%) were found at the same treatment. Subsequently, the yield of carrot was increased 155.18% which might be due to the reduction of carrot disease as well as the addition of organic materials in the soil.

Manejo médico de apostemas mamarios durante el siglo xviii en el Nuevo Reino de Granada

IntroductionThe University of La Sabana preserves a collection of medical prescriptions used in the eighteenth century in New Granada; one of these contains phytotherapeutic agents to alleviate the symptoms caused by mammary gland infections. ObjectiveTo present a formula used to treat breast abscesses and to determine whether the components are effective in resolving this entity. Materials and methodsWe conducted a search in the Historical Archive of the Octavio Arizmendi Posada Library of the University of La Sabana, where we found the formula “abscess in women's breasts”. We also collected data and performed a literature search on this method in the PubMed, Google Scholar and SciELO databases. ResultsThe use of plants such as Luffa cylindrica and Lonicera japonica could prevent the development of breast abscesses due to their galactagogue, analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Cabbage leaf also plays an important role in relieving pain in persons with abscesses, due to its analgesic properties. ConclusionThrough the review of eighteenth century texts, we found a colonial medical prescription and reviewed the phytotherapeutic effects of its components, highlighting its galactagogue benefits. This allows a comparison between current medical evidence and some of the natural methods used for breast abscesses in New Granada during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

Spatial and genetic crop diversity support ecosystem service delivery: A case of yield and biocontrol in Dutch organic cabbage production

• We developed and validated a diagrammatic scale to assess herbivore leaf-feeding injury in cabbage. • We used an experimental network of seven intercropping designs. • Crop diversification via intercropping reduced herbivore feeding injury in cabbage. • Lower injury was observed with the presence of a within-field functional flower strip. • Individual and total yields were maintained in five out of seven intercropping designs. A single focus on yield in agroecosystems comes at the expense of other ecosystem services, for instance, biocontrol of pests. In this study, we investigated the potential of intercropping to improve the delivery of ecosystem services by cropping systems. Intercropping was expected to deliver a higher yield through facilitation and complementarity while simultaneously suppressing pests via pest habitat dilution and habitat provision for natural enemies. Utilizing a network of experiments on crop diversification with different spatial arrangements and different levels of genetic crop diversity across the Netherlands in 2018, we analyzed the effect of seven intercropping designs on crop injury by pests, yield and quality in cabbage. Individual cabbage leaf injury by herbivorous pests was assessed using a newly developed diagrammatic scale. Provisioning services were measured as individual cabbage fresh weight and yield per unit area. We found a significant negative relationship between crop diversity and herbivore feeding injury per cabbage: intercropping designs with more species, accessions and/or cultivars exhibited lower feeding injury. The presence of flower strips significantly reduced overall injury in the adjacent cabbage strip, despite higher injury found in the rows closer to the flower strip. There was no clear relationship between crop diversity and fresh marketable weight per cabbage, however five out of seven intercropping designs were able to maintain total yield per area when compared with the sole crop reference. Our results show that crop diversification can simultaneously support the production ecosystem service by maintaining fresh marketable weight per cabbage plant and productivity per unit area, as well as the regulating ecosystem service of pest control. These results provide a basis for redesigning large-scale arable fields into diversified productive systems, and thereby facilitate the transition towards more sustainable farming systems. A better understanding of crop functionality and management needs in diverse arrangements is relevant for such redesign.

Alternaria telliensis, a new causal agent of cabbage leaf spot disease in Iran

In order to study of cabbage leaf spot disease in Damavand region, Tehran province, Iran, symptomatic cabbage leaves (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) were collected during the late summer and fall of 2017. Twenty-one isolates with the main characteristics of the genus Alternaria were isolated from lesions on the cabbage leaves. Based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis using multi-gene sequences, they were identified as Alternaria telliensis. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on cabbage leaves under greenhouse conditions and characteristic lesions were formed on inoculated leaves. Re-isolation of the inoculated fungus from the treated leaves confirmed Koch’s postulates. Based on the available information, this is the first occurrence of A. telliensis as a new species and pathogen to cabbage plants in Iran.

Effect of endophytic isolates of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin on Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) in cabbage

BackgroundThe diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) is one of the major pests in cabbage which causes severe loss to the cruciferous crops. Entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae have been established as endophytes in cabbage plants by seed treatment/root inoculation/foliar application methods in glasshouse conditions.Main bodyA glasshouse experiment was conducted to study the effect of endophytic isolates of B. bassiana (NBAIR Bb-5a and NBAIR Bb-45) and M. anisopliae (NBAIR Ma-4 and NBAIR Ma-35) on P. xylostella in cabbage using detached leaf bioassay method. The isolates were applied through seed treatment/root inoculation/foliar application at the concentration of 1 × 108 spores/ml and evaluated at 15, 30, 45, and 60 days after treatment (DAT) in 2017 and 2018. These isolates were colonized in cabbage leaf tissues from 15 to 60 DAT. All 4 isolates showed different mortality percentages during 15–30 DAT, and no mortality was observed after 45 and 60 DAT in different inoculation methods during both years. Among the application methods tested, foliar application method gave the highest mortality of 70–80% at 15 DAT and 12–58% at 30 DAT mortality of 2nd instar larvae of P. xylostella in cabbage. Among the isolates tested, NBAIR Ma-35 showed the highest mortality (35–79%) in all the 3 inoculation methods tested.ConclusionEndophytic isolates of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae suppressed the population of P. xylostella on cabbage leaves in three inoculation methods tested. Among all the methods tested, foliar application method showed highest mortality. These promising isolates have to be further tested under field conditions for management of P. xylostella in cabbage.

The relationship between perceived freshness and water content of cabbage leaves: A near infrared imaging survey of substance distribution underlying product appearance

Although freshness is the most important index for agricultural products, the freshness estimation for vegetables is still manual. This is because the technique is imperfect and defining freshness is difficult and based on a subjective impression based on the appearance. In previous studies, to clarify how humans perform freshness assessments by vision, researchers examined the relationship between food image statistical parameters and visual freshness perception using psychophysical experiments. The results showed the perceived freshness of food is related to surface gloss, or in other words, the luminance distribution parameters of food images. However, the factors affecting the perceived freshness have not been reported. In this study, water content of a cabbage leaf was compared with the decisive image parameters to quantify its freshness. Consequently, cabbage water content can be a viable index for interpreting human perceived freshness. In addition, a near infrared (NIR) imaging system was also evaluated as a non-destructive method for predicting water content. Loss of the perceived freshness is caused by an increase in wrinkles associated with the release of water. Further, the water distribution related to the surface morphology was visualized by NIR imaging.

Changes in the Biological Characteristics of Plutella xylostella Using Ethanolic Plant Extracts

The indiscriminate use of synthetic insecticides has led to the emergence of resistant populations of Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), hindering its control and causing economic damage to brassica production. Thus, in order to seek control alternatives, this study aimed at assessing the bioactivity of the ethanolic extracts of Schinus terebinthifolius (Anacardiaceae), Annona coriacea (Annonaceae), Annona crassiflora (Annonaceae), and Serjania marginata (Sapindaceae) on the life cycle of P. xylostella. Cabbage leaf discs were immersed in the treatments at a concentration of 10 mg/mL and given daily to the larvae. Larval and pupal duration and survival, pupae weight, the longevity of males and females, number and survival of eggs, incubation period, and days of oviposition parameters were evaluated. All extracts differed significantly from the control in terms of larval and pupal duration, pupal survival, and pupae weight. All the extracts prolonged the larval and pupal period of P. xylostella. Only A. coriacea did not differ significantly from the control in terms of larval survival, and the highest larval mortality was observed in the treatment with S. marginata (50%). Pupal survival, pupae mass, oviposition period, and egg survival were reduced in all treatments with ethanolic extracts. The treatments with Annona and S. marginata species have reduced the number of eggs. Treatments with S. terebinthifolius and S. marginata have reduced the incubation time of eggs. Thus, the treatments with ethanolic plant extracts act on the life cycle of P. xylostella negatively impacting the biological parameters evaluated.

Antifeedant activity of Lantana camara nano suspension prepared by reverse emulsion of ethyl acetate active fraction at various surfactant organic-phase ratio

Abstract Lantana camara ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) is a promising alternative to control Crocidolomia pavonana and interestingly provide antifeedant activity against C. pavonana. This study aims to prepare the EAF suspension in water solvent by reverse emulsion method with low energy-phase inversion nano-emulsification with vary in the surfactant organic-phase ratio (SOR) 9, 11, 12, and 14. The observed Fourier transform infra-red spectra showed that tween 80 successfully covered the EAF suspension in all SOR variation. The particle size analyzer and zeta potential measurement showed that the L. camara EAF with SOR 11 received a higher fraction of nanoparticles (77%) with an average size of 8.3 ± 1.3 nm and highest zeta potential (-8.9 mV) compared to other SOR. Also, SOR 11 contributed to the lowest contact angles measurement (48.50°) lead to the best wettability caused EAF suspension properly deposited on the cabbage leaf surface. It was highlighted that the EAF SOR 11 enhanced larvae efficacy with the highest mortality (86.67%) (P

Determination of trace elements in cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.var.acephale) and its grown soil at the Black sea region in Turkey

Purpose The most consumed urban crops having many benefits for human health in the northeast Black Sea black cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.var.acephale) leaf and theirs own grown soils were collected from Black Sea cities and towns; Rize, Trabzon, Giresun, Ordu ve Samsun of Turkey from totally 55 stations to determine the element levels in percent of the black cabbage. It is purposed that to obtain the data for each city in terms of element distribution. This study is a very comprehensive work covering almost the entire eastern Black Sea region for elemental measurements in black cabbage and its soil and comparing them between provinces and districts. Method The samples were analyzed by using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) technique that is a nondestructive method by giving reliable results. The obtained data were evaluated by using the ordinary cricking method and some statistical methods (Mann-Whitney- U Test, Oneway-ANOVA, Pearson and Spearman-Brown correlation test) to determine the correlations between soils, the black cabbage and both compared the element levels between the sampling points. The statistical analysis in soil and black cabbage samples were carried out for 19 and 11 elements, respectively. Results Mg (Magnesium), K (Potassium), Ca (Calcium), Al (Aluminum), Si (Silica), P (Phosphor), S (Sulphur), Ti (Titanium), Fe (Iron), Sr (Strontium), V (Vanadium), Cr (Chromium), Mn (Manganese) for the black cabbage sample and Na (Sodium), Mg, Al, Si, P, S, K, Ca, Ti, Fe, Cu (Copper), Zn (Zinc), Sr, V, Cr, Mn, As (Arsenic), Rb (Rubidium) and Pb (Lead) for soil samples were determined. The determining elements for soils and the black cabbage samples were compared between the working provinces. Conclusions The obtained data showed that the element distribution is similar and not showed a statistical difference for both between each station and cities. Besides, the trace elements in soils are not much affected the black cabbage however Al was found in the cabbage even it is less.

Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation.

Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation.

An efficient virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) system for functional genomics in Brassicas using a cabbage leaf curl virus (CaLCuV)-based vector.

CaLCuV-based VIGS effectively works in cabbage and contributes to efficient functional genomics research in Brassica crop species. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), a posttranscriptional gene silencing method, is an effective technique for analysing the functions of genes in plants. However, no VIGS vectors have been available for Brassica oleracea until now. Here, tobacco rattle virus (TRV), pTYs and cabbage leaf curl virus (CaLCuV) gene-silencing vectors (PCVA/PCVB) were chosen to improve the VIGS system in cabbage using the phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene as an efficient visual indicator of VIGS. We successfully silenced the expression of PDS and observed photobleaching phenomena in cabbage in response to pTYs and CaLCuV, with the latter being more easy to operate and less expensive. The parameters potentially affecting the silencing efficiency of VIGS by CaLCuV in cabbage, including the targeting fragment strategy, inoculation method and incubation temperature, were then compared. The optimized CaLCuV-based VIGS system involves the following: an approximately 500bp insert sequence, an Agrobacterium OD600 of 1.0, use of the vacuum osmosis method applied at the bud stage, and an incubation temperature of 22°C. Using these parameters, we achieved a stable silencing efficiency of 65%. To further test the effectiveness of the system, we selected the Mg-chelatase H subunit (ChlH) gene in cabbage and knocked down its expression, and we observed yellow leaves, as expected. We successfully applied the CaLCuV-based VIGS system to two other representative Brassica crop species, B. rapa and B. nigra, and thus expanded the application scope of this system. Our VIGS system described here will contribute to efficient functional genomics research in Brassica crop species.

Production of protease enzyme from slaughterhouse effluent: An approach to generate value-added products from waste

India is one of the largest exporters of meat or meat products in the world. The production of meat or meat products yields enormous amount of wastes which could be utilized to generate valuable products before treatment. This study illustrates the potential uses of slaughterhouse effluent to obtain valuable products. Primarily, the slaughterhouse effluent was demonstrated as microbiological media and further, protease enzyme was produced from slaughterhouse effluent using Chromobacterium violaceum, a bacterium isolated from slaughterhouse environment. The optimization study revealed that 0.1254 Units/ml of protease could be produced by the bacteria at pH 9.0 using slaughterhouse effluent and cabbage leaf waste as media. Thus, this study suggests that the slaughterhouse effluent could be treated following circular economy mode where production of value-added materials could be integrated thereby the country will be benefited economically and also the discharge of wastes will be minimized.

Pengaruh Pemberian Kompres Daun Kubis Dingin sebagai Terapi Pendamping bendungan ASI terhadap Skala Pembengkakan dan Intensitas Nyeri Payudara serta Jumlah ASIpada Ibu Postpartum di RSUD Bangil

Breast engorgement is a common problem in early postpartum, causing discomfort to become one of the obstacles in exclusive breastfeeding. Therefore, an effective method is needed to solve this problem. This study aimed to determine the effect of cold cabbage leaf compression on the engorgement scale and breast pain intensity, and the amount of breast milk in postpartum mothers. This study was Quasy Experimental with pre-test post-test with control group design, with 32 samples of postpartum mothers with breast engorgement, divided into two groups (intervention and control), with sampling technique of quota sampling. The data collection used a questionnaire sheet containing Six Point Engorgement Scale, Numeric Ratting Scale/NRS. Analysis of this study using Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney test. The results showed that the compression of cold cabbage leaves had a significant effect on the decrease of engorgement scale and the intensity of pain, and increase of breastmilk with p-value of 0.000 (α <0,05), the control group (hand expression) also had significant influence on engorgement scale and the intensity of pain, and the amount of breastmilk with p-value α <0,05. There were significant differences in both groups in reducing engorgement and pain intensity (p-value <0.005), but in increasing the amount of breast milk did not show a significant difference between the two groups (p-value 0.344). The conclusion of this study is cold cabbage leaf compresses can be used as a therapy to reduce the scale of engorgement and the intensity of breast pain in mothers with breast engorgement.

Involvement of BrNAC041 in ABA-GA antagonism in the leaf senescence of Chinese flowering cabbage

Abstract Phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellins (GAs) are well-known to be antagonistic in mediating plant development processes. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of this antagonism in leaf senescence of economically important leafy vegetables is largely unclear. In this study, we report that a Chinese flowering cabbage NAC transcription factor BrNAC041, mediated the ABA-antagonized GA accumulation in ABA-induced leaf senescence. Exogenous ABA treatment accelerated Chinese flowering cabbage leaf senescence, with decreasing maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) and total chlorophyll content, as well as up-regulating the expressions of senescence-associated genes. Notably, ABA treatment enhanced endogenous ABA accumulation and reduced GA3 level in senescing leaves. Consistently, down-regulation of one ABA catabolism gene BrCYP707A3 and two GA biosynthesis genes BrKAO2 and BrGA20ox2 was observed following ABA application. Furthermore, a NAC transcription factor, BrNAC041, a homolog of Arabidopsis ANAC041, was isolated and characterized. BrNAC041 was senescence-/ABA-up regulated and localized in the nucleus acting as a transcriptional repressor. Further in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that BrNAC041 repressed BrCYP707A3, BrKAO2 and BrGA20ox2 transcription by targeting their promoters via the NAC-binding sequence (NACBS). Collectively, our findings reveal BrNAC041 as a novel regulator involved in the antagonism of ABA on GA in the leaf senescence of Chinese flowering cabbage, through the transcriptional repression of ABA catabolic and GA biosynthetic genes.

Temperature-dependent variations in toxicity of diamide insecticides against three lepidopteran insects.

The effect of temperature on the toxicities of four diamide insecticides (chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole, flubendiamide, tetraniliprole) against three lepidopteran insects (Helicoverpa armigera, Plutella xylostella, Athetis lepigone) were determined from 15 to 35 °C by exposing third-instar larvae to dip-treated cabbage leaf. The results indicated that increase in temperature led to an increase significantly and regularly in the toxicities of the four diamide insecticides against P. xylostella and H. armigera, but not for A. lepigone. The temperature coefficients (TCs) of the four diamide insecticides increased from 15 to 35 °C. Tetraniliprole for H. armigera (+825.83), chlorantraniliprole for P. xylostella (+315.65) and cyantraniliprole for H. armigera (+225.77) exhibited high positive TCs. For A. lepigone, temperature had a positively weak or no effect on the toxicities of most of the diamide insecticides from 20 to 30 °C, but a higher effect from 30 to 35 °C. In addition, the toxicities of chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole and tetraniliprole all decreased from 15 to 20 °C. This study can guide pest managers in choosing suitable ambient field temperature when spraying diamide insecticides against lepidopteran insects.

Pest categorisation of Liriomyza sativae.

The EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Liriomyza sativae (Diptera: Agromyzidae) for the EU. L. sativae (the cabbage or vegetable leaf miner; EPPO code: LIRISA) is a polyphagous pest native to the Americas which has spread to Africa, Asia and Oceania. L. sativae can have multiple overlapping generations per year. Eggs are inserted in the leaves of host plants. Three larval instars, which feed internally on field vegetables (leaves and stems), follow. Then, the larva jumps into the soil where a fourth larval instar occurs immediately before pupation, which takes place in the soil. L. sativae is regulated in the EU by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072 (Annex IIA). Within this Regulation, import of soil or growing medium as such or attached to plants for planting from third countries other than Switzerland is regulated. Therefore, entry of L. sativae pupae is prevented. However, immature stages on plants for planting (excluding seeds) and fresh leafy hosts for consumption, cut branches, flowers and fruit with foliage provide potential pathways for entry into the EU. L. sativae has been repeatedly intercepted in the EU, especially in basil (Ocimum spp.). Climatic conditions and the wide availability of host plants provide conditions to support establishment in the EU, both in open fields and greenhouses. Impacts on field vegetables and ornamentals as well as hosts in greenhouses would be possible. Phytosanitary measures are available to reduce the likelihood of entry. L. sativae satisfies the criteria that are within the remit of EFSA to assess for it to be regarded as a potential Union quarantine pest. Although human‐assisted movement of vegetables is considered the main spread way for L. sativae, this agromyzid does not meet the criterion of occurring in the EU for it to be regarded as a potential Union regulated non‐quarantine pest.

Bio-inspired broadband absorbers induced by copper nanostructures on natural leaves

In this work, two copper-based biometamaterials were engineered using leaves of water cabbage (Pistia stratiotes) and purple bauhinia (Phanera purpurea) as templates. The copper sputtering was implemented to produce a thin copper film on the surface of leaves. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images exhibited the root hair-like nanostructure of water cabbage leaf and single comb-like nanostructure of purple bauhinia leaf. In spite of copper coating, the leaf surfaces of water cabbage and purple bauhinia were black and exhibited excellent light absorption at visible and near infrarrred wavelengths. It was estimated that these two types of leaves could absorb roughly 90% of light. Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) calculations predicted the low reflectance stemming from the leaf nanostructures and copper coating layer. Because of the low cost of copper as a coating metal and simple procedure, this can be a promising method for quick fabrication of a thin copper film on the leaf nanostructure for application in blackbody or as the light absorbers.

KOMPRES KUBIS DAN SIRIH MERAH EFEKTIF MENURUNKAN DERAJAT PEMBENGKAKAN PAYUDARA IBU POSTPARTUM

As a mother will certainly give all the best, including exclusive breastfeeding for her beloved baby. One of the failures in breastfeeding is due to breast swelling. Cabbage leaves contain sinigrin (allylisothiocyanate) rapine, mustardoil, magnesium, oxylate, sulfur. A red betel leaf contains flavonoids, polevenolad, tannins, and essential oils. Empirically these substances have the effect of disappearing pain and swelling. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of cabbage and red betel leaf compresses on the degree of postpartum breast swelling.The research method is quasy experimental study with pretest-posttest with control group design. The study population was mothers who gave birth in March to April 2019 in the working area of Mungkid Magelang Public Health Center with a total of 45 respondents. Respondents were divided into 3 groups: 15 postpartum mothers with cabbage compress intervention group, 15 postpartum mothers with red betel leaf compress intervention group and 15 postpartum mothers with control group. The sampling technique is total sampling. Analyze using the Wilcoxon statistical test.Theresults showed that there were any differences in the scale of swelling before and after the intervention in the experiment and control groups. Cabbage compress with <p = 0.001, Red Betel Leaf Compress with p = 0.014 and Control Group with p = 0.025. Cabbage compress is the most effective in reducing the degree of postpartum breast swelling. It is recommended that postpartum mothers with breast swelling can apply cabbage compress as one of the technique to reduce the degree of breast swelling. For health workers, especially midwives are expected to teach cabbage compress techniques to postpartum mothers as one of the non-pharmacological therapies to reduce the degree of postpartum breast swelling.