Minerals Ca Research Articles

Relationships between Na, K, and Ca mineral nutrients in brine and table olive flesh. Nutritional labelling implications

The mineral equilibrium between olive flesh/moisture (in-flesh) and the surrounding brines has been studied for the first time. A pseudo-distribution coefficient, Kd, has been defined and applied to fermented Gordal, Manzanilla (green Spanish-style) and packaged Aloreña de Málaga (natural green) olives. Kd had values < 1 for Na and K in the flesh but >1 for Ca, suggesting lower and higher contents in olive flesh than in brine. When the equilibrium for Na and K was referred to the flesh moisture, most Kd approached 1, implying a trend for equilibrium. However, Ca exhibited values above 1, indicating a higher concentration also in the flesh moisture, suggesting that part of this element may also form complexes with soluble olive flesh components. Kd was not significantly related to the concentrations of Na, K, or Ca in brines, although the Na model explained 80% variance. Simple and multiple regressions deduced the mineral nutrients in the flesh as a function of their concentrations in brine, but the second only increased the explained variance (about 10%) in the case of Na. For nutritional labelling purposes in the EU (where sodium must be expressed as salt), both functions can estimate the Na, K, and Ca contents in olive flesh from their concentrations in brine since their variabilities were within tolerance limits, particularly when the initial fermentation/packaging brines were fortified with K or Ca.

Experimental and density functional theory study on role of calcium in NO reduction by NH3 on char surface during ammonia co-firing with pulverized coal

As a carbon-free energy, NH3 has attracted increasing attention from scholars. Ammonia-coal co-firing, as a technology for ammonia energy utilization, has great application potential. However, the NOx generated during ammonia combustion cannot be ignored due to the N element in NH3. At present, the reaction mechanism of NH3 and NO on char, together with the influence mechanism of mineral Ca, in the combustion reduction zone during ammonia-coal co-firing is still unclear. In this study, the effects of Ca on the NO reduction with NH3 on the char surface have been investigated in the high-temperature reaction system. The NO reduction efficiency and the evolutions of char structural characteristics during the reaction processes were analyzed for both demineralized coal char and CaCl2-loaded coal char. The reaction mechanism was also investigated at the molecular level using density functional theory (DFT) to clarify NO reduction and CO release pathways with and without Ca. The DFT results showed that during NO reduction on char surface, NNH group formation and CO desorption are crucial steps in the presence of NH3. Ca plays a catalytic role in NO reduction reaction, which affects NO reduction by NH3 on char surface in two ways. On the one hand, Ca facilitates the reduction of NO to N2 by lowering the energy barrier for NNH group formation (20.98 kJ/mol) and N2 release (93.70 kJ/mol). On the other hand, the formation of Ca–O–C structure increases the energy barrier for CO release from char surface (377.25 kJ/mol), which is unfavorable for NO reduction. The experimental results showed that between 1300 °C and 1500 °C, Ca increases the NO reduction efficiency by 5 %, promoting NO reduction, because Ca lowers the energy barrier of the rate-determining step, thus accelerating the reaction. At this temperature, the inhibition effect of Ca on CO release is not obvious. However, between 1000 °C and 1300 °C, Ca exhibits an inhibition effect on NO reduction. This is because Ca significantly inhibits CO release. At this temperature, the formation rate of NNH species is relatively slow, and NO reduction is influenced by homogeneous reduction. This study aims to provide fundamental information for exploring the application potential of ammonia coal co-firing in industrial furnaces.

The effect of metal ions on the black tea cream formation by comparative analysis on chemical constituents of resoluble and irresoluble black tea cream

Black tea cream down can be separated into the resoluble (RS) and irresoluble (IS) parts. The irresoluble part hardly dissolves in boiling water after it forms in tea infusion, thus it is an indelible particle in the tea beverage industry. In the current work, we qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed the differences of chemical composition between these two parts. The results showed that the irresoluble cream down contained theaflavins and caffeine, but only dissolved in DMSO rather than boiling water. The irresoluble cream down contained higher levels of Al, Ca, Fe, and Cu mineral elements than resoluble cream down. The elemental analysis also indicated that irresoluble cream down was composed of more hydrogen element than resoluble cream down. The Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy analysis confirmed that the irresoluble cream down spectrum presented two critical differential absorption peaks at 2919 and 2850 cm−1, which were attributed to the saturated carbon moiety of organic compounds. Moreover, we compared the effects of four metal ions (including Al3+, Ca2+, Fe3+, and Cu2+) on the formation of cream particle, and found that Al3+ had the strongest contribution to the particle formation of cream down. Meanwhile, caffeine also contributed to the particle formation of cream down as a secondary role.

БЛЮДА ДИЕТИЧЕСКОГО ПИТАНИЯ ОПТИМИЗИРОВАННОГО СОСТАВА

Deficient concentrations of vitamins and minerals in the existing diets of patients in medical institutions were analyzed. When conducting studies of the state of the organism in patients of health care facilities, a deficien-cy of vitamin D, vitamins of group B, carotenoids is found, in certain categories of patients – antioxidant vit-amins A and E. This deficiency is aggravated against the background of drug therapy. To replenish the defi-cient states of the body, it is recommended to enrich the ATS with a mineral-vitamin complex at a concentra-tion of 50-100% of the daily norm of vitamins and minerals. The diet was enriched with GS-3093 premixes. The discrepancy between the content of the vitamin-mineral complex in the existing diet and the recommend-ed, enriched with GS-3093 premix for four especially deficient minerals and the studied vitamins A and group B ranges from – 0.59 to – 675.215 mg. It should be noted the lack of vitamins A (37%), B2 (14%) and C (52%), minerals Ca (26%), Zn (21%) and I (65%) of the recommended daily intake. This will ensure compli-ance with the requirements for conducting evidence-based dietary nutrition for 800 patients of the health care facility of GBUZ “MONIKI” named after. MF. Vladimirsky, who was assigned the main variant of the stand-ard diet (ATD).

Potential development and utilization of sweet potato flour as a raw material for the food industry

Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is one type of tuber that has an important role in food diversification programs. Each 100g of sweet potato contains 27.9 g of carbohydrates, 7000 SI of vitamin A, 30 mg of vitamin C, 30 mg of mineral Ca and an energy value of 123 calories. Its carbohydrate content ranges from 64.83 to 66.90% which is a potential energy source to meet basic food needs other than rice. Sweet potato is considered as a raw material for the food industry, because it has good nutritional content, short plant life, and high production. Its vitamin B6 and folic acid is needed to optimize brain work, rich in fiber and complex carbohydrates but low in calories which is very good for diabetics. However, the soft texture of sweet potatoes and the high of its water content make sweet potatoes easy to damage due to mechanical influences. Processing into flour is one of the efforts to preserve sweet potatoes and increase their usefulness. Ingredients composition, drying method, use of chemicals, and steaming process are factors that can affect flour quality, especially its color and functional characteristics. Drying methods that can be used are spray drying, drum drying and oven dryer. The aim of this review is to explore the opportunities and potential of sweet potato flour (SPF) as an industrial raw material for processed food industries in Indonesia. The review method used is the reference collection method, which is taken from several research results related to SPF and its application to food products such as beverages, fructose syrup, noodles, flakes, cookies, ice cream, yogurt, jams, dyes, and others. Through the preservation of sweet potato into flour and its use as industrial raw material, it is hoped that it can increase the diversity of functional foods needed by the Indonesian community.

Effects of essential mineral elements deficiency and supplementation on serum mineral elements concentration and biochemical parameters in grazing Mongolian sheep.

Traditional sheep grazing is the pillar industry and the main source of income for local herders in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China. However, grazing sheep often suffer from mineral deficiency. In the present study, the feeding experiment was performed on 84 grazing Wu Ranke sheep. After being divided into calcium (Ca), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), and selenium (Se) treatment groups, they were fed with a mineral deficient diet for 60 days and then a mineral supplement diet for 41 days. Serum samples were collected three times, 10 concentrations of essential mineral elements and 15 concentrations/activity of biochemical parameters were measured to assess the effects of mineral deficiency and supplementation on the physical health of sheep. The results revealed that the sheep showed mineral Ca, Cu, Co, Mn, and Se deficiencies after feeding their respective mineral deficient diet. Deficiency in dietary Ca, Zn, Cu, Co, Mn, and Se may adversely affect the liver, myocardium and pancreas of sheep. The prompt supplementation of dietary Zn, Cu, Co, Mn, and Se may alleviate the damage caused to the liver, myocardium and pancreas, while that of dietary Ca improved energy generation. In conclusion, the adequate supplementation of dietary Ca, Zn, Cu, Co, Mn, and Se is essential for avoiding the impairment caused to the liver, myocardium and pancreas function of sheep by the deficiency in essential dietary minerals.

Enrichment of dishes with the vitamin and mineral complex "GS-3093" according to the therapeutic diet

The article presents the basic information about the deficient concentrations of vitamins and minerals in the existing diets of patients in medical and preventive treatment facilities. The analysis of the current therapeutic diets showed deviations in vitamins A, B1, B2, PP, and C, as well as in macro- and microelements: Na, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, I, P, and Fe. When conducting studies of the state of the body in patients of health care facilities, a deficiency of vitamin D, B vitamins, and carotenoids, and in some categories of patients, a deficiency of antioxidant vitamins A and E, is found. This deficiency is aggravated against the background of drug therapy. In order to compensate for the deficient states of the body, it is recommended to enrich the therapeutic diet with a vitamin and mineral complex at a concentration of 50-100% of the daily norm of vitamins and minerals. The diet was enriched with GS-3093 premixes. The discrepancies between the content of the vitamin and mineral complex in the existing diet and the recommended, enriched with GS- 3093 premix, for four especially deficient minerals and the studied vitamins A and group B range from -0.59 to -675.215 mg. The defi ciency of vitamins A (37%), B2 (14%), and C (52%), minerals Ca (26%), Zn (21%), and I (65%) compared to the recommended daily intake should be noted. With a five-time meal, the calorie content of the diet according to the therapeutic diet is from 2500 to 3000 kcal and includes 1.5–2 liters of fluid per day. This will ensure compliance with the requirements for conducting evidence-based dietary nutrition for 800 patients of the health care facility of the SBHI Moscow Regional Clinical Research Institute named after M.F. Vladimirsky (MONIKI), who were prescribed the main variant of the standard (therapeutic) diet.

X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Reveals Mechanisms of Calcium and Silicon Fouling on Reverse Osmosis Membranes Used in Wastewater Reclamation

Reverse osmosis (RO) is widely employed to provide clean water from nontraditional sources (e.g., seawater or municipal wastewater). One of its key challenges is membrane fouling, which leads to reduced flux and increased operational costs. Despite its practical relevance, fundamental understanding of membrane fouling is limited. Toward this end, we investigated calcium (Ca) and silicon (Si) fouling under real RO feed conditions using μ-X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF) mapping and μ-X-ray absorption near-edge fine structure (μ-XANES) spectroscopy. These techniques are distinctly suited to identify the spatial distribution and (local) chemical speciation of foulants, thereby providing unique insight into the mechanisms of fouling under realistic conditions. Specifically, we investigated RO membranes harvested from a pilot-scale RO system operated at the Orange County Water District (OCWD) Groundwater Replenishment System (GWRS) Advanced Water Purification (AWP) Facility, which received the same feed water as the full-scale plant. Both Ca and Si were found to be abundant in the fouling layer. Despite the use of a commercial antiscalant to inhibit mineral formation, several Ca minerals were present in the fouling layer as minority species, including sulfates, phosphates, and carbonates; most of these minerals were found in particles that were aligned with the feed spacer used to separate the membranes. In contrast, organic-bound Ca and silica occurred across the entire membrane. Our work provides novel insight into the synergistic mechanism of RO fouling by Ca, Si, and organics on RO membranes.

Episodic hydrothermal activities impact on organic matter enrichment in the post-collision rift basin of Permian Lucaogou Formation, southern Junggar Basin, NW China

The factors controlling the organic matter accumulation in the organic-rich shale of the Lucaogou Formation in the southern Junggar Basin, remain controversial. To more explicitly reveal the hydrothermal events and its mechanism on the organic matter enrichment, we performed mineralogy and geochemistry methods on dolomite and black shale samples from Well FK-1 in Fukang Sag. The high (Fe + Mn)/Ti ratios, the enrichment of Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, and REY, and multiple hydrothermal minerals (e.g., ankerite, dolomite, zeolite, authigenic albite, and microcline) suggest five episodes of hydrothermal events. In addition, the low-to-high-varied Sr/Ba, V/(V + Ni) (Al + Fe)/(Ca + Mg), and Sr/Cu ratios, as well as the dolomite formation all well indicate a brackish-saline, suboxic-anoxic, shallow to deep water condition under a warm-humid to hot-arid climate with rhythmic sedimentation. The fluctuated total organic carbon content (up to 12.16 wt%) suggest the periodic organic matter accumulation. Three patterns of organic matter enrichment occurred during the rift-drift transition of the southern Junggar Basin, productivity and preservation played distinguishing roles in different intervals. Productivity periodically fluctuated because of the episodic hydrothermal events and warm-humid climate changes. Preservation was triggered by the saline, anoxic, and well-stratified water setting under the relatively hot-arid climate, which became progressively favorable in the gradually stabilized basin.

Effects of Steaming on the Functional Properties and Mineral Content of Lumi-Lumi Fish (Harpodon Nehereus) Meal

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the mineral content, phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and soluble protein of Lumi-lumi fish meal (Harpodon nehereus) treated with and non-steamed for 30 min. The results revealed that iron (Fe) mineral content was significantly higher in the steamed than non-steamed treatment but not in calcium (Ca). However, there was a decrease in the minerals magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), and zinc (Zn) during the steamed process, which was not significant. Then, during steamed, there was a significant decrease in antioxidant activity but not in total soluble protein, whereas phenolic content increased. Based on the findings of this study, Lumi-lumi fish (Harpodon nehereus) meal steamed treatment could be the best treatment because it contained the best phenolic and Fe and Ca minerals.

Study on the influence mechanism of mineral Ca on NO reduction in the high temperature oxygen-lean zone of ammonia-coal co-combustion

Ammonia-coal co-combustion can effectively reduce CO2 emissions in power plant. However, ammonia, as an N source, will increase NOx foamation path when it is co-fired with coal. It is very necessary to explore the NO reduction mechanism in ammonia-coal co-combustion to realize low-nitrogen emissions. In this study, the mechanism of NO reduction in the high temperature oxygen-lean zone of ammonia-coal co-combustion is explored through experiment and quantum chemical theory calculation, and the influence mechanism of Calcium, an important mineral in coal, on the reduction of NO by NH3 and char is further explored. The experimental results show that mineral Ca in char inhibits NO reduction by char and ammonia. Under the same temperature and NSR, the efficiency of NO heterogeneous reduction by char impregnated with Ca is lower than that by demineralized char. Theoretical calculation results have shown that amino/char in the high-temperature lean-oxygen area can reduce NO to N2 through the formation of important transition intermediates such as NNH and N2O, and the participation of Ca inhibits the reduction of NO by NH3 and char. Ca enhances the binding energy between the NNH group and the char surface, so that under the participation of top-Ca, the energy barrier of the rate-determining step is 197.92 kJ/mol higher than that of the NH/char/NO system. The participation of face-centered Ca has a stronger inhibitory effect on NH/char/NO system than that of top-Ca. The kinetic results show that the reduction rate of NO by NH on the char surface in the presence of Ca is lower than that in the absence of Ca.

Physical And Chemical Characteristics Of Cassava Leaf Chlorophyll As Natural Dye Powder (Manihot esculenta Cranzt) With Tween 80 And Alkaline Type Variations

Cassava leaves are a good source of minerals Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, vitamins A and B2 (riboflavin). In addition, cassava leaves contain bioactive compounds that are beneficial to the body, namely chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a natural green dye that is generally found in plants whose composition is contained in the chloroplasts. The amount of chlorophyll in cassava leaves is classified as good, namely 18.141 mg/l. This is one of the potentials to utilize cassava leaves as natural dyes. Production of cassava leaf coloring powder using foam mat drying. Foam mat drying is a method of foaming technique by adding foam. The foaming agent used is tween 80 which can produce foam or froth and speed up drying. Chlorophyll can be easily degraded due to exposure to heat (temperature), acids, light and alcohol. The use of NaHCO3 can increase the levels of chlorophyll in the leaves. In addition, the use of MgCO3 can maintain the green color of leaf chlorophyll. The purpose of this study was to determine the interaction of tween 80 variations and types of bases on the physical and chemical profiles of cassava leaf natural dye powder. The research design used a laboratory experimental method with two variations, namely tween 80 and base type. In this study there were four treatment combinations. This study used several test parameters including physical and chemical tests, namely dissolving time, color (L, a, b), total dissolved solids, pH, water content, and chlorophyll content. The results showed that the variation of tween 80, the type of base and the interaction of the two had a significant effect on the b color value and the L color value in cassava leaf natural dye powder.

Time-of-flight neutron diffraction applied to the identification of crystalline phases in historical mosaic glasses

We present a completely non-destructive study of the crystalline phases present in the vitreous matrix of ancient mosaic glass tesserae, based on the application of the time-of-flight neutron diffraction (ToF-ND) technique. In contrast, standard phase analysis techniques may involve a sample preparation step, which is not compatible with the requirement of damage prevention of archaeological artefacts. Moreover, superficial or spot investigation by standard methods may not provide a complete description of the samples, especially in the case of inhomogeneous materials such as mosaic glasses, whereas ToF-ND can investigate the whole glass composition at the centimetre scale. The present study aims to obtain a bulk characterization of the glasses in terms of their mineralogical phase composition. Six glass specimens of ancient mosaic glass tesserae, that had been previously analysed with other non-destructive techniques to obtain their chemical and phase composition, were investigated by ToF-ND. These tesserae come from archaeological excavations or mosaics under restoration from different archaeological sites and geographical areas (Italy, Greece, and Syria) and date from the 1st to the 11th century AD. Several crystalline phases based on Ca, Sb, Sn, Cu and Pb minerals were identified, confirming the mineralogical phases identified with Raman spectroscopy in previous analyses. In addition, several other phases were identified for five of the samples. It is concluded that ToF-ND is an extremely important complementary tool for non-destructive bulk investigations of mosaic glass tesserae, which can overcome the heterogeneity of this kind of archaeological material.

Evaluation of Biomass Production, Nutrient Content and Digestibility of Asystasia gangetica as an Alternative Forage under Palm Plantation

ntegrated farming systems through the inclusion of forage into the plantation area can increase the forage supply for ruminants. The aim of the research was to evaluate biomass production, nutrient, mineral content, and digestibilityof A. gangeticaunder different light intensity in palm plantation areas. The research was conducted under randomized complete block designbased on three different light intensity on each block. Data were analyzed statistically with R i386 3.6.1 using the Analysis of Variance Test (ANOVA), and Duncan Test was applied to determine the level of significant difference. The research showed A. gangetica cultivation influenced the soil properties under palm plantations. A gangetica grew well until light intensity 14.39% whichindicated by average biomass production on the first harvest time reached 78.58 g/plant. The light intensity decreasestriggered an increase inA. gangeticadry matter percentage,ash content and crude protein. The light intensityunaffectedthe concentration of minerals Ca, P, Mg,and forage digestibility, on the other side the dry matter digestibility on the second harvest time decreased due to the soil properties influences.The research concluded that biomass production, nutrient, mineral content,and digestibility of A. gangeticaunder palm plantation areawere affected by light intensity, soil properties,and harvest time.

Petrographic and Geochemical Inferences for Genesis of Terra Rossa: A Case Study from the Apulian Karst (Southern Italy)

Terra rossa is a reddish clay soil which is often present on the surface of limestone in regions with a Mediterranean-type climate. Its genesis is a controversial subject in terms of the origin of the parent material, from the residuum of underlying (carbonate/dolomite) bedrock in the absence/presence of an external silicate contribution (e.g., aeolian dust). Within this context the main goal of the present work was the understanding of the geochemical processes leading to the formation of the terra rossa starting from the carbonate bedrock. We report the results of a multi-method analysis on a terra rossa deposit occupying the bottom of a Quaternary karst depression on Mesozoic limestones exposed in the Murge area (Apulia Foreland, southern Italy). Geological, petrographic, textural, and chemical data were collected on karst products (reddish calcite incrustations and nodules, and fine-grained portion of terra rossa) by a detailed field mapping, optical microscopy, XRF and fusion ICP/MS analyses and by scanning electron microscope. New collected data show that the mineralogical composition of reddish incrustations and nodules is comparable, consisting of fibrous and impure calcite, detrital fragments of quartz, K-feldspar, zircon and authigenic minerals as (Mn, Ba, Ca) phases, (Al, Si, Mn, Fe, Mg, Ba, Ca) minerals, Fe-kaolinite and anatase. The prevailing minerals, instead, in the fine-grained portion of terra rossa are hematite, kaolinite, and goethite. Based on the chemical composition, and especially on REE patterns, a progressive interaction of silicate aqueous solutions (with Al, Si, Fe), containing pelite material, with the calcareous bedrock, as a source of carbonic acid, was the process driving the formation of terra rossa. Obtained results add new elements to the definition of the long-lasting question about the genetic processes responsible for the formation of terra rossa, corroborating their polygenetic origin, as result of limestone alteration in conjunction with the chemical interaction with allochthonous siliciclastic material.

Comparison of Natural Mineral Water From Agrı Province With Sports Drinks

Dehydration emerges due to lack of fluid balance in the body. In addition, minerals such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium are lost because of dehydration. Athletes lose fluids and electrolytes through sweating during exercise, and replacing the lost fluid and electrolytes is crucial for the continuity of their sports performance. Sports drinks can be consumed by athletes to replace fluid and electrolytes lost during exercise and to improve performance. During this period, consumption of sports drinks minimizes dehydration by restoring the lost mineral and fluid balance. However, the composition of these products, their active ingredients, their effects on sports performance, and their risk factors are matters of debate. This study was carried out in order to compare sports drinks with the local mineral water that comes out naturally in the province of Agri. The mineral determinations of the local mineral water were made using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectroscopy (ICP- MS) instruments. As a result of the analyses, the average sodium (Na) value in the local mineral water was 26.6 ppm, and the magnesium (Mg) average was 7.782 ppm. No potassium (K) mineral was detected in Agri local mineral water. Calcium (Ca) mineral average was found to be 65.04 ppm, iron (Fe) mineral average 0.0068 ppm, and zinc (Zn) mineral average 0.02457 ppm. Agri natural mineral water contains minerals in similar amounts to sports drinks. Considering these values, it can be a natural alternative to sports drinks if potassium mineral and glucose is added to its content, so it can be an alternative to sports drinks.

Safe usage of Cd-polluted paddy fields using alkaline Si–rich compound amendment: Effect and mechanism

A low-cost practical technology is urgently needed to minimize cadmium (Cd) pollution in rice in many parts of the world. In the present study, we elucidated the effects and mechanisms of four alkaline compound materials via field experiments in southern China. The results indicated that these two alkaline Si–rich compound materials (AF-SC, alkaline fertilizer compounded with Si–Ca mineral powder; AF-SS, AF compounded with Si–Se mineral powder) could achieve multi-objective gains by simultaneously reducing grain Cd, increasing yield and improving soil quality at a lower cost. The grain Cd content was decreased by an average of about 75% in two field sites, which even ensured safe grain production in areas with medium Cd pollution. The rice yield was increased by a range of 6.7%–21.0% for different varieties and sites. Moreover, the materials abated soil acidification with the increase of 0.36–0.62 pH units, increased the contents of available P and available Si, subsequently reducing available Cd content in soils. Structural equation model and regression analysis showed that the alkaline environment provided by the alkaline components in compound materials effectively inhibited the formation of Fe/Mn plaques on the root surface, reducing the uptake of Cd from the environment. In addition, the decrease in grain Cd was also attributed to the inhibition of Cd translocation from root to stem, mainly caused by the increase of available Si. These findings reveal that the base application of such alkaline Si–rich compound materials is a viable solution for the remediation of Cd-polluted paddy fields in south China.

P400 Identifying Nutritional targets in Crohn’s disease: INTICO1: a time-limited trial of exclusive enteral nutrition during adult CD remission

Abstract Background During clinical remission in adult Crohn’s disease (CD), impaired health reacted quality of life and fatigue is common, and the nutritional state may be affected by factors such as restrictive eating and altered anatomy from previous inflammation or surgeries. Adults with CD in clinical remission do not routinely undergo nutritional assessments or intervention. The INTICO1 study used a time-limited trial of exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) to expose and explore nutritionally sensitive aspects of in adults with CD during remission. The extent to which the nutritional state relates to the quality of CD remission and the potential role for nutritional therapies is neither well described nor understood. Methods This was a single arm longitudinal observation study with a dietary intervention. 24 adults in CD remission (Harvey Bradshaw &amp;lt;5, faecal calprotectin &amp;lt;250) underwent assessment of nutritional state at 3 time points; after habitual diet (assessment 1), after 7 days of polymeric EEN (assessment 2) and after a 2-week gradual return to habitual diet (assessment3). Assessments comprised food diary analysis, anthropometry, bio-electrical impedance analysis, routine pathology measures of micronutrient concentration, and patient reported outcome measures (PROMs). Results Assessment 1 (habitual diet) identified individuals with multiple inadequacies of intake (7% (26/368)) micronutrients bloods below the normal laboratory range (see table for analytes) reduced lean mass, low phase angle (PhA) and excessive fatigue (reduced SF-36 vitality). At assessment 2 (post EEN), subjects had fewer deficiencies 4% (16/368), with significant increases seen in Vitamins A, D, E, B2, B6, B9 and the minerals Ca, Cu, Po4 and Se. At visit 3 (return to free diet), micronutrient concentrations reverted toward assessment 1 level, although B6 and B9 remained significantly higher (pairwise comparison visit 1 vs visit 3). BIA measures of nutritional status (PhA) and the SF36 physical function score improved 1 and 2 (5.2 vs 5.4 p&amp;lt;0.01 and 95 v100 p&amp;lt;0.05) and returned to baseline levels on return to free diet (Assessment 3). Conclusion A time-limited trial (7 days) of EEN, given in this setting of adults in CD remission led to changes in micronutrient biochemistry, objective improvement in the bioelectrical properties of the body (increased phase angle) and an improvement in fatigue among the subjects as captured by the SF36-PF. The study suggests that impaired nutritional state and excessive fatigue is likely to be prevalent among adults with CD during remission and may be sensitive to nutritional intervention.

Phosphorus hotspots in pedogenic carbonate coatings determined by zoned microscale arrangement and organo-mineral interactions

Subsoils of calcareous soils are often characterized by pedogenic carbonate precipitates coating soil aggregate and rock surfaces. Numerous studies identified the key mechanisms of pedogenic carbonate formation in calcareous soils. Still, little is known about the ecosystem function of carbonate precipitates for nutrient supply, their microscale structure and the interaction of microscale structure with nutrient distribution such as P. We investigated the mineral composition and P speciation of lithogenic carbonate coated by pedogenic carbonate precipitates. Subsoil horizons of a Rendzic Leptosol (Tuttlingen, C horizon) and a Eutric Cambisol (Benediktenwand, BC horizon) in Central Europe were sampled. We combined wet-chemical methods with X-ray diffraction, synchrotron-based P XANES spectroscopy, and specific surface area analysis (N2-BET). To investigate the spatial arrangement and elemental distribution at the microscale, a complementary approach using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) as well as XANES spectroscopy at the microscale (µXANES) was conducted. In both soils, the pedogenic carbonate coatings showed an intricate porous microstructure and large specific surface area. The δ13C values of the coatings were halfway between those of the primary bedrock and soil organic matter (SOM), proving their formation by re-precipitation of dissolved carbonate through organic and inorganic (H2CO3) acids. Compared to the primary rocks, the coatings were enriched in Al, Fe, Mn, and K and in organic C, N, and P; additionally, they contained silicate minerals (muscovite, illite) and quartz. Whereas the P in the rock interior was mainly present as apatite, the P in the coatings was mainly organic P bound to Ca and Al minerals. NanoSIMS and µXANES analyses at Tuttlingen revealed a zoned microstructure of the pedogenic coating: An inner zone with most P co-localized and bound to Al minerals and an outer zone enriched again in Ca and SOM. The formation of these zones indicates the infiltration and residual accumulation of Al minerals which may contribute to mitigate P losses by leaching. Intensive penetration by fine plant roots and observations of fungal hyphae within the coatings indicate the potential of pedogenically altered carbonates as microbial habitat and ecosystem nutrient source, thus contributing to the scarce ecosystem P nutrition of initial calcareous soils.

The Study of Mineral Elements Participation in Brewing Products Foam Structure Formation

The article is devoted to the study of the metal ion’s role in the formation of the foam colloidal structure. The nitrogenous compounds prominent role as structuring compounds of the colloidal film on the carbon dioxide bubbles surface is noted. Based on the calculation of the correlation strength between beer samples organic compounds obtained based on light and dark malts, as well as barley and corn as unmalted raw materials, the effect of Ca, Mg, Mn, Co and Na mineral ions on the foam structure was evaluated. It was shown that Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, Co ions take part in the foam structure formation in conjunction with the grain raw materials thiol nitrogen, and Ca, Mg, Mn ions in conjunction with catechins of both grain and hop raw materials. High correlation coefficients between foam resistance and all ions (r-0.991÷0.998), foam resistance, catechins and Co ions (r 0.991), as well as foam resistance and Ca and Mg ions (r -0.987) ensure the elasticity of the foam structure colloidal film.