C1 Level Research Articles

Fluent Reading Skills of Learners of Turkish as A Foreign Language

This study utilized a “sequential descriptive pattern”, one of the mixed method designs with a view to (doing what? Please state the aim here). The qualitative data were collected through the analysis of the participants’ oral reading voice recordings. Data on oral reading prosody were collected using the “Prosodic Reading Scale” and the quantitative data on reading speed and accurate reading were collected through the analysis of oral reading recordings. Whilst Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was utilized to determine the relationship between the data that did not distribute normally, Pearson’s correlation coefficient was employed to test the relationship between the data that distributed normally. Analysis results indicated a negative, low-level, and significant relationship between the participants’ oral reading errors and reading comprehension skills. While there was a positive, weak, and nonsignificant relationship between prosodic reading scores and reading comprehension skills in the A1-level, there was a positive, low-level, and significant relationship in the C1 level. It was found that oral reading speed, prosody, and oral reading errors did not predict fluent reading skills in the A1 level, and the model established was significant, but the dependent variables did not predict reading comprehension skill in the A2 level. In B1 and C1 levels, the regression model established in both levels were significant, and the rank of importance of the variables on oral reading comprehension was found as oral reading speed and oral reading errors.

Anaesthetic challenges faced in a child with Morquio syndrome- An orphan disease

: Morquio syndrome is a progressive lysosomal storage disorder leading to accumulation of glycosaminoglycans in the soft tissue, cartilage, and bone causing skeletal dysplasia. : We present a four-year-old child diagnosed with right side inguinal hernia posted for herniotomy. He had a large head with short neck and kyphoscoliosis. Pre-operative MRI whole spine shows a hypoplastic dens causing canal stenosis, indenting the cord at C1 level. General Anesthesia was planned. With a video laryngoscope on standy by, patient was induced after stabilizing the neck with a custom neck collar and the airway was secured with a Proseal Laryngeal Mask Airway.: The airway management can be challenging because of accumulation of mucopolysaccharides in the soft tissue of upper airway and limited mouth opening due to involvement of temporo mandibular joints. A thorough pre-operative evaluation of airway must be done and a well planned anaesthetic technique must be executed.

Demographics and functional outcome of shallow water diving spinal injuries in northern Germany - A retrospective analysis of 160 consecutive cases

AimTo describe demographic findings, typical injuries and functional neurological outcomes in patients with cervical trauma and tetraplegia sustained after diving into shallow water. Patients and methodsA retrospective study was performed including all patients treated in BG Klinikum Hamburg suffering from tetraplegia after jumping into shallow water between 1st June 1980 and 31st July 2018. ResultsOne hundred and sixty patients with cervical spinal injuries and tetraplegia following a dive into shallow water were evaluated. Of these, 156 patients (97.5%) were male. The mean age was 24.3 years ± 8.1 and the accidents occurred most often in inland waters (56.2%) and mostly between May and August (90.6%). In all cases there was one vertebra fractured, whereas in 48.1% of cases, two vertebrae were severed. In the majority of cases (n = 146), a surgical procedure was performed. Overall, the mean hospital stay was 202 days (±72, range: 31–403) and one patient died. On admission, 106 patients (66.2%) showed a complete lesion according to AIS A, with incomplete lesions in the remaining 54 patients (AIS B: n = 25 [15.6%], AIS C: n = 26 [16.3%], AIS D: n = 3 [1.9%]). In two thirds of the patients, the level of paralysis on admission was at the level of segments C4 (31.9%) or C5 (33.7%). Seventeen patients (10.6%) needed prehospital resuscitation. In 55 patients (34.4%), the neurological findings improved during the course of inpatient treatment and rehabilitation. Sixty-eight patients (42.5%) developed pneumonia, of which 52 patients (76.5%) were ventilated. In addition, 56.5% of patients with paralysis levels C0–C3 required ventilation, whereas only 6.3% of patients with paralysis levels C6–C7 were affected. Three patients (1.9%) were discharged from hospital with continuous ventilation. Overall, 27.4% of all AIS A patients, 56% of all AIS B patients and 46.2% of all AIS C patients improved neurologically, with 17% of all patients being able to walk. ConclusionsThe consequences of a cervical spine injury after diving into shallow water are severe and lifelong. Functionally, patients may benefit from care in a specialised centre, both in the acute phase and during rehabilitation. The more incomplete the primary paralysis, the greater the possibility of neurological recovery.

Abstract Number ‐ 151: Impact of Stent‐Retriever Tip Design on Distal Embolization during Mechanical Thrombectomy

Introduction Mechanical thrombectomy (MT) is a widely performed procedure for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) due to large vessel occlusion. Repeated number of passes, clot fragmentation, and distal embolization during MT lead to worse clinical outcomes. We aim to evaluate the impact of different stent‐retriever (SR) distal tip designs on distal emboli generation during MT. Methods Fragment‐prone clot analogs (diameter = 3.53±0.14mm; length = 6.74±0.61mm) were used to create proximal middle cerebral artery (MCA‐M1) occlusions in an in vitro neurovascular model featuring a complete circle of Willis. The anatomical replica was connected to a flow loop with circulating saline at physiological flow rate and temperature; 100‐µm filters were placed at the neurovascular outflow points of the model to collect generated distal emboli. After initial embolization, experiments were randomized into one of the three treatment arms based on SR tip design: open‐end (Open‐SR: Solitaire 6.0×40mm), closed‐end (Closed‐SR: Embotrap II 5.0×33mm), and filter‐end (Filter‐SR: NeVa NET 5.5×37mm). A balloon guide catheter was inflated at the internal carotid artery C1 level immediately after SR deployment, and the SR was pulled out under continuous proximal pump aspiration. A total of 90 cases were performed (30 cases/treatment arm). A single attempt was performed per case and after each pass, distal emboli collected in the outflow filters were analyzed by an image processing algorithm. Successful first pass recanalization (FPR) was confirmed if no residual clot was observed at the initial location or in a distal branch of the model. Primary study endpoints were: FPR rate (%FPR), the size of the largest embolus (largest‐E), the total emboli count (total‐E), the total count of emboli larger than 1mm (total>1mm‐E), and the total area of the filter covered by emboli (area‐E). Results FPR was achieved in 57.8% of cases (52/90): Filter‐SR achieved a non‐significantly higher %FPR (70%) than closed‐SR (50%) and open‐SR (53.3%) (p = 0.244). In comparison to open‐ and closed‐SR, filter‐SR significantly reduced the largest‐E (open‐SR = 1.66±0.68mm vs. closed‐SR = 1.77±0.90mm vs. filter‐SR = 1.22±0.77mm; p = 0.013) as well as the total>1mm‐E (open‐SR = 2.27±2.33 vs. closed‐SR = 3.97±5.68 vs. filter‐SR = 0.93±1.28; p = 0.002), and the area‐E (open‐SR = 18.22±14.47mm2 vs. closed‐SR = 23.98±22.39mm2 vs. filter‐SR = 10.14±8.81mm2; p = 0.013). The differences between distal tip designs were not clearly evidenced in the total‐E (open‐SR = 22.7±10.75 vs. closed‐SR = 23.13±13.16 vs. filter‐SR = 20.63±12.77; p = 0.464). No significant differences were found between open‐ and closed‐SR (p>0.05 in all metrics). Conclusions When facing fragment‐prone clots with low SR engagement, the filter‐SR significantly reduces the number of large clot fragments (>1mm), the size of the largest embolus, and the overall surface area of clot fragments that embolize distally during an MT procedure.

Hirayama Disease: A 15-Year-Old Male With Progressive Distal Right Upper Extremity Weakness.

Hirayama disease is a rare neuromuscular disorder characterized by abnormal forward displacement of the cervical spinal cord, resulting in focal ischemic changes of anterior horn cells. A 15-year-old male presented with 6 months of progressive right upper extremity weakness. Electromyography/nerve conduction study indicated a chronic neurogenic process involving the C8-T1 myotome. Cervical spine magnetic resonance imaging in the neutral position demonstrated minor disk bulges without significant spinal canal narrowing. With flexion, there was a forward displacement of the dorsal dural sac and marked effacement of the subarachnoid spaces from vertebral levels C5 through C7. In addition, prominent flow voids were now seen in the dorsal epidural space consistent with engorged venous structures. The diagnosis of Hirayama disease requires a high index of suspicion, and imaging should include a series with the neck in a flexed position, as imaging in the neutral position is often unrevealing and the disorder can otherwise easily be missed.

The correlation of muscle quantity and quality between all vertebra levels and level L3, measured with CT: An exploratory study.

In patients with cancer, low muscle mass has been associated with a higher risk of fatigue, poorer treatment outcomes, and mortality. To determine body composition with computed tomography (CT), measuring the muscle quantity at the level of lumbar 3 (L3) is suggested. However, in patients with cancer, CT imaging of the L3 level is not always available. Thus far, little is known about the extent to which other vertebra levels could be useful for measuring muscle status. In this study, we aimed to assess the correlation of the muscle quantity and quality between any vertebra level and L3 level in patients with various tumor localizations. Two hundred-twenty Positron Emission Tomography (PET)-CT images of patients with four different tumor localizations were included: 1. head and neck (n = 34), 2. esophagus (n = 45), 3. lung (n = 54), and 4. melanoma (n = 87). From the whole body scan, 24 slices were used, i.e., one for each vertebra level. Two examiners contoured the muscles independently. After contouring, muscle quantity was estimated by calculating skeletal muscle area (SMA) and skeletal muscle index (SMI). Muscle quality was assessed by calculating muscle radiation attenuation (MRA). Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine whether the other vertebra levels correlate with L3 level. For SMA, strong correlations were found between C1-C3 and L3, and C7-L5 and L3 (r = 0.72-0.95). For SMI, strong correlations were found between the levels C1-C2, C7-T5, T7-L5, and L3 (r = 0.70-0.93), respectively. For MRA, strong correlations were found between T1-L5 and L3 (r = 0.71-0.95). For muscle quantity, the correlations between the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar levels are good, except for the cervical levels in patients with esophageal cancer. For muscle quality, the correlations between the other levels and L3 are good, except for the cervical levels in patients with melanoma. If visualization of L3 on the CT scan is absent, the other thoracic and lumbar vertebra levels could serve as a proxy to measure muscle quantity and quality in patients with head and neck, esophageal, lung cancer, and melanoma, whereas the cervical levels may be less reliable as a proxy in some patient groups.

Spelling issues: what learner corpora can reveal about L2 orthography

The article is devoted to spelling errors of Russian learners in a French-speaking environment. Based on 1,816 spelling errors, the analysis focuses on four mechanisms (transposition, insertion, omission, and substitution), and the influence of contextual and non-contextual (cognitive, inter- and intralinguistic, extralinguistic) factors is taken into account for each mechanism in question. Despite the multidimensional nature of the factors involved, the recurrence of certain errors makes it possible to distinguish clear trends in the acquisition of linguistic facts. In addition, a quantitative analysis of the obtained data allows cross-sectional studies of errors, which traces back the steps in the acquisition of various aspects of Russian spelling, from A1 to C1 level for the first time. Moreover, the qualitative analysis of errors provides valuable data for pedagogical materials.

Analysis of High School Students' Conceptual Understanding of Physics on Temperature and Heat Concepts

This study aimed to determine the mastery of the concept of students on material temperature and heat. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. The research subjects were class XI students of school A Samarinda, school B Samarinda, school C Samarinda, and school D Samarinda. The data collection technique used was purposive sampling. Data on concept mastery was obtained using a multiple-choice test instrument totaling 24 items based on the revised bloom taxonomy indicator. The research results on mastering the concept of school A Samarinda at C1 level 79%, C2 level 67%, C3 level 63%, C4 level 63%, C5 level 57%, and C6 level 50%. Concept mastery of school B Samarinda at C1 level 83%, C2 level 68%, C3 level 56%, C4 level 56%, C5 level 55%, and C6 level 47%. Mastery of school C Samarinda concepts at C1 level 88%, C2 level 75%, C3 level 65%, C4 level 59%, C5 level 49%, and C6 level 38%. mastery of school D Samarinda concept at C1 level 86%, C2 level 68%, C3 level 61%, C4 level 62%, C5 level 61%, and C6 level 42%.

Examining Vocabulary Usage Ratios of CEFR Vocabulary and AWL vocabulary in Comparison to CEFR Proficiency Levels among Pakistani EFL Writers and Offering Instructional Recommendations for Vocabulary Items

The purpose of this research was to investigate the vocabulary profiles of written English compositions produced by Pakistani EFL students studying at the university level. Eleven students who were enrolled in higher education institutions took part in this research. According to the CEFR, six of the students were at the B2 level, three were at the C2 level, and two were at the C1 level. The primary data for this investigation was taken from students' written works. The texts that were included in this investigation were written under regulated circumstances (with regard to both their subject matter and their overall length) and were categorised according to their CEFR level (B2, C1, and C2). A comparison of vocabulary profiles for textual compositions derived from AWL and EVP wordlists was carried out for the purpose of this research by utilising EVP Text-Inspector (Text inspector). It was discovered that there seemed to be a little change in the percentages of AWL tokens between low and high CEFR levels, but it was discovered that there was no significant difference in the vocabulary that was employed from the CEFR wordlist of EVP

Orofacial Dyskinesia and Intractable Hiccups in a Patient with Varicella-Zoster Virus Encephalomyelitis.

A 73-year-old Japanese man with diabetic complications presented with involuntary lip movements and long-lasting hiccups after developing zoster rash. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed lesions involving the medial temporal lobe and C1 level of the spinal cord. Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) encephalomyelitis was diagnosed. We considered attributing the orofacial dyskinesia, a very rare symptom of VZV central nervous system (CNS) complications, to the temporal lobe lesion. Although the culprit lesion for the hiccups was unclear, further examinations may have clarified this issue. As immunocompromised patients with herpes zoster may develop CNS complications with a wide variety of symptoms, special care is needed.

Quantität des Inputs – eine ausschlaggebende Voraussetzung im Spracherwerb?

Access to language is a crucial factor in language acquisition, as the learner requires the necessary input to learn a new language. However, there is a question about whether the quantity of exposure to the target language is the key factor for a successful language acquisition. This study examines 80 students, with 10 students from each year from 5th to 12th grade, at a German high school in Romania. The students start learning the German language in kindergarten, meaning that they have their first contact with the language at the age of three, which could correspond to a gradual first language acquisition. They continue their language learning intensively in school, being exposed to at least five hours of German language every day. However, even after twelve years, their level of language proficiency does not reach the expected level of a near-native speaker. They conspicuously search for words and use an unusual sentence structure when they need to engage in free conversation. This study aims to answer the question of why, even after so many years of daily exposure to the German language, the students are not able to approach a near-native level, when according to the Goethe Institute, only 600 class hours of 60 minutes each would be necessary to reach the C1 level.

An Examination on the Visuals in the Reading Texts of the Turkish Teaching Textbooks for Foreigners

There are various textbook sets commonly used in teaching Turkish to foreigners. In the literature, the literary content of these books has been examined by many researchers. However, there have not been enough studies on the visuals, which are as important as the texts in the books. The visuals belonging to the texts in the Gazi University Turkish Textbook for Foreigners Level C1 were examined in this research. In this study, document review method, which is one of the qualitative research designs, was used and 39 visuals used with 20 texts in the book were examined by the researcher and 3 experts in terms of their compatibility with the content of the texts. The visuals in the book were first grouped according to Levin's (1981) typology and it was determined that 97.42% of the visuals are representative and appropriately decorative. Then, the compatibility of the images with the texts was examined according to a five-item category list. It has been determined that helpful visuals are used in the book to predict the subject of the text, which is compatible with the content of the text. However, it has been concluded that the visuals are found insufficient to contribute to the comprehensibility of the text, to emphasize the important points in the text, and to support the main idea/emotion of the text. Suggestions were made regarding the use of organizational, explanatory and transformational visuals that contribute more to the understanding of the text in Turkish as a foreign language books.

Congestive myelopathy due to craniocervical junction arteriovenous fistulas mimicking transverse myelitis: a multicenter study on 27 cases.

The purpose was to clarify diagnostic clues and pitfalls in cranio-cervical junction arteriovenous fistulas (CCJ AVFs) with congestive myelopathy. In a multicenter observational study by the Neurospinal Society of Japan, we described the demographics, clinical courses, imaging findings, and outcomes of consecutive patients with CCJ AVFs presenting with congestive myelopathy between 2009 and 2019. Twenty-seven patients were included (mean age, 70years; male, 96%). Progressive symptoms within one day to one month were more common (63%) than chronic symptoms. Myelopathic symptoms were characterized by ascending paralysis beginning from the legs, involving the trunk and arms, and sometimes ending in the brainstem. Fifteen patients (56%) received a misdiagnosis, including acute transverse myelitis. The most common MRI findings were venous congestive edema of the cervical cord (96%) and the brainstem (63%) and surrounding vascular flow voids (100%). The mean extension of congestive edema was 5.5 ± 2.9 vertebral segments. The most common angiographic findings were a dural AVF (78%) at the C1 level (81%) with descending venous drainage (85%). Seven patients (26%) were administered steroids, which resulted in neurological decline in 3. Neurosurgical obliteration of the AVF led to improvements in MRI findings in 75% and a functional status in 67%; however, 44% remained dependent. The myelopathy of CCJ AVFs was characterized by acute ascending paralysis in elderly men. A misdiagnosis was common because of the acute presentation due to a longitudinally extensive spinal cord lesion. Dilated vessels on MRI were a key finding for the correct diagnosis. What is already known on this topic? Slowly progressive myelopathy is a well-known symptom that results from impaired spinal venous drainage due to thoracolumbar AVFs. Although cranio-cervical junction arteriovenous fistulas (CCJ AVFs) constitute a treatable cause of congestive myelopathy, detailed information is not currently available due to their rarity. What does this study add? CCJ AVFs often presented with acute ascending myelopathy in elderly men due to a longitudinally extending cervical cord lesion with surrounding flow voids. Steroid pulse therapy was not effective or even harmful to congestive myelopathy, while neurosurgical treatment effectively obliterated AVFs. How might this study affect research, practice or policy? The results obtained revealed diagnostic clues and pitfalls from the largest dataset of patients with CCJ AVFs in a multicenter cohort.

Variation in Prevertebral Soft Tissue Swelling after Staged Combined Multilevel Anterior-Posterior Complex Cervical Spine Surgery: Anterior Then Posterior (AP) versus Posterior Then Anterior-Posterior (PAP) Surgery.

The influence of the sequence of surgery in the development of prevertebral soft tissue swelling (PSTS) in staged combined multilevel anterior-posterior complex spine surgery was examined. This study was conducted as a retrospective study of patients who underwent staged combined multilevel anterior-posterior complex cervical spine surgery from March 2014 to February 2021. Eighty-two patients were identified, of which fifty-seven were included in the final analysis after screening. PSTS was measured from routine serial monitoring lateral cervical radiographs prior to and after surgery for five consecutive days at each cervical level from C2 to C7 in patients who underwent anterior then posterior (AP) and posterior then anterior-posterior (PAP) surgery. The mean PSTS measurements significantly differed from the preoperative to postoperative monitoring days at all cervical levels (p = 0.0000) using repeated measures analysis of variance in both groups. PSTS was significantly greater in PAP than in AP at level C2 on postoperative day (POD) 1 (p = 0.0001). PSTS was more prominent at levels C2-4 during PODs 2-4 for both groups. In staged combined multilevel anterior-posterior complex spine surgery, PSTS is an inevitable complication. Therefore, surgeons should monitor PSTS after surgery when performing anterior-posterior complex cervical spine surgery, especially in the immediate postoperative period after PAP surgery.

The Classification of Reading Text Questions in English Class at Tenth Grade of MAS Taman Raya Balingka

The research was triggered by several problems. First, Some sources book are not presenting HOTS model in several part of the book. Second, students have difficulty understanding questions in textbook. Third, The teacher does not provide teaching of Higher Order Thinking Skill (HOTS) while teaching process in order to maximize students higher order thinking skills. This research used quantitative research method. The subject was the questions in the textbook Bahasa Inggris X grade curriculum 2013 revisi 2017 written by Utami Widiati, Zuliati Rahmah, and Furaidah, which published Pusat Kurikulum dan Perbukuan, Balitbang, Kemendikbud. The researcher used items questions as the observation sheet of document for collecting and analyzing the data to find out the result of the research. This research found that the questions in the textbook did not include create of the cognitive process, based on bloom taxonomy revision. After doing analysis of the data, the researcher finds that the higher order thinking level only obtains 15 out of 74 items questions (20,25%). while the lower order thinking level 60 out of 74 items questions (79,20%). Results from this study show that the percentage of questions for each cognitive level is analyzing C4 (9,45%), evaluating C5 (6,75%), and creating C6(4,05%). This proportion does not meet the ideal proportion that supports the achievement of Basic Analysis Competence, the proportion questions that support are 30% for levels C1 and C2, 40% for levels C3 and C4, and 30% for levels C5 and C6.

Examination of the Scale Structure of the Moorong Self-Efficacy Scale: Application of Rasch Measurement theory

<h3>Research Objectives</h3> To examine evidence of reproducibility, conceptual/content validation, and structural validity of Moorong Self-Efficacy Scale (MSES) by conducting an exploratory analysis applying the Rasch Measurement (RM) Model. <h3>Design</h3> Secondary RM analysis of data collected in a randomized controlled trial comparing two exercise interventions for persons living with spinal cord injury (SCI). <h3>Setting</h3> Community-dwelling persons living with SCI enrolled in an exercise study. <h3>Participants</h3> Persons (n=79) from the parent study had a traumatic SCI >3 months prior, injury level C5 to T12, age 18 years or older, and cognitive ability sufficient to follow instructions for exercise. Persons were excluded if they had uncontrolled hypertension or diabetes, pressure sores, movement-limiting shoulder pain, or participated in sports teams or organized exercise programs. <h3>Interventions</h3> Not applicable. <h3>Main Outcome Measures</h3> The MSES is a commonly used 16-item measure of self-efficacy for persons with SCI. Items are rated on a 7-point scale with 1=Very Uncertain and 7=Very Certain. <h3>Results</h3> We addressed item misfit, infrequent category endorsement, and category step disorder by removing two items and reorganizing the rating scale. Rating scale changes removed category 4 (Neutral), collapsed categories 1-3 (Very Uncertain, Somewhat Uncertain, and Uncertain) for all items, and further collapsed certainty categories for two items. Principal components analysis of the residual indicated a possible second dimension with a first-contrast Eigenvalue of 2.4. However, the contrasted item groups had explained variance < 10% and a dis-attenuated correlation=0.92 indicating they measure the same underlying trait. The small sample size precluded examination of differential item functioning. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Exploratory RM analysis of MSES produced a 14-item Rasch version (MSES-14R) which addresses measurement error inherent in the original MSES but is limited by small sample size. Further study should examine the item content and rating scale structure in context of the construct of self-efficacy for persons living with SCI. <h3>Author(s) Disclosures</h3> The authors have no financial or non-financial disclosures to make in regard to this oral presentation

Dural arteriovenous fistula of the craniocervical junction along the first cervical nerve: A single-center experience and review of the literature

BackgroundDural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) of the craniocervical junction (CCJ) are relative rare lesions. Most studies of DAVFs of the CCJ included the fistulas at the foramen magnum, first cervical (C1), and second cervical (C2) level. DAVFs of the CCJ along C1 spinal nerve are rare vascular lesions with distinctive features. Our aim is to review cases of DAVFs of the CCJ along C1 spinal nerve at our institution. MethodsFrom June 2008 and December 2021. We reviewed a consecutive series of intracranial and spinal DAVFs at our institution and collected all patients harboring DAVFs of the CCJ along C1 spinal nerve. Medical charts were retrospectively reviewed regarding patient demographic data (i.e., gender and age), presenting symptoms and signs, treatment methods, and neurological outcome and complications after treatment. All image studies, including cranial computed tomography (CT) scan, cervical magnetic resonance imaging, CT angiography, and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) with rotational CT angiography were analyzed by experienced neuroradiologists. The authors also review of the literature of DAVFs of the C1 spinal nerve. ResultsThe authors identified 7 patients, including 5 men (71.4 %) and 2 women (28.6 %) with median age 54 years, range 48–72 years. Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) occurred in 5 (71.4 %) patients, and progressive myelopathy in 2 (28.6 %). All fistulas except one received blood supply from the radiculomeningeal branch of the VA at C1 level. Venous aneurysms, being the source of bleeding, were detected in all fistulas with SAH. All patients except one were treated by surgical management. One fistula was treated by balloon-assisted Onyx embolization. Most patients had good neurological outcome following surgery. Complete obliteration of all fistulas treated by surgery was confirmed by follow-up DSA obtained 1 week after surgery. Two patients developed temporary pain and spasm of the trapezius muscle after the surgery. One patient resulted in poor neurological outcome and died due to sepsis and acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding one month after failed embolization. For patients with SAH, only one patient required ventriculoperitoneal shunt. ConclusionsDAVFs of the CCJ along the first spinal nerve are rare and a unique subtype of DAVFs at the CCJ. These fistulas account for 1.74 % of all intracranial and spinal DAVFs in the present study. SAH is the major manifestation of DAVFs at C1 spinal nerve that may be overlooked on routine initial DSA. Rotational CT angiography is useful for clarification of the angioarchitecture of these fistulas, including small feeding artery and venous varix. Surgical treatment by interruption of the intradural draining vein should be the treatment of choice for C1 spinal nerve DAVF

Analysis Of The Implementation Of Higher-Order Thinking Skills In Learning Arabic For Speakers of Other Language/ تطبيق وتحليل مهارات التفكير العليا في تعليم اللغة العربية لدى الناطقين بلغة أخرى

This study aims to analyze the application of higher-order thinking skill in learning Arabic at Madrasah Aliyah Negeri in Banjarmasin. The results of the study are as follows: The design of learning implementation that contains relevant Higher Order Thinking Skills contains learning indicators from levels C4 to C6. For lesson plan kalam (speaking) and lesson plan kitabah (writing) teachers use operational verb up to level C6 because this is a productive lesson in speaking and writing which requires students to be able, and active in making Arabic conversations and writings. Meanwhile, in the istima' (listening) and qiraah (reading) lesson plans, the teacher only uses operational verb to C3 because this istima' and qiraah learning is receptive in nature, which is different from productive kalam and scriptures. Effective HOTS learning in the implementation of learning includes literacy activities, creativity activities, critical thinking, communication, collaboration. This activity was carried out in Arabic learning activities at the Madrasah Aliyah Negeri in Banjarmasin. In its implementation, teachers also use interactive media such as Whatsapp, Google Meet, Telegram and E-Learning Madrasah. The implementation of the appropriate HOTS evaluation in learning uses an evaluation instrument that is in accordance with the indicators formulated in the lesson plans and the indicators use operational verb from levels C4 to C6.

The role of disaster knowledge in the preparedness of students in West Bandung Regency

Landslides in West Bandung Regency have an increasing incidence every year. One of the causes of landslides is the relatively high rainfall which facilitates weathering of rocks and soil. To anticipate and minimize the impacts that occur, the transformation of knowledge about disasters is a sufficient preventive step to increase community preparedness in facing disasters. The purpose of this study was to identify students’ knowledge about disaster preparedness. The method used in this research is a survey with a quantitative approach. Data were obtained from 192 students through tests and questionnaires. The results of this study indicate that there is a positive and significant influence on the ability of knowledge at levels C2 (understanding), C3 (implementing), and C4 (analyzing) on landslide disaster preparedness, while knowledge levels C1 (remembering), C5 (evaluating), and C6 (creating) there is no significant effect on landslide disaster preparedness. The recommendation in this study is that there needs to be an increase in developing instruments for learning outcomes that are more proportional at each level of knowledge, not only limited to knowledge at C1 and C2 levels, especially in disaster mitigation materials to improve preparedness for landslides.

Tinjauan Soal Penilaian Tengah Semester Pada Materi Matematika Berdasarkan Tingkat Kognitif Peserta Didik Di Sekolah Dasar

The purpose is to reveal the assessment questions to review the percentage and suitability of that. The method used is a descriptive method of document analysis. The object is the mid-semester assessment of math class VI in one of the elementary schools in Cibeureum District, Tasikmalaya City. Data collection techniques through interviews and documentation studies. The instrument used is guidelines analysis sheets, a rubric / matrix based on Bloom's taxonomy and interview guidelines. Data analysis includes the stages of data collection, reduction, presentation and drawing conclusions. The results revealed that 80% questions were in accordance with the operational verb indicators at the cognitive level of C2 (understanding). The percentage of questions obtained is 100% of the total questions at the cognitive level C2 (understanding). From the responses of educators, it was obtained: (1) not paying attention to the preparation of learning assessments based on cognitive levels and tending to refer to operational verbs at the level of basic competence, (2) teacher tend to be have difficulty solving problems based on Higher Order Thinking Skills in mid -semester assessments.