Cabbage Crops Research Articles

Economics of Cabbage Production Under Different Levels of Integrated Nutrient Management in Varanasi Region of Uttar Pradesh, India

The excess use of chemical fertilizers is hazardous for soil and environmental health. To reduce the level of chemical fertilizers the field experiment was conducted during Rabi season of 2016-17 at horticulture research farm, Department of Horticulture, U. P. College, Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh). The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design (RBD) with nine treatments. These treatments were replicated thrice. The treatments included various levels of NPK, FYM, vermicompost, Phosphorus Solubilizing Mycorrhiza. Economic analysis of different treatments of cabbage production in Varanasi region (Uttar Pradesh) revealed variation in net capital investment. The results show that among different integrated nutrient management (INM) levels, half dose of NPK ha-1 + Vermicompost @ 2.5 tons ha-1 + Azospirillum @ 5kg ha-1 + Phosphorus Solubilizing Mycorrhiza @ 5 kg ha-1 has highest net return followed by half dose of NPK ha-1 + FYM @ 15 tons ha-1 + Phosphorus Solubilizing Mycorrhiza @ 5 kg ha-1 + Azospirillum @ 5 kg ha-1. Lowest net return was observed with half dose treatment of NPK ha-1 + FYM @ 15 t ha-1. Cabbage crop nutrition by supplying recommended dose of NPK ha-1 (150 kg: 125 kg: 100 kg) recorded highest cost-benefit ratio (3.11) while, half dose of NPK ha-1 + FYM @ 15 t ha-1 gives lowest cost-benefit ratio (2.05) among the all INM levels.

Rationalization of the Water Requirement of the Cabbage Crop by Using Zeolite and Silica Gel and Their Effect on some Water Parameters of the Leaves of the Cabbage Crop

A field experiment was conducted at the research station of the Department of Soil Sciences and Water Resources, which is 66 km east of the city of Baghdad during the fall agricultural season for the year 2021. It is located at latitude 10.679" 33° 41′ north, longitude 36.569" 35′ 43° east and at an altitude of 43 m above. Sea level The study aimed at the effect of zeolite and silica gel in rationing the water requirement of the cabbage and some of the physical soil characteristics and the growth and yield of the cabbage plant. The experiment was designed according to the distribution of split-split boards in a completely randomized block system (R C B D) with three replications. The experiment included three factors, the first Which occupied the main panels is zeolite ((Z) with three levels (without adding zeolite Z0, adding 25 g to each plant Z1, adding 50 g to each plant Z2), and the second factor is silica gel (S) and with three levels (without adding silica S0, adding 10 g to each plant S1, adding 20 gm plant S2), and the third factor is the water requirement of the plant in two levels (adding the full amount of 100% of the water requirement for the plant W1, adding 50% of the water requirement for the cabbage plant W2). The dimensions of the experimental unit are 1.5 × 4 m, with an area of (6 m2) for one experimental unit. The most important results obtained can be summarized as follows: The highest value of relative water content % and the ability to bind water % and the ability to absorb water in treatment W1Z2S2 reached 87.96%, 10.733%, 6.123%, respectively. The lowest value of relative saturation deficit in treatment W1Z2S2 was 12.03%.. The interaction treatment between water requirement, zeolite and silica gel recorded a significant effect when treating W2Z2S2 in the ability to absorb water, as it recorded the highest value of 79.29% compared to the treatment W1Z0S0, which had the lowest value of 23.39%.

Evaluating Soil Loss in a Kimchi Cabbage Cropping System in the Highlands of Gangwon, Korea

Evaluating Soil Loss in a Kimchi Cabbage Cropping System in the Highlands of Gangwon, Korea

Improvement of Brinjal-T. Aman -Cabbage Cropping Pattern in Tangail Region

The experiment was conducted at the farmers’ field of FSRD site Deldwar, Tangail to evaluate the agro-economic performance of Okra-T.Aman-Cabbage cropping pattern against farmers’ existing pattern Brinjal-T.Aman rice-Cabbage through incorporation of high yielding varieties and improved management practices during 2018 to 2020. Two cropping pattern viz., Okra-T.Aman rice-Cabbage improved pattern and Brinjal-T.Aman rice-Cabbage farmers’ existing pattern were the treatments variables. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with five dispersed replications Mean data showed that the improved management practices for Okra-T.Aman rice-Cabbage cropping pattern provided higher rice equivalent yield (41.42 t ha-1), production efficiency (368 kg ha-1 day-1) and land utilization index (78 %) over farmers existing pattern Brinjal-T.Aman rice-Cabbage. Average gross return Tk. 667945 ha-1 and gross margin Tk. 452105 ha-1 of improved pattern were 24 and 33 % higher, respectively compared to that of farmers’ pattern with only 8 % extra cost. The marginal benefit cost ratio, land utilization index and production efficiency indicated the superiority of the improved pattern over the farmers’ practices.
 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 47(3): 323-232, September 2022

A butterfly egg-killing hypersensitive response in Brassica nigra is controlled by a single locus, PEK, containing a cluster of TIR-NBS-LRR receptor genes.

Knowledge of plant recognition of insects is largely limited to a few resistance (R) genes against sap-sucking insects. Hypersensitive response (HR) characterizes monogenic plant traits relying on R genes in several pathosystems. HR-like cell death can be triggered by eggs of cabbage white butterflies (Pieris spp.), pests of cabbage crops (Brassica spp.), reducing egg survival and representing an effective plant resistance trait before feeding damage occurs. Here, we performed genetic mapping of HR-like cell death induced by Pieris brassicae eggs in the black mustard Brassica nigra (B. nigra). We show that HR-like cell death segregates as a Mendelian trait and identified a single dominant locus on chromosome B3, named PEK (Pieris egg- killing). Eleven genes are located in an approximately 50 kb region, including a cluster of genes encoding intracellular TIR-NBS-LRR (TNL) receptor proteins. The PEK locus is highly polymorphic between the parental accessions of our mapping populations and among B. nigra reference genomes. Our study is the first one to identify a single locus potentially involved in HR-like cell death induced by insect eggs in B. nigra. Further fine-mapping, comparative genomicsand validation of the PEK locus will shed light on the role of these TNL receptors in egg-killing HR.

Serendipita indica as a Plant Growth Promoter and Biocontrol Agent against Black Rot Disease in Cabbage Grown in a Phytotron

Serendipita indica, a mutualistic root endophytic fungus, has gained attention for its potential to enhance plant health and resistance to various stresses. This study investigated the impact of S. indica (strain DSM 11827) on plant growth promotion and the management of black rot disease. This is a devastating bacterial ailment caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, which affects cruciferous crops worldwide. The experiment was conducted under sterile conditions in a phytotron for 10 weeks. It involved the substrate and seed inoculation of S. indica in a cabbage crop. The findings suggested that S. indica establishes mutualistic relationships with cruciferous plants, positively influencing their growth while simultaneously reducing their susceptibility to black rot disease. Plant morphological and physiological parameters were enhanced by S. indica application. Additionally, bio stress markers were also enhanced in response to black rot disease. Moreover, disease severity was reduced by 27.9% and 18.8% in the substrate and seeds treated with S. indica, respectively. However, our findings did not report any antagonistic effect between S. indica and two pathogens, i.e., Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris and Alternaria brassicicola under the in vitro test, suggesting that the suppression of black rot disease in cabbage seedlings was induced indirectly by S. indica. This study, therefore, underscores the promising prospect of utilizing S. indica to promote crop productivity and combat the destructive impact of black rot disease in cruciferous plants, contributing to more sustainable and resilient agriculture.

Effect of Nutrient Concentration AB Mix and Liquid Organic Fertilizer of Broiler Chicken Eggsshell Against Growth and Yieldmustard Plant Caisim (Brassica juncea L. Czern. Var. Tosakan) Hydroponically

Along with the increasing population, people's needs for highly nutritious foods, such as vegetables, are increasing [14] but the available agricultural land, especially in urban areas, is increasingly limited. Vegetable crops that have enough economic value besides cabbage crop, cabbage flowers and broccoli are mustard caisim plants. Mustard caisim plants contain many benefits, the content contained in mustard caisim is protein, fat, carbohydrates, Ca, P, Fe, Vitamin K, Vitamin A, Vitamin 10 B, and Vitamin C. Hydroponic farming systems are one alternative that can answer these problems. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of nutrient concentration of AB MIX and liquid organic fertilizer broiler chicken eggshells on the growth and yield of mustard caisim plants (Brassica juncea L. Czern. Var. Tosakan) hydroponically. The study method was prepared using Mirosoft Excel 2010 followed by a 5% BNT Test, consisting of five treatments and four repeats so that 20 samples were obtained. Treatment K1 = Nutrition AB-Mix, K2 = AB-Mix + 10cc liquid organic fertilizer, K3 = AB-Mix + 20cc liquid organic fertilizer, K4 = AB-Mix + 30cc, liquid organic fertilizer K5 = AB-Mix + 40cc liquid organic fertilizer. The results showed that the highest economic result weight was obtained from the treatment of ABMix + 10cc liquid organic fertilizer (K2) nutrient concentration which was 73.3 g or an increase of 46.50% when compared to the lowest economic result weight at AB-Mix + 40cc liquid organic fertilizer (K5) nutrient concentration which was only 44.8 g.

Farmers Knowledge on Pesticide Usage in Paddy and Cabbage Crops

The study was conducted to investigate the knowledge of the farmers on pesticide use in selected crops during 2019-22. Two crops namely paddy and cabbage were selected and tow districts that have higher area namely Koppal and Belagavi were selected. In each district, two taluks and eighty farmers were selected for each crop by simple random procedure to form a total sample of 160 farmers. Overall knowledge index of pesticides by farmers was higher in case of paddy (73.57%) and cabbage (64.76%) farmers. Among the various dimensions, knowledge index was highest with respect to concentration and application practice (96.72% & 82.97%), types of sprayers and maintenance (91.25% & 87.50%), IPM practices (73.75% & 70.00) among paddy, and cabbage. Further, knowledge with respect to pest identification (69.06% & 57.66%), toxicity of pesticide and labels signs (68.59% & 61.09%) and disposal of pesticides and personal hygiene (67.86% & 61.09%) was around sixty percent among cabbage and paddy growers respectively. Further, low index was observed with respect to pesticide selection (26.88% & 38.54%) in case of paddy and cabbage growers respectively. Regarding overall knowledge of the pesticide use the findings revealed that Majority (72.50%) of the growers belongs to medium knowledge of pesticide category in case of paddy, low knowledge category in cabbage crop (38.75%) there is need for orientation to the farmers on different insect pests and pathogens through training and digital media. The short video on pests in different crops may be prepared and made access to upload on smart phones of farmers.

Plant and soil N of different winter cover crops as green manure for subsequent organic white cabbage

Leguminous cover crops used as green manures can reduce fertilizer inputs by supplying nitrogen (N) via mineralization of incorporated N-rich biomass derived from biological N2 fixation. In a multi-year trial at three locations in Germany, the effects of leguminous, non-leguminous and mixed green manure crops on the yield of the subsequent cash crop white cabbage (Brassica oleracea convar. capitata var. alba) were investigated. The winter cover crop treatments were forage rye (Secale cereale L.), a mixture of forage rye with winter Hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz), sole-cropped winter Hungarian vetch, winter pea (Pisum sativum L.), and winter faba bean (Vicia faba L.) with bare soil as a control. Sole-cropped legumes showed higher marketable cabbage head yields (head weight > 1.0 kg) compared to the other cover crop treatments, with 25.5, 25.9 and 28.1 Mg ha− 1 for vetch, pea and faba bean, respectively. The aboveground biomass of the legume winter cover crop treatments had higher N offtakes with 185, 177 and 159 kg N ha− 1 for vetch, pea and faba bean, respectively, with significantly lower carbon (C)/N ratios compared to rye and rye with vetch. The constant C/N ratio of the aboveground biomass of leguminous cover crops throughout the growing period indicates that the optimum incorporation date to achieve high N mineralization rates is less time dependent in leguminous compared to non-leguminous cover crops. The results of the present study show that leguminous winter cover crops do not reduce the soil N availability for a succeeding high N demanding cabbage crop resulting in yields comparable to agricultural practice without winter cover crops.

Bra-miR167a Targets ARF8 and Negatively Regulates Arabidopsis thaliana Immunity against Plasmodiophora brassicae.

Clubroot is a soil-borne disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, which can seriously affect the growth and production of cruciferous crops, especially Chinese cabbage crops, worldwide. At present, few studies have been conducted on the molecular mechanism of this disease's resistance response. In this experiment, we analyzed the bioinformation of bra-miR167a, constructed a silencing vector (STTM167a) and an overexpression vector (OE-miR167a), and transformed them to Arabidopsis to confirm the role of miR167a in the clubroot resistance mechanism of Arabidopsis. Afterwards, phenotype analysis and expression level analysis of key genes were conducted on transgenic plants. From the result, we found that the length and number of lateral roots of silence transgenic Arabidopsis STTM167a was higher than that of WT and OE-miR167a. In addition, the STTM167a transgenic Arabidopsis induced up-regulation of disease resistance-related genes (PR1, PR5, MPK3, and MPK6) at 3 days after inoculation. On the other hand, the auxin pathway genes (TIR1, AFB2, and AFB3), which are involved in maintaining the balance of auxin/IAA and auxin response factor (ARF), were down-regulated. These results indicate that bra-miR167a is negative to the development of lateral roots and auxins, but positive to the expression of resistance-related genes. This also means that the STTM167a can improve the resistance of clubroot by promoting lateral root development and the level of auxin, and can induce resistance-related genes by regulating its target genes. We found a positive correlation between miR167a and clubroot disease, which is a new clue for the prevention and treatment of clubroot disease.

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) Production in Kenya: A Review of its Economic Importance, Ecological Requirement and Production Constraints

Cabbage is an important vegetable containing considerable amount of water, protein, lipids, carbohydrates, fibre, vitamins, assorted minerals, phenols and glucosinolates. In Kenya, cabbage production is done mainly by smallholder farmers for food and sale. The crop is mainly grown between 800m and 2900m above sea level. It plays an important role towards achieving improved human nutrition and health conditions, reducing poverty through food security, and enhancing ecosystem resilience as a source of income, human food, and livestock feed. Statistics show that though the average area under production has been growing since 2017, average production has been fluctuating and consumption increasing steadily. Profitable production of the crop within the country is mainly constrained by myriad of factors such as climate change effects, pest and disease prevalence, poor agronomic practices, land degradation, soil health deterioration, lack of structured marketing systems and poor research-extension- farmer linkages. Possession of limiting climate-smart agriculture knowledge and skills, challenging access to credit facilities and agro-processing technologies, as well as narrow post-harvest loss management knowledge and skills, was identified as other key cabbage production constraints within the country. It was however noted that the country has the potential to achieve profitable cabbage farming if the adoption of climate smart technologies, farmer-extension linkage, government policies, credit facilities as well a structured market system were streamlined. The current work reviews the cabbage crop, with emphasis on its biology, economic importance, ecological requirements, current production status in Kenya and production constraints.

Finding guidelines for cabbage intercropping systems design as a first step in a meta-analysis relay for vegetables

Modern agriculture has been focused on optimizing production, neglecting supporting and regulating ecosystem services. Meta-analyses have demonstrated the potential of intercropping to deliver multiple ecosystem services. However, guidelines for the design and management of such systems remain unclear, especially for the understudied vegetable-based intercropping systems. Given the diversity of vegetable crops, we propose a ‘relay’ of classical crop-specific meta-analyses to capitalize on vegetable intercropping research. Each ‘leg’ in the relay analyzes the effects of companion crops on a focal crop, and over the course of subsequent legs, the network of interactions among the different crops is built. In this study we start what we aspire to be the meta-analysis relay, focusing on cabbage (Brassica oleracea ssp.) and the delivery of the provisioning services Productivity, Product Quality (grade and pest injury in cabbage products), and Yield Stability across different companion species, spatio-temporal configurations, and management practices. We identified 76 studies from all inhabited continents across 81 field sites, comprising 892 data records, of which 689 remained after cleaning. We show that intercropping reduced cabbage productivity (−7% on average, P < 0.05) but also pest injury (−48%, P < 0.001) relative to sole cabbage systems. Cabbage grade on the contrary was not significantly improved by intercropping (+1%, P = 0.71). Effects on yield stability varied widely as only few data records were available from trials conducted over more than two years, pointing to the need for longer-term experimentation. Greater productivity was associated with companion species with a low growth habit or types sown at or after planting of the cabbage crop thus limiting competition with cabbage at early development stages. The decrease in pest injuries was associated with intercropping patterns involving strong inter-plant interactions (i.e., mixed, row, and additive) and companion species that supported biodiversity such as living mulches. Overall, beneficial effects of intercropping tended to be more evident in organic production systems, possibly because synthetic inputs may have hidden regulating effects. Cabbage growers and agricultural advisors can use these guidelines when designing intercrop systems specific to their needs. Applying the approach to other crops and agro-ecosystem services as part of the proposed meta-analysis relay will foster comprehensive understanding of vegetable intercropping systems interactions.

Cabbage pest population in the uninterrupted cultivation seasons

The current research aimed to gather information of pests’ population in cabbage crops that were cultivated using the organic and conventional farming system in three consecutive months. Cabbages were planted every month for 3 consecutive months from March to May 2020 in the Margahayu Research Station, Lembang, West Java and the pests’ population was observed throughout the time of plant growth. Data shows the fluctuation of cabbage pests’ population including Plutella sp., Spodoptera sp, and Myzus sp. during those three planting seasons. The findings are particularly important in deciding effective control techniques to use and determining the right time to apply those control techniques.

Comparative Study of Income of Organic and Conventional Cabbage Farming in Getasan, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia

The impacts of climate change, such as high rainfall, threaten the sustainability of cabbage crops, as they can slow down the growth and development of cabbage plants. This study aims to analyze the differences in income and feasibility of organic and conventional cabbage farming in Getasan, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia. The research location was determined purposively in the cabbage production center of Semarang Regency, namely the Getasan District. The sample number was 120 respondents, consisting of 73 organic cabbage farmers and 47 conventional cabbage farmers from 4 villages, namely Batur, Wates, Kopeng, and Tajuk. The data obtained are analyzed descriptively and financial feasibility. The results showed that the income of the organic cabbage farming business is higher than conventional cabbage. The feasibility of organic cabbage farming is more elevated than conventional cabbage by 1.16 and 1.01, respectively. Both cabbage farming businesses are worth working on because they have R/C > 1. In the future, organic cabbage farming needs to be developed in Semarang, Indonesia, because it is worth trying and profitable.

Multispectral images for estimating morphophysiological and nutritional parameters in cabbage seedlings

Remote sensing data have been used to monitor numerous agricultural crops, but few studies have used low-cost multispectral sensors to assess biometric, nutritional and physiological parameters in a cabbage crop, especially in seedlings. As such, this study aimed to estimate the biometric variables of cabbage using parametric and non-parametric models based on the response of multispectral images taken by a multispectral camera. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in the municipality of Uberaba, Minas Gerais state (MG), Brazil. Twenty days after sowing (DAS), multispectral images of the plants were captured using a MAPIR Survey 3 camera. To compose the estimation models, the multispectral vegetation indices were calculated based on the original calibrated bands. Multispectral cameras can be used to estimate biometric, physiological, and nutritional variables in cabbage crops. Among the Mapir camera bands, B660 exhibited the greatest variability, showing that the red range was the most sensitive to the different treatments. Except for leaf area, all the parameters measured could be estimated by linear models, with deterministic coefficients of up to 72%. Although neural network models provided more accurate estimates, the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) was most accurately estimated (1.2%) by the linear model generated by algorithm M5.

A comparison of cabbage crop growth parameters and harvest maturity indices under different planting methods, with an emphasis on mechanical harvesting

The predominant method of cabbage harvesting in India is manual labor, which is both time-consuming and physically demanding. However, the introduction of mechanical harvesting could offer a viable solution to this problem. A plant physical properties database is needed before the developing mechanical harvesting system design. In view of this, a study was conducted to examine the effect of planting methods (flat, ridge-furrow and ridge-furrow with plastic mulch) on physical growth and harvesting age of crop and thereby find out the most suitable planting method for mechanical harvesting. For two cabbage cultivars (Syngenta BC-79 and S-996), the effect of planting methods on physical growth parameters (plant height, plant diameter, length of leaf stem, length of stem, stem diameter, head diameter, and head weight) and harvest maturity indices (compactness, specific gravity, total soluble solids, pH, and pattern of wrapper leaves) was studied. The planting methods had shown a significant effect on growth parameters such as plant height (270.56 mm), plant diameter (549.39 mm), stem length (58.61 mm), stem diameter (34.58 mm), head diameter (144.89 mm) and head weight (1.12 kg) at harvest. The maximum number of matured heads (83.66%) was recorded in ridge-furrow with mulch planting. The interaction effect of planting methods and cultivars was found to be non-significant for all physical growth indicators. The findings of this study provide a valuable planting method for cabbage growers from the perspective of mechanical harvesting.

Persistence of Fipronil Residues in the Cabbage Field Soil under Semi-arid Region of Rajasthan

Fipronil is a phenyl pyrazole insecticide, which is used as broad spectrum insecticide to control pest such as diamondback moth, thrips, stem borers, leaf folder, termites, borers, jassids, and bollworms. A study was undertaken at Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Durgapura, Jaipur during Rabi, 2020 to find out the persistence of fipronil residues in the soil of cabbage field, when sprayed at its recommended dose (5% SC, 40 g. a. i. ha-1) and double of the recommended dose (5% SC, 80 g. a. i. ha-1). The samples were extracted with acetonitrile and cleaned up using a modified QuEChERS method and the residues were analyzed by Gas Chromatography. The residue level of fipronil in cabbage field soil collected at harvest time of cabbage crop were below the detectable level (BDL) at the recommended dose and double of the recommended dose, respectively.

A highly efficient genetic transformation system for broccoli and subcellular localization.

Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation has been widely used for the identification of functional genes and regulatory and developmental mechanisms in plants. However, there are still some problems of low genetic transformation efficiency and high genotype dependence in cruciferous crops. In this study, broccoli, a worldwide Brassica crop, was used to investigate the effects of genotype, explant type, concentration of hygromycin B used during seedling selection, overexpression vector type, RNAi and CRISPR/cas9 on the genetic transformation efficiency. At the same time, two vectors, PHG-031350 and PHG-CRa, were used for subcellular localization of the glucoraphanin synthesis-related gene FMOGS-OX5 and clubroot resistance gene by a PEG-Ca2+-mediated transient transformation system for broccoli protoplasts. Finally, the Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation system of broccoli was optimized and improved. This study showed that hypocotyl explants are more suitable for Agrobacterium-mediated transgene and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing of broccoli. In contrast to previous studies, we found that 5 mg/L hygromycin B was more advantageous for the selection of resistant broccoli sprouts, and genotype 19B42 reached the highest transformation rate of 26.96%, which is higher than that in Brassica oleracea crops. In addition, the inbred line 19B42 successfully achieved high genetic transformation of overexpression, RNAi and CRISPR/Cas9 vectors; thus, it is powerful recipient material for the genetic transformation of broccoli. Subcellular localization proved that the glucoraphanin metabolism-related gene Bol031350 and clubroot resistance gene CRa were both expressed in the cytoplasm and nucleus, which provided a scientific basis for studying the regulation of glucosinolate metabolism and clubroot resistance in cruciferous crops. Therefore, these findings will provide new insight into the improvement of the genetic transformation and molecular breeding of Brassica oleracea crops.

Crop Coefficient Estimation and Effect of Abscisic Acid on Red Cabbage Plants (Brassica oleracea var. Capitata) under Water-Stress Conditions

Understanding the anticipated impact of climate change on agriculture, as well as water conservation, is critical to achieving food security. Therefore, during this critical time and due to reduced water resources and increased food demand, it is important to study the impact of water-stress conditions on crops. Two successive seasons were carried out through the 2021 and 2022 seasons to estimate the crop coefficient (Kc) and study the effect of abscisic acid on red cabbage plants (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) under water-stress conditions at a private farm in the Bilbeis region, Sharqia Governorate, Egypt. The aim was to estimate the crop coefficient (Kc) and effect of different concentrations of abscisic acid (ABA) (0, 25, 50, and 75 ppm) under various irrigation levels (100, 80, and 60% of field capacity “FC”) on the growth process and yield parameters of red cabbage plants. The results revealed that the average estimated crop coefficient (Kc) for red cabbage crops under standard conditions, 100% of FC, was 0.75, 1.07, 1.2 and 0.88 and 0.77, 1.2, 1.25 and 0.82 for Initial, Development, Mid, and End stages during the 2021 and 2022 growing seasons, respectively. Data collected during both seasons clearly showed that all treatments significantly increased both the plant’s growth process and yield parameters when compared to the control. However, abscisic acid (ABA, 75 ppm) application with irrigation requirements (80% of FC) was statistically the most effective treatment in this study. Hence, this means a water savings of 20% can be achieved without significantly compromising the yield.

Long-Term Impact of Boron Addition at Various Dosages to a Groundnut-Cabbage System on Crop Yield and Boron Dynamics in Typic Haplustepts

The addition of boron (B) fertilizers to soils with low B content is required for augmenting crop yield. Therefore, it is imperative to have knowledge about the impact of long-term B addition at various dosages on crop yield and soil-B dynamics. A field experiment of a 6-year duration was carried out at Anand Agricultural University, Gujarat, India to study the influence of long-term B fertilization in the groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)-cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) cropping system in different rates and frequencies on yield of crops and soil-B dynamics. The direct effect of B addition on groundnut yield and the residual effect on succeeding cabbage crop yield was eval-uated. The treatments of the experiment encompassed various combinations of three frequencies and four rates of B application including one control (no B application). The application of B at different rates and frequencies significantly increased groundnut and cabbage yield in comparison to yield attained under the control. The addition of 1.0 kg B ha−1 in alternate years was found op-timum for enhancing the yield of groundnut and cabbage crops grown on study soil. Boron appli-cation enhanced B content in groundnut pod, haulm, cabbage and available B in soil. Optimal available B content in soil was 1.25 mg kg−1 for both groundnut pod and cabbage-head yield. The application of B with different rates and frequencies significantly enhanced B fractions in soil. The content of different fractions improved with the increase in rates of B application. The percentage contribution of various B fractions towards total B content followed the order: readily soluble B (0.43 to 0.55%) &lt; specifically adsorbed B (0.74 to 0.98%) &lt; organically bound B (0.70 to 1.55%) &lt; ox-ide bound B (1.26 to 3.11%) &lt; residual boron B (93 to 96.8%). Path analysis revealed the highest contribution of total boron towards groundnut-pod yield with a coefficient value of 4.30. Whereas oxide-bound boron fraction contributed to the maximum extent with a coefficient value of 0.91 towards cabbage-head yield. This information will be useful for B management in the ground-nut-cabbage cropping system grown on studied soil.