C1 Content Research Articles

Purification of Phenolic Compounds from Camellia polyodonta Flower: Composition Analysis, Antioxidant Property, and Hypolipidemic Activity In Vitro and In Vivo.

Camellia polyodonta flowers are rich sources of phenolics and less attention has been paid to their potential biological activity. This study aims to explore the crude extracts and resulting purified fractions (CPFP-I, II, III, and IV) through compositional analysis and antioxidant and hypolipidemic activities in vitro and in vivo. Among four fractions, CPFP-II contained the highest total phenolic content and flavonoid content, while CPFP-III exhibited the greatest total proanthocyanidin content. Among the 14 phenolic compounds, CPFP-II displayed the highest content of procyanidin B2, B4, and C1, whereas CPFP-III contained the highest amount of 1,2,3,6-tetragalloylglucose. The DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assessments demonstrated a consistent trend: CPFP-II > CPFP-III > CPFP-I > CPFP-IV. In vivo experiments showed that that all four fractions significantly reduced lipid levels in hyperlipidemic C. elegans (p < 0.05), with CPFP-II exhibiting the most potent effect. Furthermore, CPFP-II effectively bound to bile acids and inhibited the enzymatic activity of pancreatic lipase in vitro. Consequently, CPFP-II should be prioritized as a promising fraction for further exploration and should provide substantial support for the feasibility of the C. polyodonta flower as a natural alternative.

Oligomer composition and content in regenerated PA6 fiber and its effect on properties

AbstractThe preparation process from waste fibers to regenerated fibers is an environmental significance work. In this work, liquid chromatography/time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry, advanced polymer chromatography/multi‐angle laser‐light‐scattering/refractive index detector, and two‐dimensional wide‐angle X‐ray diffractometry were employed to characterize the polycaprolactam(PA6) fibers above oligomers composition and content, molecular weight and distribution, crystallization and orientation, and analyzing the changes in mechanical properties. The total content of oligomers in physical and chemical regenerated PA6 fiber is 2.084 wt% and 1.812 wt%, individually, which is higher than that in waste PA6 fiber. And the oligomer content of C1–C4 (cyclic monomer, cyclic dimer, cyclic trimer, and cyclic tetramer) in the regenerated PA6 fiber is higher than that of waste PA6 fiber. The regenerated PA6 fiber sample contains more low‐molecular‐weight substances, making it easier to form crystal nuclei and crystallize. During the dyeing process of the regenerated PA6 fiber, the γ crystal transformed into α crystal. The tensile strength of physical and chemical regenerated PA6 fiber is lower than that of waste PA6 fiber. And after dyeing, the oligomers content of regenerated PA6 fiber is significantly decreased, especially in C1–C4 oligomer. However, the crystalliniy and orientation of regenerated PA6 fibers were improved, which also leads to the fracture strength increased by about 20% compared to undyed fibers.

UV irradiation behavior of Salix psammophila sand barriers in the process of desertification control.

Salix psammophila sand barriers degrade under sunlight exposure, resulting in diminished protective performance and shortened service life in desertification control. To address the unresolved issue of photoinduced damage and degradation in sand barriers, we conducted simulations to assess the accelerated damage effect of ultraviolet (UV) rays during solar exposure of S. psammophila sand barriers. Our analysis focused on elucidating the mechanism of UV irradiation in sand barriers by examining the structural and material property changes that occur during the degradation process. The results indicated the following: (1) The discoloration of sand barriers resulting from UV irradiation was primarily ascribed to the modification in lignin content. (2) The morphology and protective performance of S. psammophila sand barriers underwent significant changes following exposure to UV irradiation. The 96-day and 144-day time points of UV exposure are crucial for evaluating the extent of UV degradation in sand barriers. After 192 days of UV irradiation, there was a decrease in mass loss percentage by 3.62%, modulus of elasticity by 8.63%, and modulus of rupture by 6.74%. (3) The lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose content decreased by 23.12%, 14.30%, and 6.96%, respectively. The impact of UV irradiation on the polysaccharide (cellulose and hemicellulose) in S. psammophila sand barriers was relatively minimal. (4) The carbon binding form in S. psammophila sand barriers underwent a transformation, characterized by a significant decrease in C1 content and an increase in C2 and C3 content. This resulted in a gradual enhancement of the oxidation state and binding energy of carbon. Therefore, to prolong the utilization lifespan of S. psammophila sand barriers, it is essential to address the UV irradiation behavior from the perspective of inhibiting lignin reactions.

Karakterisasi Pelet Pupuk Organik Berbahan Eco Enzyme

Eco enzyme has nutrients for liquid organic fertilizer. However, the eco enzyme's N, P, K elements are still below the quality standard. Liquid organic fertilizer is disadvantaged in handling, packaging, use, and transportation compared to pellet form. Nutrient levels can be increased through fish bones and rice bran addition. This research aims to determine the characteristics of the best pellets based on Ministry of Agriculture quality standards No. 261/2019, such as length, diameter, density, water content and N, P, K levels. The eco enzyme, water, fish bones, and rice bran’s formula were: C1 (1: 0: 1: 1), C2 ( ¾: ¼: 1: 1 ), and C3 ( ½: ½: 1: 1). Pellets were made by mixing the ingredients with 5% tapioca solution. The tools used to measure pellet length, diameter, and pH were caliper and pH meter. The water content using the gravimetric method. The N, P, and K levels were tested at BALISTA Lembang, Bandung. All formulations’ pellet length and diameter averaged ±12 mm and 4 mm. Water content of C1, C2, and C3 pellets were 8.63%, 8.97%, and 9.18%, respectively. pH of C1, C2, and C3 pellets were 5.7, 5.8, and 5.9, respectively. Particle density for C1, C2, and C3 were 1.37 g/cm3, 1.44 g/cm3, and 1.46 g/cm3, respectively, while the bulk densities were 0.58 g/cm3, 0.63 g/cm3, and 0.64 g/cm3, respectively. The N, P, K levels in C1, C2, and C3 were 5.2%, 4.79% and 4.3%, respectively. C3 is the best formulation. All pellets meet quality standards.

Relevance of chemical structure in different wood wastes to pyrolysis behavior: Kinetics and hydrogen release

Relevance of chemical structure to pyrolysis behavior from different wood wastes was elaborated in this study. Chemical structure was analyzed by solid 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR). Pyrolysis kinetics was analyzed according to thermogravimetric (TG) data. Results showed that the highest content of C1, 4 carbons in cellulose and weak functional groups in hemicellulose in poplar are leading to the lowest Tm and highest weight loss to increase CO release and decrease hydrogen generation. Amorphous C6 of cellulose in cedar with 12.00% has a remarkable impact on formation of more degree of polymerization during pyrolysis leading to activation energy (Eα) of 199.39 kJ/mol at conversion of 0.8, which is further to the highest hydrogen release. Hydrogen generation is dominated by contracting volume and diffusional theory during pyrolysis controlled by C–O structure in wood waste. The methoxy of lignin in cedar is abundant to produce CH4 for hydrogen generation by gas reaction. Torrefaction of cedar decreases the C–O structure and methoxy so that hydrogen generation from torrefied cedar is lower than that from raw cedar. Due to the different chemical structure with different pyrolysis behavior, hydrogen release rate from three wood wastes by pyrolysis follows the order: cedar > fir > poplar.

Effects of dissolved organic matter derived from cow manure on heavy metal(loid)s and bacterial community dynamics in mercury-thallium mining waste slag.

Organic amendments in aided phytostabilization of waste slag containing high levels of heavy metal (loid)s (HMs) are an important way to control the release of HMs in situ. However, the effects of dissolved organic matter (DOM) derived from organic amendments on HMs and microbial community dynamics in waste slag are still unclear. Here, the effect of DOM derived from organic amendments (cow manure) on the geochemical behaviour of HMs and the bacterial community dynamics in mercury (Hg)-thallium (Tl) mining waste slag were investigated. The results showed that the Hg-Tl mining waste slag without the addition of DOM continuously decreased the pH and increased the EC, Eh, SO42-, Hg, and Tl levels in the leachate with increasing incubation time. The addition of DOM significantly increased the pH, EC, SO42-, and arsenic (As) levels but decreased the Eh, Hg, and Tl levels. The addition of DOM significantly increased the diversity and richness of the bacterial community. The dominant bacterial phyla (Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Acidobacteriota, Actinobacteriota, and Bacteroidota) and genera (Bacillus, Acinetobacter, Delftia, Sphingomonas, and Enterobacter) were changed in association with increases in DOM content and incubation time. The DOM components in the leachate were humic-like substances (C1 and C2), and the DOC content and maximum fluorescence intensity (FMax) values of C1 and C2 in the leachate decreased and first increased and then decreased with increasing incubation time. The correlations between HMs and DOM and the bacterial community showed that the geochemical behaviours of HMs in Hg-Tl mining waste slag were directly influenced by DOM-mediated properties and indirectly influenced by DOM regulation of bacterial community changes. Overall, these results indicated that DOM properties associated with bacterial community changes increased As mobilization but decreased Hg and Tl mobilization from Hg-Tl mining waste slag.

Enhanced UV-B Radiation Induced the Proanthocyanidins Accumulation in Red Rice Grain of Traditional Rice Cultivars and Increased Antioxidant Capacity in Aging Mice

Proanthocyanidins are major UV-absorbing compounds. To clarify the effect of enhanced UV-B radiation on the proanthocyanidin synthesis and antioxidant capacity of traditional rice varieties in Yuanyang terraced fields, we studied the effects of enhanced UV-B radiation (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 kJ·m-2·d-1) on the rice grain morphology, proanthocyanidins content, and synthesis. The effects of UV-B radiation on the antioxidant capacity of rice were evaluated by feeding aging model mice. The results showed that UV-B radiation significantly affected the grain morphology of red rice and increased the compactness of starch grains in the starch storage cells of central endosperm. The content of proanthocyanidin B2 and C1 in the grains was significantly increased by 2.5 and 5.0 kJ·m-2·d-1 UV-B radiation. The activity of leucoanthocyanidin reductase was higher in rice treated by 5.0 kJ·m-2·d-1 than other treatments. The number of neurons in the hippocampus CA1 of mice brain fed red rice increased. After 5.0 kJ·m-2·d-1 treatment, red rice has the best antioxidant effect on aging model mice. UV-B radiation induces the synthesis of rice proanthocyanidins B2 and C1, and the antioxidant capacity of rice is related to the content of proanthocyanidins.

Thermo-oxidative behavior and kinetics analysis of light and heavy oils based on TG, DSC, and FTIR

In-situ combustion (ISC), as a time-honored replacement technology for heavy reservoir development, needs to improve its application effect urgently. The oxidation exothermic behavior and reaction activity of heavy oil directly determine the EOR effect of ISC technology during air injection. In this work, the oxidation heat effect and combustion activity of light and heavy crude oils, and the physical properties of their oxidized oils were studied and compared through thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), static non-isothermal oxidation and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results indicate that the main reaction pathway of MH light oil is distillation and volatilization under 200 °C, the mass loss is obvious and the heat release is more than that at the high temperature oxidation (HTO) stage. After the full reaction of FC heavy oil at 350 °C, there is still about 30% low temperature oxidation (LTO) left. After the LTO and fuel deposition (FD) stages, heavy oil can produce more coke. MH light oil and FC heavy oil show an obvious mass loss at the stage of LTO and HTO, which is 68.8% and 27.3% (10 °C/min) respectively, the corresponding enthalpies are 3.02 kJ/g and 15.668 kJ/g as well. Between 470 and 500 °C, the endothermic reaction of heavy oil becomes weak, which may relate to the condensation of heavy components such as resins that release heat. The LTO activation energy of light oil decreases with the conversion, and temperature increase can promote the oxidation reaction of active components. The LTO activation energy of heavy oil increases with the conversion, while that in FD and HTO stage increases obviously, which indicates that coke combustion activity is low. The content of C1–C6 in heavy oil decreases from 5.81% to 3.57% with heating rates. The oxidation reaction in the full temperature range can improve the quality of heavy crude oil. The vibration peak at 1707 cm-1 of the MH oxidized oil gets weak, the vibration peak at 1539 cm-1 disappears, and the number of carboxyls, ether groups, aromatic rings, and miscellaneous molecules in the oxidized oil declines. The vibration peak at 3460 cm-1 of the oxidized oil enhances significantly, and the number of carboxyls and hydroxyl molecules increased.

Origin of carbonate cements in Ben Nevis sandstones of Jeanne d’Arc Basin: Insights from geochemistry

The Ben Nevis sandstones in the Jeanne d’Arc Basin in offshore eastern Newfoundland have abundant carbonate cements, and are the primary hydrocarbon reservoirs of the White Rose Oilfield. A multiapproach of petrographic, carbon and oxygen isotopic, and in situ geochemical analyses were applied to investigate the origin of the carbonate cements in the Ben Nevis sandstones (quartzose to litho-quartzose, Well F-04). Petrographic examinations reveal five generations of cements that occur in concretions, which are (from earliest to latest), siderite, early calcite cement (C1), recrystallized fossil (Crf), sparry fossil-filling calcite (Cf), and late calcite cement (C2). The comparable carbon (3.6‰ VPDB) and oxygen isotopic (−1.3‰ VPDB) compositions of siderite to those of the bivalve shells (δ13C = 3.6 ± 0.6‰ VPDB and δ18O = −1.7 ± 0.5‰ VPDB, respectively) indicate an early precipitation from suboxic water near the sediment-seawater interface. The well-preserved intergranular volumes (IGVs up to 41%) and low δ18O (−3.3 ± 1.1‰ VPDB) as well as comparable δ13C values (3.6 ± 0.6‰ VPDB) of the early poikilotopic calcite (C1) argue for a pre-compaction precipitation at a shallow burial setting with carbon derived mainly from the dissolution of bioclasts. The later calcite cement (C2) precipitated during progressive burial with involvement of organic carbon as indicated by its depleted δ18O (−6.7 ± 2.0‰ VPDB) and δ13C (1.8 ± 1.3‰ VPDB) values, and the reduced IGVs (28.2%), as well as the consistent depletion of Sr with enrichment of Mn. The dissolution of aragonitic bioclasts, was likely the main source of Ca for calcite, which is consistent with the high Sr content of C1 (1369 ± 597 ppm), Crf (2005 ± 472 ppm), Cf (1354 ± 48 ppm) and C2 (1831 ± 696 ppm). The parallel shale normalized (REESN) patterns of the cements and the way they mimic, to some extent, that both of seawater and meteoric water, suggest that the diagenetic fluid is bracketed by those of the early Cretaceous marine and meteoric waters, as reflected by the estimated δ18OSW composition of parent fluid for C1. The consistent Eu anomalies of carbonate cements and the increasing δ18OSW composition of pore water during C2 precipitation reflect the evolution of the diagenetic fluids in siliciclastic intervals during progressive burial.The secondary porosity development as the main contributor to the present reservoir porosity seem to be closely related to the dissolution of calcite cements, especially in the lower part of the Ben Nevis interval. The meteoric water influx from the overlying unconformities may have induced the dissolution of calcite concretions.

Research on Gas Channeling Identification Method for Gas Injection Development in High-Pressure Heterogeneous Reservoir

In a typical ultra-deep high-temperature and high-pressure heterogeneous reservoir in Xinjiang, gas channeling quickly occurs during gas injection because of the heterogeneity of the reservoir, the low viscosity of gas injection, and the high gas-oil fluidity ratio. The identification and prediction methods of gas channeling in gas injection development were studied. First, gas channeling discrimination parameters were determined by the numerical simulation method. According to the ratio of gas to oil produced and the composition of oil and gas produced, the flow stages of formation fluid were divided into five regions: gas phase zone, two-phase zone, miscible zone, dissolved gas and oil zone, and original oil zone. The basis for gas channeling identification (namely, the field characterization parameters for gas channeling discrimination) was discovered through analysis and the knowledge of the operability of field monitoring data as the following two parameters: (1) the C1 content rising again on the previous platform when the trailing edge of the two-phase zone is produced and (2) the continuous rise of the gas-oil ratio in production. Then, considering the original high-pressure characteristics of the reservoir, the field characterization parameters of gas channeling under different formation pressures in the exploitation process (namely, C1 content and gas-oil ratio) were simulated and determined. Thus, a gas channeling discrimination method was established for gas injection development in ultra-deep high-temperature and high-pressure heterogeneous reservoirs. According to this gas injection approach, a gas channeling discrimination method was developed, and the field gas channeling judgment was carried out for a gas injection effective D1 well. The results of gas tracer detection were compared to verify the accuracy of this method, leading to strong support for this method in slowing down the gas channeling.

Integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis of the anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin regulatory networks in red walnut natural hybrid progeny leaves.

BackgroundWalnuts are among the most important dry fruit crops worldwide, typically exhibiting green leaves and yellow–brown or gray–yellow seed coats. A specific walnut accession with red leaves and seed coats, ‘RW-1’, was selected for study because of its high anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin (PA) contents. Anthocyanins and PAs are important secondary metabolites and play key roles in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, few studies have focused on the molecular mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis in walnuts.MethodsIn this study, we determined the anthocyanin and PA components and their contents in different color leaves of ‘RW-1’ natural hybrid progenies at various developmental stages. Integrated transcriptome and metabolome analyses were used to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs). We also performed conjoint analyses on DEGs and DAMs to ascertain the degree pathways, and explore the regulation of anthocyanin and PA biosynthesis.ResultsThe results of widely targeted metabolome profiling and anthocyanin detection revealed 395 substances, including four PAs and 26 anthocyanins, in red (SR) and green leaves (SG) of ‘RW-1’ natural hybrid progenies. From the research, the contents of all anthocyanin components in SR were higher than that in SG. Among them, the contents of delphinidin 3-O-galactoside, cyanidin 3-O-galactoside, delphinidin 3-O-arabinoside and cyanidin 3-O-glucoside were significantly higher than others, and they were considered as the main types of anthocyanins. However, nine anthocyanins were detected only in SR. For PAs, the content of procyanidin C1 was higher in SR compared with SG, while procyanidin B1 and procyanidin B3 were higher in SR-1 and SR-3 but downregulated in SR-2 compared with the controls. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis revealed that the expressions of structural genes (C4H, F3H, F3′5′H, UFGT, LAR and ANR), three MYBs predicted as the activators of anthocyanin and PA biosynthesis, two MYBs predicted as the repressors of anthocyanin biosynthesis, and five WD40s in the anthocyanin and PA biosynthetic pathways were significantly higher in the SR walnuts. Gene-metabolite correlation analyses revealed a core set of 31 genes that were strongly correlated with four anthocyanins and one PA metabolites. The alteration of gene coding sequence altered the binding or regulation of regulatory factors to structural genes in different color leaves, resulting in the effective increase of anthocyanins and PAs accumulation in red walnut.ConclusionsThis study provides valuable information on anthocyanin and PA metabolites and candidate genes for anthocyanin and PA biosynthesis, yielding new insights into anthocyanin and PA biosynthesis in walnuts.

Assessment of free and bound phenolics in the flowers and floral organs of two Camellia species flower and their antioxidant activities

Camellia flowers are an important oil source containing abundant phenolic compounds. The free and bound phenolic, flavonoid, and proanthocyanidin fractions and their antioxidant activity were investigated in Camellia oleifera flowers and Camellia polyodonta flowers, stamens, and petals. Phenolic compounds in C. oleifera were studied using high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, which revealed 85 phenolics, including flavonols > ellagitannins > procyanidins > phenolic acids > flavanone > organic acids. Free fractions contributed more greatly to phenolic content and antioxidant capacity than bound fractions in all samples. The highest total phenolics (138.96 mg GAE/g DW), total flavonoids (423.20 mg RE/g DW), and total proanthocyanidins (61.08 mg PB2E/g DW) were obtained in the C. polyodonta flowers, which also exhibited the highest total antioxidant activity. In terms of individual phenolic components, C. polyodonta possessed the highest content of procyanidin B2, procyanidin B4, procyanidin C1, and epicatechin, while C. oleifera displayed the highest content of flavonoids such as quercitrin and afzelin, particularly in the petals. These results implied that Camellia flowers are important natural sources of active components for use in the food industry.

Validation of Analytical Method and Procyanidin B2, C1 Content in Korean Apple Cultivars

Validation of Analytical Method and Procyanidin B2, C1 Content in Korean Apple Cultivars

Compositional analysis of sediment gas and its potential fractionation by hydrate formation: Consequences for seep interpretation

Gas hydrates, dominated by methane, are commonly found in hydrocarbon seep environments, and are recovered in piston and gravity cores from marine sediments. With the presence of hydrocarbons and other geological and geophysical parameters, gas hydrates may often lead to hydrocarbon seepage identification. The importance of directly analyzing the gas hydrate in the field will enable archiving the original gas composition present within the system while minimizing any potential for loss during transport and handling. By measuring the content of C1–C5 in the gas hydrate embedded in surface sediments, it is possible to obtain an indication of the thermogenic character. Several gas hydrates from different basins were analyzed and compared with gas in the associated sediment to assess variability. The results show that, when present, gas hydrates can affect the sediment gas composition due to fractionation. Identifying and analyzing gas hydrate in the field is advantageous to better understand the gas source.

Hydrogen isotopic responses to thermochemical oxidation of light hydrocarbon gases in deep clastic reservoirs of the Junggar Basin, China

The occurrence of high-valence Mn/Fe oxides in deeply buried oxidized reservoir rocks promotes thermochemical oxidation of hydrocarbons (TOH). This study aimed to better understand this process and its effects on hydrogen isotopes via sampling natural gases from the Lower Triassic red beds with depths of >3.5 km in the Junggar Basin, NW China. The gas compositions, hydrogen and carbon isotopes of C1–C4 alkanes, and carbon isotopes of carbon dioxide were analyzed. The gases are almost mature thermogenic gases generated by sapropelic kerogen from the deeper Lower Permian source rock. The hydrocarbon gases display a unique reversed trend of δ2HCH4 > δ2HC2H6 < δ2HC3H8 > δ2Hn-C4H10, whereas the carbon isotopic compositions (δ13C) of C1–C4 alkanes mostly follow the normal trend of δ13CCH4 < δ13CC2H6 < δ13CC3H8 < δ13CC4H10. The average δ13C values of C1–C4 increased by 10.0‰, 6.0‰, 4.4‰, and 5.1‰, respectively, compared with the initial gases from source rocks, and exhibit a gradually declining trend. In contrast, the δ2H values of C1–C4 increased more from those of normal thermogenic gas, and the size of the 2H-enrichment varies, eventually resulting in the unique reversals. The δ2H and δ13C increments of methane are much higher than those of C2–C4. The reversals cannot be explained by current models for hydrocarbon gas generation, such as mixing of gases from different sources and thermal maturities. Instead, the results are consistent with a model where TOH caused a systematic 13C- and 2H-enrichment of C1–C4 after hydrocarbons charged the reservoir beds enriched in high-valence Mn/Fe oxides. Increase of C1 content accompanied by decreasing of C2–C4, heavy isotopic enrichment of C1–C4, and differential hydrogen isotopic fractionation of C1 and C2–C4 relative to theoretical calculation, suggest C2–C4 were preferentially oxidized during TOH, and C1 had been consumed in reaction. As TOH proceeded the 13C- and 2H-enrichment of C1–C4 was mainly caused by the Rayleigh fractionation. Involvement of formation water in the reaction intermediates of TOH is likely another factor causing the abnormal 2H-enrichment of C1 and the reversals. This study demonstrates that in some circumstances the TOH reactions induced by high-valence metal oxides cause large differences in the hydrogen isotopic compositions of natural hydrocarbons, and the process can be identified via their molecular and hydrogen isotopic signatures.

Comprehensive chromatographic profiling of cannabis from 23 USA States marketed for medical purposes

AbstractIn this research, cannabis varieties represent 23 USA States were assayed by GC-FID to generate their complex chemical profiles informative for plants clustering. Results showed that 45 cannabinoids and terpenoids were quantified in all plant samples, where 8 cannabinoids and 18 terpenoids were identified. Among organics, Δ9-THC, CBN (cannabinoids) and Fenchol (terpenoid) not only showed the highest levels overall contents, but also were the most important compounds for cannabis clustering. Among States, Washington, Oregon, California and Hawaii have the highest cannabis content. GC-FID data were subjected to PCA and HCA to find (1) the variations among cannabis chemical profiles as a result of growing environment, (2) to reveal the compounds that were responsible for grouping cultivars between clusters and (3) finally, to facilitate the future profile prediction and States clustering of unknown cannabis based on the chemical profile. The 23 cannabis USA States were grouped into three clusters based on only Δ9-THC, CBN, C1 and Fenchol content. Cannabis classification based on GC-profile will meet the practical needs of cannabis applications in clinical research, industrial production, patients' self-production, and contribute to the standardization of commercially-available cannabis cultivars in USA.

Selection of hydrocarbon gas for huff-n-puff IOR in shale oil reservoirs

In shale oil reservoirs, cyclic CO2 injection has proven to be effective at recovering significant amounts of oil, however, certain downsides to the use of CO2 exist owing to its corrosive nature and its higher miscibility pressure compared to hydrocarbon gases such as ethane and propane. This paper presents simulation results focused on the impact of phase behavior on the injection of single component gases such as; N2, CO2, C1 and C2, and a combination of hydrocarbon gases with varying C1, C2 and C3 compositions, as the basis for selecting an injectant, that is more effective than CO2 for cyclic gas injection.The simulations presented were carried out with rock and fluid properties from the Eagle Ford reservoir using Multi-Frac-Comp, an integrated Equation-of-State geomechanical compositional hydraulic fracturing and reservoir simulator (Zheng et al., 2019a, 2019b). Oil recovery results obtained for single component gas injection shows that C2 injection yields comparable oil recovery to CO2 and lower gas-oil ratio. Of all the injected gases, N2 yielded the lowest oil recovery and highest GOR because of its poor miscibility with the reservoir fluid. Simulations carried out using hydrocarbon gases with varying compositions of C1, C2 and C3 show recovery factors that are higher than C2 injection. The results show that hydrocarbon gases with a higher C1 content over C2, results in faster oil recovery during the initial cycles of huff-n-puff because the high compressibility of C1 enhances the volume expansion obtained upon depressurization during the production phase. In contrast, HC gases with higher C2 and C3 content yield higher recoveries during the later cycles because the high density of these gases improves miscibility with the reservoir fluid during the soak phase.The results from this study provide operators with information required to select a hydrocarbon gas with an optimum composition of C1, C2, C3 and C4. This strategy of tuning the injected fluid composition during different cycles of gas injection can play an important role in improving oil recovery from huff-n-puff field pilots.

Response of organic carbon mineralization and bacterial communities to soft rock additions in sandy soils.

Bacteria play a vital role in biotransformation of soil organic carbon (SOC). However, mechanisms of bacterium and organic carbon mineralization remain unclear during improvement of sandy soil using soft rock additions. In this study, four treatments with differing ratios of soft rock to sand of 0:1 (CK), 1:5 (C1), 1:2 (C2) and 1:1 (C3) were selected for mineralization incubation and high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that SOC, total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (AP), nitrate nitrogen (NOn}{}{}_{3}^{-}-N), and mass water content (WC) of sandy soil increased significantly after addition of soft rock (P < 0.05). Compared with the CK treatment, cumulative mineralization and potential mineralized organic carbon content of C1, C2 and C3 increased by 71.79%–183.86% and 71.08%–173.33%. The cumulative mineralization rates of organic carbon treated with C1 and C2 were lower, 16.96% and 17.78%, respectively (P > 0.05). The three dominant bacteria were Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and Chloroflexi, among which Proteobacteria was negatively correlated with mineralization of organic carbon (P < 0.01). The mineralization rate constant (k) was positively correlated and negatively correlated with Cyanobacteria and Nitrospirae, respectively. Under C2 treatment, Proteobacteria and Nitrospirae had the largest increase, and Cyanobacteria had the largest decrease. Compared with other treatments, C2 treatment significantly increased bacterial diversity index, richness index and evenness index, and the richness index had a negative correlation with k value. In conclusion, when the ratio of soft rock to sand was 1:2, the k of SOC could be reduced. In addition, the retention time of SOC can be increased, and resulting carbon fixation was improved.

Catalytic effects of shale ash with different particle sizes on characteristics of gas evolution from retorting oil shale

Huadian oil shale samples were pyrolyzed in a small retort at 520 °C in the absence and presence of shale ashes with different particle sizes of 0–0.20 mm, 0–0.60 mm and 0–1.25 mm under argon atmosphere to evaluate the catalytic effects of shale ash on the products yield and non-condensable gases evolution characteristics. The shale ash samples were recorded as 0.20 mm, 0.60 mm and 1.25 mm shale ashes. The results indicate that the shale ash samples with good adsorption capacity and certain catalytic performance significantly affect the reactivity of oil shale pyrolysis. There are a slight decrease in the shale char yield and an increase in the total yield of volatile products with the particle size of shale ash decreasing from 1.25 to 0.20 mm. The shale oil yield increases after adding 0.20 mm and 0.60 mm shale ashes, especially 0.20 mm, but decreases after adding 1.25 mm shale ash compared with that obtained without adding shale ash, while the non-condensable gases yield decreases after adding shale ashes with three particle sizes, especially 0.60 mm. In addition, the gas products contain higher-volume content of CO2, CH4 and H2, and lower-volume content of CO and C2–C4 hydrocarbons. Adding the shale ash makes the peak concentrations of all gases shift to the lower temperatures and increases the maximum peak concentrations of C4H8 and H2, especially H2, but decreases those of other gases. The non-condensable gases mainly contain CO2 and CH4, and smaller amounts of other gases in terms of their mass distribution. The addition of shale ashes reduces the yields of several gases except CO2, H2, C2H6 and C4H8 compared with those obtained without adding shale ash. Adding three shale ash samples increase the H2 content, but cause different effects on the contents of CO2, C2H6 and C4H8. Among three shale ash samples, adding 1.25 mm shale ash produces the largest amount of CO2 and CO, as well as the lowest total content of C2–C4 alkenes, while adding 0.60 mm shale ash produces the largest amount of H2 and largest total content of C1–C4 alkanes. Adding the shale ash decreases the ethene/ethane ratio and increases the other alkene/alkane ratios compared with those obtained without adding shale ash. Adding 0.2 mm shale ash among three shale ash samples produces the lowest ethene/ethane and propene/propane ratios, being possibly related to the most significant coking reactions. Adding shale ashes with smaller particle sizes are more conducive to obtain non-condensable gases of higher heating value. The addition of 0.20 mm shale ash is the optimal for improving the shale oil yield and the conversion rate of kerogen to volatile products.

XPS and FTIR studies of fungus-stained Daemonorops margaritae

We explored the discoloration of rattan cane using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). XPS analysis showed that after the cane was stained by Lasiodiplodia theobromae, carbon and oxygen elements and the ratio of oxygen to carbon decreased. Considering atomic binding, C1 and C4 contents increased, while C2 and C3 contents decreased, and the ratio of O2 to O1 decreased sharply. The relative contents of lignin, cellulose and polysaccharides increased and new substances with low O2/O1 ratio occurred. FTIR analysis showed that the absorption peaks of O–H at 3346 cm−1, aliphatic C–H at 2921, 2853 and 1464 cm−1, and C=O at 1723 cm−1, were characteristic peaks of fungal melanin intensified, indicating that cane discoloration was primarily caused by fungal melanin. The absorption peaks characterizing cellulose and lignin like polysaccharides at 800 cm−1, C–H at 1374 cm−1, C–O at 1058 and 1038 cm−1, phenolic hydroxyl at 1245 cm−1, aromatic ether bonds at 1270 cm−1, carbon skeleton at 1608 cm−1 and benzene ring at 1500 cm−1 were enhanced since the fungus mainly consumed the extractives in cane cell lumens and the main composition content increased relatively. Regardless of the discoloration caused by natural fungi or inoculated fungi, the discoloring feature and composition changes were identical except that the fungus-inoculated cane had more melanin.