Cabbage Fields Research Articles

Leaf beetle Phyllotreta striolata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): Biology and infestation on Chinese flowering cabbage Brassica rapa var. parachinensis in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Laia DAS, Maryana N, Winasa IW. 2024. Leaf beetle Phyllotreta striolata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): Biology and infestation on Chinese flowering cabbage Brassica rapa var. parachinensis in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 3099-3105. Chinese flowering cabbage (Brassica rapa var. parachinensis L.) holds significant economic value and provides essential nutrition. Bogor District, a primary region for vegetable production in Indonesia, faces a severe issue due to the leaf beetle Phyllotreta striolata Fabricius 1803 infestation on Chinese flowering cabbage plants. However, research on this pest in Indonesia is still limited. Observations on the biological aspects of P. striolata involved collecting and identifying adult P. striolata from Chinese flowering cabbage fields, along with biological observations focusing on the beetle's morphology and developmental stages. Population calculations of adult beetles and evaluation of P. striolata infestation intensity on Chinese flowering cabbage plants were conducted in four sub-districts in Bogor District. The average life cycle of this beetle was 27.15 days. The study revealed that the adult stage lasted an average of 119.10 days, with an average preoviposition period of 3.08 days. Adult populations tended to decrease with the age of Chinese flowering cabbage plants due to environmental factors and food source availability. Infestation intensity varied across locations, with Leuwimalang showing the lowest intensity (23.56%) and Laladon the highest (48.76%). These differences suggest that the environment in Leuwimalang may support the resistance of Chinese flowering cabbage plants to leaf pest attacks.

Effects of Land Use Change on Soil Aggregate Stability and Erodibility in the Karst Region of Southwest China

Differences in land use type and chronological age affect soil properties and plant community characteristics, which may influence soil structural stability and erodibility. However, knowledge on the effects of soil physicochemical properties on soil aggregate stability and erodibility at different land use years is limited. This study selected five land use types: corn field (Year 38th-y), corn intercropped with cabbage field (Year 38th-y + b), fruit and meridian forest (Year 6th-jgl), naturally restored vegetation (Year 6th-zr), and artificial forest (Year 7th-rgl) in the karst landscape of the Chishui River Basin in Yunnan Province. We aimed to identify the influencing factors of soil stability and erodibility under different land use time series. The results indicated that the mean weight diameter (MWD), the geometric mean diameter (GMD), and soil structural stability index (SSI values) were highest in Y6th-zr and lowest in Y7th-rgl. Conversely, the erodibility K value was lowest in Y6th-zr, suggesting that the soil structure in Y6th-zr exhibited greater stability, whereas soil stability in Y7th-rgl was lower. Redundancy and throughput analyses revealed that organic carbon and water-stable aggregates > 2.0 mm content had higher vector values. Soil bulk density, total nitrogen, organic carbon, and soil texture content were the main factors contributing to soil stability variation (0.338–0.646). Additionally, total nitrogen, organic carbon, total phosphorus, and soil texture content drove the variation in K values (0.15–1.311). Natural vegetation restoration measures can enhance soil structure to a certain extent. These findings highlight changes in soil aggregate stability and erodibility over different land use durations. The research results have important theoretical and practical significance for understanding the differences in soil erosion and soil restoration under different land use patterns in the karst landscapes of southwest China.

Uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from PAH–contaminated soils to carrots and Chinese cabbages under the greenhouse and field conditions

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with the properties of structural stability, semi–volatility, and hydrophobicity are toxic and persistent in environments; thus, their transport and fate in agroecosystems is essential for reducing PAH accumulation in the edible parts of crops. Here, we cultivated cabbages (Brassica pekinensis L.) and carrots (Daucus carota L.) in PAH–contaminated soils under the greenhouse and field conditions. After harvesting, we observed a 9.5–46% reduction in soil ∑PAH concentrations. There were 37% of bioconcentration factors (BCFbs) > 1 and 93% of translocation factors (TFab) > 1, while low–molecular–weight (LMW) PAHs had higher BCFbs than high–molecular–weight (HMW) PAHs. The PAH concentrations showed significant and positive correlations among soils, the belowground parts, and the aboveground parts. The toxicity equivalent concentration (TEQBaP) followed the order of cabbage (greenhouse) > cabbage (field) > carrot (greenhouse) > carrot (field), suggesting potentially higher health risks in cabbage relative to carrot and vegetables under the greenhouse relative to field condition. Our study suggested growing carrots under field conditions as a management strategy for reducing the risks of vegetables grown in PAH–contaminated soils.

Intercropping and flower strips to enhance natural enemies and control aphids: a comparative study in cabbage fields of Japan and Germany

Intercropping and flower strips to enhance natural enemies and control aphids: a comparative study in cabbage fields of Japan and Germany

Mass trapping of the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.) by a combination of its sex pheromone and allyl isothiocyanate in cabbage fields in southern Vietnam.

A lure composed of (Z)-11-hexadecenal, (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate, and (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol at a ratio of 5 : 5 : 1 at a dose of 0.01 mg was optimal for the attraction of the Vietnamese strain of the diamondback moth (DBM). The combination of the sex pheromone with a plant volatile, allyl isothiocyanate, significantly increased the attraction of the pheromone trap. Females were also attracted, but they were only about 2% of all moths captured. In plots with 120-130 traps per ha, mass trapping with the combined lures reduced the DBM larval densities in cabbage fields as effectively as the spraying of insecticides 6 to 8 times. The weekly trap catches indicated that DBM adult densities in the mass-trapping fields were low until 28 days after transplantation, and then were kept to a modest increase until day 49. This field study also shows that the trap catches were well correlated with the DBM larval densities.

Minimal adverse effects of exogenous phage treatment on soil bacterial communities

Bacterial plant pathogens pose significant challenges to global food production, leading to antibiotics and copper being used for their control. Bacteriophages (or phages), which infect bacterial pathogens, have been proposed as an environmentally friendly alternatives for managing these pathogens in crops. However, whether the release of phages into the environment can be considered safe and environmentally friendly has not been well studied. Here, we examined whether the exogenous treatments of various phages with biocontrol potential against Erwinia amylovora, Pectobacterium odoriferum, and Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae impact bacterial communities within soils. To achieve this, five different phages infecting three distinct host bacteria were individually introduced into in soils obtained from an apple orchard, kimchi cabbage field, and a kiwifruit orchard. After one week of phage treatment, soil microbiomes were analyzed using the 16S rRNA gene-based approach. The microbiome analysis results revealed that the phage treatments did not alter the alpha and beta diversities of the bacterial communities, irrespective of the phage types used. Moreover, the overall distribution of microbial taxa remained unaffected by the phage treatment, although slight changes were observed in the abundance of a few taxa. These results indicate that the adverse effects of exogenous phage treatment on soil bacterial communities are minimal, thus the phage treatment in soils can be considered an environmentally friendly strategy.

Accumulation and Transport of Phthalic Acid Esters in the Soil-Plant System of Agricultural Fields with Different Years of Film Mulching

In this study, we investigated the accumulation and transport patterns of phthalate ester (PAEs) compounds in the soil-plant system of maize and cabbage fields under different film mulching years. The total content of five PAEs in the maize fields soil ranged from 156.19 to 566.1 μg kg−1 with film mulching for 0–20 years. The total content of five PAEs in the cabbage field soils ranged from 252.48 to 559.07 μg kg−1 with film mulching for 0–30 years. The PAEs content in cabbage and maize field soils was lower than the environmental quality standards for soil (GB 15618-2008). With the increase in film mulching years, both maize and cabbage soil PAEs contents increased significantly (p < 0.05), while among the five PAEs, the contents of di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) increased the most significantly, and the content of DEHP in the soils was the highest. The DEHP content in soils planted with maize ranges from 134.03 to 406.79 μg kg−1 with the film mulching for 20 years; while in soil planted with cabbage, it ranges from 229.35 to 405.2 μg kg−1 with the film mulching for 30 years. The DEHP content in all of the soils has not exceed the limit value established by the USEPA in U.S. Five PAEs were detected in maize seeds and cabbage leaves, among which the DEHP content exceeded the maximum residue limit set by the National Food Safety Standard (GB 9685-2016) for DEHP in food after more than 10 years of mulching. The bioaccumulation and translocation factors in cabbage showed a significant positive correlation with the film mulching years. However, the bioaccumulation factor and translocation factor in maize have weak correlations with the film mulching years, possibly due to the lower PAEs content in the deep soil layers where maize roots are distributed. Our research revealed a significant association between the presence and distribution of PAEs in crops and mulching years. These novel discoveries provide fundamental information for controlling PAEs pollution in agricultural environments.

Characteristics of Ammonia Emissions from the use of Compost manure and Composite Fertilizer in Upland Field

Objectives : This study aimed to monitor ammonia volatilization in upland fields under different nitrogen fertilizer applications, comparing compost manure (CM) and composite fertilizer (CF) and investigate the environmental factors influencing ammonia volatilization.Methods : Ammonia was collected using the static chamber method in upland fields, and the soil analyses were conducted before and after ammonia volatilization monitoring. Pearson's correlation analysis and machine learning were utilized to determine the relationship between ammonia volatilization and environmental factors. Growth characteristics of harvested crops were analyzed, and Duncan analysis confirmed significant differences between nitrogen fertilizer treatments.Results and Discussion : In both CM and CF fertilized fields, there was no significant difference in ammonia volatilization. However, more ammonia volatilization was observed in the potato field compared to the Chinese cabbage field, attributed to higher NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>-N content in the soil of the potato field. Machine learning identified soil temperature and moisture as significant factors affecting ammonia volatilization. The analysis of crop growth revealed a positive effect of increased nitrogen fertilizer application. The result showed that single CM application was insufficient to meet crop nutrient demands.Conclusion : This study quantified ammonia emissions, identified influencing factors, and provided valuable data for enhancing fertilizer use efficiency and nitrogen management strategies in agriculture.

Multiple Insecticide Resistance and Associated Metabolic-Based Mechanisms in a Myzus Persicae (Sulzer) Population

The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is an economically devastating crop pest worldwide. The M. persicae (SEF-R) population of a cabbage field in China was tested for susceptibilities to 13 insecticides. Compared with the susceptible population (FFJ-S), extremely high and high resistance to beta-cypermethrin (324-fold) and imidacloprid (106.9-fold) was detected in SEF-R. More importantly, this is the first report of resistance in the field M. persicae population to sulfoxaflor (32.4-fold), flupyradifurone (9.5-fold), pymetrozine (34.8-fold), spirotetramat (8.1-fold), flonicamid (5.8-fold), and broflanilide (15.8-fold) in China when compared with FFJ-S. The resistance factor decayed to a low level to sulfoxaflor and pymetrozine after 15 generations without any selection pressure. The resistance-related mutations (R81T and kdr) detected in SEF indicated target-site resistance to neonicotinoids and pyrethroids, respectively. Biochemical assays revealed the involvement of monooxygenase, carboxylesterase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase in a multi-insecticide resistance mechanism. The overexpression of P450s, esterases, and a UDP-glycosyltransferase might be responsible for the multi-insecticide resistance in SEF-R. The knockdown of CYP6CY3 in SEF-R increased its susceptibility to imidacloprid, thiacloprid, and thiamethoxam, which verified that P450s play vital roles in neonicotinoid metabolism. Our findings provide guidance for the rational use of insecticides to delay resistance development in GPA.

Effects of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Practice on Insects Population and Yield of Cabbage in Cameron Highlands

Plutella xylostella is the main pest of cruciferous plants which are widely planted in Cameron Highlands. This pest attack causes losses of up to 90% to farmers. To overcome this problem, most farmers use synthetic chemical pesticides intensively and exceed the prescribed dose. This situation causes pollution to the environment and endangers the health of consumers due to the effects of toxic residues on harvested vegetables. In addition, excessive use of insecticide will increase the insect's immunity to the insecticide, and this will reduce the effectiveness of the insecticide in the future. If this happens, farmers will incur losses because they have to use insecticides at a higher rate or use insecticides that are much more expensive. This study evaluates the effect of using integrated pest management (IPM) methods in MARDI Cameron Highlands cabbage fields in terms of insect population distribution whether pests or natural enemies and cabbage yield for each season. In this study, there were two treatments which were IPM and conventional grown cabbage. Each treatment has 5 replications and was repeated for three seasons. For IPM treatment, pesticide spraying was determined through evaluation of natural pests and enemies found in cabbage on a weekly basis. IPM treatment also uses yellow and blue sticky traps as well as biological control agents to control pests. Monitoring of pest and beneficial insect populations was carried out once every 2 weeks using the direct count and sweeping net method. The name and number of acquired species of insects were recorded in the scoresheet. The harvested cabbage is weighed, and the yield was recorded. The results of the study show that the use of IPM methods in cabbage fields has a positive effect on the interaction between pest populations and natural enemies, and the quality of the harvest also does not show qualitative and quantitative differences compared to conventional cultivation.

A Mobile Laboratory Robot for Various and Precise Measurements of Crops and Soil in Agricultural Fields: Development and Pilot Study

Localized management based on multipoint measurements of crops and soil is expected to improve agricultural productivity. The difficulties with this process are as follows: it is time-consuming due to the many measurement points; it requires various sensors for various measurements; it can lead to unstable measurements due to sunlight and wind. To solve the above issues, the system we propose has the advantages of efficient measurements performed by a robot, various measurements performed through exchangeable sensor units, and stable measurements through protecting the crop from sunlight and wind. As a pilot study for the system, we conducted an experiment to simultaneously measure the crops and soil in a cabbage field. The robot achieved mobility in the field, >4 h of operation time, and the ability to obtain soil electrical conductivity measurements and crop imaging at 100 points. Furthermore, the stability of the measurement conditions within the sensor unit during the experiment was evaluated. Compared to the case without the covering, the illuminance became 280-fold stabler (standard deviation = 0.4 lx), and the wind-induced crop shaking became 20-fold lower (root mean square error of the image pixels = 0.5%). The potential impacts of this research include high reproducibility because of the shareable sensor unit and the expectation of new discoveries using precise indoor sensors.

Molecular characterization of Burkholderia using 16S rDNA isolated from cabbage, Limpopo Province, South Africa

Enterobacter species are gram-negative, motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped, facultatively anaerobic bacteria of the Burkholderiaceae family. Burkholderia includes several species, which can be risky pathogenic bacteria to vegetables, including cabbage, and therefore have an impact on the fresh production of cabbage. This study was conducted to isolate and identify Burkholderia from a cabbage field in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Therefore, this molecular study was conducted in 2023 at Limpopo University to identify the bacterium associated with cabbage filed from South Africa's soils using 16S rDNA marker. The DNA was extracted using the Chelex method. The bacterium was identified as Burkholderia. The Nblast analysis showed that South African Burkholderia had 95% similarity with a population from South Africa (MG593873). Phylogenetic analysis using maximum likelihood placed this species with those molecularly identified as Burkholderia in the same clade with highly supported (100) bootstrap values. In conclusion, this species was identified using 16S rDNA properly. However, using other DNA markers for a better understanding of Burkholderia phylogeny is recommended.

Efficiency of Entomopathogenic Nematode and one Insect Growth Regulator, as a Biocontrol of Diamond Back Moth (Plutella xylostella L.), and their toxicity to Participate Predators at Cabbage Fields

Efficiency of Entomopathogenic Nematode and one Insect Growth Regulator, as a Biocontrol of Diamond Back Moth (Plutella xylostella L.), and their toxicity to Participate Predators at Cabbage Fields

Diversity of nematode populations on cruciferous and solanaceous crops in Bagmati province of Nepal

A total of 211 soil samples were collected in different crop fields from 10 districts. Out of 211 samples, 137 samples were diagnosed for different plant parasitic nematodes. The samples were collected from the fields of cruciferous and solanaceous crops. All together twelve different nematodes were identified. The identified genera are Meloidogyne, Helicotylenchus, Pratylenchus, Tylenchus, Tylenchorhynchus, Hoplolaimus, Belonolaimus, Criconemoides, Aphelenchoides, Hirschmanniella, Longidorus and Rotylenchulus. They found either single or more than one genus in a sample. It means they are existed in both single or combine with two or more genera in a same place or root zone. The population of some of the nematode genera was recorded above the threshold level and some were below the threshold to cause significant yield loss in the crops. In potato, the population of Helicotylenchus, Tylenchorhynchus, Pratylenchus and Tylenchus were recorded equal to or more than 2 nematodes per gram of soil. Similarly, in tomato, Helicotylenchus, Meloidogyne, Hoplolaimus, and Tylenchorhynchus were recorded above threshold level. Likewise, the distribution of nematodes population in the fields of cabbage, cauliflower, chilly, capsicum, board leaf mustard, carrot and radish also had above threshold level to reduce the crops yield. Hence, lower nematode population may not show any symptom caused by nematode alone and so the effects may easily be overlooked, but nematodes become a problem when the population level surpasses the damage threshold; at that point the damage due to the pathogen is measurable and also need to manage them.

Persistence of Fipronil Residues in the Cabbage Field Soil under Semi-arid Region of Rajasthan

Fipronil is a phenyl pyrazole insecticide, which is used as broad spectrum insecticide to control pest such as diamondback moth, thrips, stem borers, leaf folder, termites, borers, jassids, and bollworms. A study was undertaken at Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Durgapura, Jaipur during Rabi, 2020 to find out the persistence of fipronil residues in the soil of cabbage field, when sprayed at its recommended dose (5% SC, 40 g. a. i. ha-1) and double of the recommended dose (5% SC, 80 g. a. i. ha-1). The samples were extracted with acetonitrile and cleaned up using a modified QuEChERS method and the residues were analyzed by Gas Chromatography. The residue level of fipronil in cabbage field soil collected at harvest time of cabbage crop were below the detectable level (BDL) at the recommended dose and double of the recommended dose, respectively.

Exploration of Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA)-Producing Rhizosphere Fungi in Environmentally Friendly And Conventional Cabbage Fields at The UB Agrotechnopark

Exploration of Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA)-Producing Rhizosphere Fungi in Environmentally Friendly And Conventional Cabbage Fields at The UB Agrotechnopark

Residues and dietary risk assessment of beta-cyfluthrin and clothianidin in cabbage under Chinese cultivation conditions

The novel formulation, 42% beta-cyfluthrin • clothianidin suspension concentrate, is preparing for registration to control Phyllotreta striolata in cabbage fields in China, but the residue and dietary risk of beta-cyfluthrin and clothianidin in cabbage is still unclear. Here, the residual levels of beta-cyfluthrin and clothianidin in cabbage were detected by a modified QuEChERS method coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The average recoveries of the two insecticides ranged from 79.6% to 104.4%, with relative standard deviations ≤ 11.2%. The limits of quantification for both compounds were 0.01 mg/kg. The field trials were carried out at twelve presentative provinces in China, and the formulation was sprayed twice with a spraying interval of 10 days on cabbage at a dose of 94.5 g a.i./ha. At the preharvest interval of 7 days, the terminal residues of beta-cyfluthrin and clothianidin in cabbage were below 0.388 mg/kg and 0.298 mg/kg, respectively, which were lower than their maximum residue limits in China. The chronic and acute risk quotient of beta-cyfluthrin and clothianidin for different Chinese consumers ranged from 0.031% to 65.0%, indicating an acceptable dietary risk. Under Good Agricultural Practices, the novel formulation is safe to apply in cabbage fields in China.

Design and Experimental Verification of the YOLOV5 Model Implanted with a Transformer Module for Target-Oriented Spraying in Cabbage Farming

Due to large line spacing and planting distances, the adoption of continuous and uniform pesticide spraying in vegetable farming can lead to pesticide waste, thus increasing cost and environmental pollution. In this paper, by applying deep learning and online identification methods, control technology for target-oriented spraying is studied with cabbages as the research object. To overcome motion blur and low average precision under strong light conditions during the operation of sprayers, an innovative YOLOV5 model implanted with a transformer module is utilized to achieve accurate online identification for cabbage fields under complex environments. Based on this concept, a new target-oriented spray system is built on an NVIDIA Jetson Xavier NX. Indoor test results show that the average precision is 96.14% and the image processing time is 51.07 ms. When motion blur occurs, the average precision for the target is 90.31%. Then, in a field experiment, when the light intensity is within the range of 3.76–12.34 wlx, the advance opening distance is less than 3.51 cm, the delay closing distance is less than 2.05 cm, and the average identification error for the cabbage diameter is less than 1.45 cm. The experimental results indicate that changes in light intensity have no significant impact on the identification effect. The average precision is 98.65%, and the savings rate reaches 54.04%. In general, the target-oriented spray system designed in this study achieves the expected experimental results and can provide technical support for field target spraying.

Molecular characterization of Heterodera cruciferae Franklin, 1945 from cabbage fields in Niğde province, Turkey.

The aim of this study was to identified cyst nematodes in the cabbage production areas in Niğde Province by molecular methods to underpin decision making for field control. The sequences of ribosomal DNA region (rDNA-ITS) and cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (mtDNA-COI) were used for the first time for identification Heterodera cruciferae (cabbage cyst nematode) in Turkey. Heterodera cruciferae populations extracted from cabbage growing areas of Niğde Province and investigated using sequences of rDNA-ITS and mtDNA-COI. Similarities and differences between 13 geographic populations of H. cruciferae were detected in surveys during 2020-2021. DNA from single cysts was successfully amplified, and genetic variability was revealed within nematode populations. Based on these results, H. cruciferae is reported for the first time from Niğde Province, Turkey. This study showed clear discrimination among the sampled populations of H. cruciferae. This finding is important for control and managing cabbage cyst nematode in cabbage fields in Turkey as more than one Heterodera spp. can occur. Future studies should investigate the population dynamics and control of H. cruciferae in fields in the sampled districts.

Optimizing nitrogen management to mitigate gaseous losses and improve net benefits of an open-field Chinese cabbage system.

The excessive and inappropriate application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer in open vegetable fields is a major anthropogenic source of gaseous N losses including nitrous oxide (N2O) and ammonia (NH3) emissions in China. A 2-yr Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis L.) experiment was carried out to explore the impacts of optimized N management (reduced N application rate, controlled-release urea [CRF] and nitrification inhibitor [NI]) on cabbage yield, soil inorganic N, and N2O and NH3 emissions, and to assess their economic benefits by a cost-benefit analysis. Six treatments including i) no N fertilizer (CK), ii) conventional urea fertilizer at 400kgN ha-1 based on farmers' practices (CN), iii) conventional urea at 320kgN ha-1 (RN), iv) conventional urea (320kgN ha-1) with the addition of NI (RN+NI), v) CRF at 320kgN ha-1 (CR) and vi) CRF (320kgN ha-1) with the addition of NI (CR+NI) were implemented in an open Chinese cabbage field. No significant differences were found in the cabbage yields and soil NH4+-N contents under different N fertilization treatments. Only CR+NI treatment had significantly lower soil NO3--N contents than CN by 17.6%-34.6% at the early growing stages of cabbage in both years. Compared with CN, the N2O emissions were significantly decreased by 8.61%, 34.4%, 37.8% and 46.6% under RN, RN+NI, CR and CR+NI, respectively, indicating that CR+NI favors N2O abatement especially when NH3 has been suppressed by other 4R practices. Meanwhile, the NH3 volatilization was 20.6% higher under RN+NI and 30.8% and 17.3% lower under CR and CR+NI compared to CN, respectively, which implied that CR was the most effective treatment in reducing the NH3 volatilization and total gaseous N loss in high NH3-N loss scenarios. Moreover, the net benefit of RN decreased by $945 USD ha-1 and those of RN+NI, CR and CR+NI treatments increased by $855, $930 and $1004 USD ha-1 compared to CN, respectively. This study recommends CR+NI as the optimal N fertilizer management for the sustainable production of vegetables with the lowest environmental risks and the greatest economic benefits.