C1 C4 Research Articles

Exploration of the pyrolysis chemistry of 1,1-diethoxybutane: A flow reactor and kinetic modeling study

1,1-Diethoxybutane is a promising next-generation biofuel and this work reports the first study for its pyrolysis chemistry. Pyrolysis of 1,1-diethoxybutane was investigated in a flow reactor at 0.04 and 1 atm using synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometry (SVUV-PIMS). A series of oxygenated and hydrocarbon products, including several radicals, were detected and their mole fractions were evaluated. A detailed kinetic model of 1,1-diethoxybutane, including 253 species and 1577 reactions, was developed and validated against the present experimental data. Modeling analyses including the rate of production analysis and sensitivity analysis were performed to reveal the crucial consumption pathways of 1,1-diethoxybutane, as well as the formation and consumption pathways of intermediates and products. The H-abstraction reactions of 1,1-diethoxybutane play a key role in fuel consumption. The intra-molecular elimination reactions and unimolecular CC or CO dissociation reactions of 1,1-diethoxybutane make minor contributions to fuel consumption. The sensitivity analysis also shows that the fuel consumption reactions have large sensitivities to 1,1-diethoxybutane. Further β-CC and β-CO scission reactions closely connect the consumption of six fuel radicals and the formation of most oxygenated products. The observation of high mole fractions of C1–C4 acids and aldehydes demonstrates the structural features of 1,1-diethoxybutane. Besides, several hydrocarbon products, such as C2–C4 alkenes, benzene and its precursors, were detected, some of which, such as propene, are also produced from the consumption reactions of fuel radicals. Besides, hydrocarbon products can also be produced from the combination reactions of small species, such as the combination reactions of C3 species to produce benzene and the combination reaction of allyl and methyl to produce 1-butene. The low benzene production ability of 1,1-diethoxybutane implies its low sooting tendency compared with fossil-derived transportation fuels.

Homogeneously Catalyzed Synthesis of (Higher) Alcohols (C1–C4) from the Combination of CO2/CO/H2

AbstractA detailed overview for homogeneously catalyzed strategies and synthesis pathways using a combination of CO2, CO, and H2 as active building blocks to selectively obtain C1–C4 alcohols is presented. Conceptual strategies applying homologation, carbonylation, hydrocarboxylation, and hydrogenation reactions will be discussed, finally combining the individual reaction approaches towards potential new pathways to the envisaged alcohol products. Also, tailored reactor concepts with adapted recycling/separation methods for the molecular catalyst systems will be shown and discussed.

Twisted Donor−π–Acceptor Carbazole Luminophores with Substituent-Dependent Properties of Aggregated Behavior (Aggregation-Caused Quenching to Aggregation-Enhanced Emission) and Mechanoresponsive Luminescence

To get insight on how the donor (D)/acceptor (A) substitutions and their substitution pattern affect optical properties in solution and in the solid state, four novel carbazole derivatives C1–C4 wi...

Kinetics of reaction RH + O2 = R + HO2 (RH = normal C1–C14 alkanes): A DFT investigation

Alkane dehydrogenation by O2 molecule is a one of the key elementary reactions for combustion, while the reliable reaction rates are very limited. Here UM06-2X/ccpv-dz calculations are carried out on reaction RH + O2 = R + HO2 (RH = normal C1–C141Abbreviations:‘Cn’ and ‘Cn alkane’ stand for normal alkanes with n carbon atoms. C1 for methane, C10 for decane, etc.But ‘H(Cn)’ stands for the H atom on the nth carbon atom of a normal alkane as shown in Fig. 1.A stands for the whole pre-exponential part in a rate constant expression. It is A in Arrhenius equation and is A’*Tn in modified Arrhenius equation. The accent sign is to indicate that the A’ is only a part of the pre-exponential factor. A’’ is used in the more complicated expression in Section 3.4.Atheo is calculated pre-exponential part: Atheo=k/[exp-Ea/RT], where k and Ea are both calculated values.1 alkanes), the rate constants of these reactions at 500–2000 K are then simulated with canonical variational transition state theory and compared with those from experiments and kinetic models. The parameters of Arrhenius equation were fitted using the calculated rate constants and reaction barriers. For primary H, we found that the barrier decreases from C1 to C5, and then does not change obviously from C5 to C14. The barriers of the secondary H are smaller, and are all similar from C3 to C14. Consequently, the rate constants of the primary H of C5–C14 are slightly larger than C1–C4 at low temperature, and the secondary H have larger rate constants than the primary H. The barrier is not always the only decisive factor to judge the trends of the rate constants. We found that the pre-exponential factor for secondary H increases dramatically from C10 to C14, resulting a higher rate constants than other smaller alkanes. We also found that the pre-exponential factor is highly dependent on temperature, therefore the rate constant is better fitted by Arrhenius equations with Tn term. We believe these studies could provide valuable information for increasing the reliability of the current combustion model of alkanes, as well as constructing new combustion model for long alkanes.

Temperature Dependent Studies of Interaction in Sixteen Binary Liquid Mixtures Using Viscosity Data

Grunberg–Nissan parameter (d1) and the Gibbs free energy of activation of viscous flow (G*E) have been calculated with the help of density and viscosity data for sixteen binary systems at different temperatures and presented graphically. The system combinations of terpenoids + hexane, aliphatic alcohols (C1–C4) + nitromethane, polyethers + alcohol and N-methylacetamide + solvents such as 2-methoxy ethanol and water have been interpreted on the basis of molecular interaction study. Density and viscosity data necessary for calculation of above mentioned parameters for the binary mixtures are taken from literature. The results are discussed in terms of strength of interaction between the component molecules. The trend of graph is unique and leads to reliable conclusions.

Mortality and longevity after traumatic spinal cord injury in Switzerland from 1990 to 2011: a 21-year longitudinal study

Introduction Traumatic spinal cord injuries (TSCIs) have life-long implications on the health and mobility of the individual's affected. In Switzerland, TSCIs are due most often to sports- and leisure-related activities, transportation-related accidents, and falls; with the highest incidence rates among the young (16–30 years) and the old (76 years and older). Although limited, extant literature suggests a reduced life expectancy up to 50% in comparison to the general population, following TSCI. However, these estimates vary across settings and according to SCI-characteristics. To adequately inform targeted intervention strategies aimed at reducing premature mortality, appropriately stratified, country-specific estimates of risk factors for mortality and reduced survival are imperative. Presently, Switzerland has no estimates on mortality and life expectancy after TSCI. Methods We used data from the Swiss Spinal Cord Injury (SwiSCI) cohort study to model mortality in relation to age, sex and lesion characteristics. Poisson regression using an offset of follow-up time was used to estimate mortality rate ratios and adjusted mortality rates for each pre-determined follow-up period. Hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated using flexible parametric survival models of time since discharge from first rehabilitation to death or September 30, 2011, whichever came first. Skew-normal regression was used to estimate marginally adjusted life expectancy (LE) at age 30 years. Results Two thousand two hundred and fifteen persons were included that incurred a new TSCI between 1990-2011, contributing a total time at risk of 18‘846 person-years (median 7.8 years) and 380 deaths. A total of 73.4% were male, 59.1% were paraplegic, and the average age at injury was 43.4 years (SD = 18.8; IQR = 31). The mortality rate within the first six months post-injury was 36.8 per 1′000 person-years (95% CI = 26.6–47.1), after which the mortality rate reduced dramatically to 9.0 per 1′000 person-years (95% CI = 6.1–11.9) between six months and two years, and remained stable thereafter. Controlling for age and sex, there was a 58% increased risk of mortality for high compared to low lesions (HR = 1.58; 95% CI = 1.23–2.02) and a 48% higher risk for complete versus incomplete lesions (HR = 1.48; 95% CI = 1.16–1.88). At an attained age of 30 years, comparing the highest, more severe lesions (C1–C4: AIS A, B, or C) to less severe lesions at any level (AIS D/E), estimated LE reduced by 17 years. Conclusion This study provides the first estimates of mortality and life expectancy following TSCI in Switzerland. Main risk factors identified were: Age at injury, severity and lesion level. The observed discrepancies in mortality estimates point towards disparities in mortality and survival outcomes according to SCI-specific characteristics. Future research is thus needed that identifies risk of cause-specific mortality for targeted interventions to improve LE and reduce avoidable mortality contributing to large SCI-specific disparities.

Synthesis and luminescent properties of novel organic luminescent materials based on carbazole derivatives

Four novel host materials C1–C4 based on carbazole derivatives have been designed, synthesized, characterized, and applied as organic light-emitting devices. This report presents a novel approach, which combines carbazole and aromatic hydrocarbons through methylene. The formed molecules exhibited twisted structures, which resulted in high glass transition temperatures (Tg), ranged from 90.4 to 148.0 °C. They also had high optical bandgaps (Eg), their optical energy bandgaps are determined by absorption edge technique as 3.22 to 3.50 eV, evaluated photo-physical properties of these synthesized novel chromophores, the optical properties such as maximum absorption and emission wavelengths (λ, nm), molar extinction coefficients (e, cm− 1 M− 1), Stoke’s shifts (ΔλST, nm), and quantum yields (φF) also studied the effect of solvent polarity on absorption and emission of these carbazole derivatives, and these compounds exhibited intense absorption bonds between 250 and 325 nm, which are attributed to the π–π* transition of the carbazole-centered units. In addition, they showed blue fluorescence in different solvents. These compounds showed bathochromic shift with the increase in the solvent polarity.

Cervical spine taper ratios: Normal tolerance limits.

Background Spinal canal tapering, which can be measured as taper ratios, affects cerebrospinal fluid flow dynamics. We calculated the tolerance interval for normal cervical spine taper ratios to facilitate the detection of abnormal taper ratios. Methods We collected a series of patients who had cervical spine magnetic resonance studies reported as normal. We measured anteroposterior diameters of the cervical spine and calculated C1-C4, C4-C7, and C1-C7 taper by standard methodology. We calculated the normal tolerance limits for taper ratios and compared results of this study with data in previous reports on taper ratios. Results We enrolled 78 patients aged 2-55 years. The 99% tolerance limits for the taper ratios for C1-C4, C4-C7, and C1-C7 were -0.31 to +0.09, -0.11 to +0.14, and -0.13 to +0.05 cm/level, respectively. Age and sex were not significant variables for taper ratios. Taper ratios in this study agreed with those reported for controls in previous studies. Patients with syringomyelia in previous reports tended to have taper ratios outside the normal tolerance limits. Conclusion Normal limits of the cervical taper ratios are reported.

Prediction of autonomic dysreflexia during urodynamics: a prospective cohort study

BackgroundAutonomic dysreflexia is a severe and potentially life-threatening condition in patients with spinal cord injury, as it can lead to myocardial ischemia, brain hemorrhage, or even death. Urodynamic investigation is the gold standard to assess neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction due to spinal cord injury and reveal crucial pathological findings, such as neurogenic detrusor overactivity. However, neurogenic detrusor overactivity and urodynamic investigation are known to be leading triggers of autonomic dysreflexia. Therefore, we aimed to determine predictors of autonomic dysreflexia in individuals with spinal cord injury during urodynamic investigation.MethodsThis prospective cohort study included 300 patients with spinal cord injuries and complete datasets of continuous non-invasive cardiovascular monitoring, recorded during same session repeat urodynamic investigation. We used logistic regression to reveal predictors of autonomic dysreflexia during urodynamic investigation.ResultsWe found that level of injury and presence of neurogenic detrusor overactivity were the only two independent significant predictors for autonomic dysreflexia during urodynamic investigation. A lesion at spinal segment T6 or above (odds ratio (OR) 5.5, 95% CI 3.2–9.4) compared to one at T7 or below, and presence of neurogenic detrusor overactivity (OR 2.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4–4.9) were associated with a significant increased odds of autonomic dysreflexia during urodynamic investigation. Both odds persisted after adjustment for age, sex, and completeness and stage of injury (adjusted OR (AOR) 6.6, 95% CI 3.8–11.7, and AOR 2.2, 95% CI 1.1–4.5, respectively). Further stratification by lesion level showed level-dependent significantly increased adjusted odds of autonomic dysreflexia, i.e., from C1–C4 (AOR 16.2, 95% CI 5.9–57.9) to T4–T6 (AOR 2.6, 95% CI 1.3–5.2), compared to lesions at T7 or below.ConclusionsIn patients with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction due to spinal cord injury, autonomic dysreflexia is independently predicted by lesion level and presence of neurogenic detrusor overactivity. Considering the health risks associated with autonomic dysreflexia, such as seizures, stroke, retinal bleeding, or even death, we recommend both continuous cardiovascular monitoring during urodynamic investigation in all spinal cord-injured patients with emphasis on those with cervical lesions, and appropriate neurogenic detrusor overactivity treatment to reduce the probability of potentially life-threatening complications.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01293110.

Pore size effect of mesoporous silica stationary phase on the separation performance of microfabricated gas chromatography columns

Microfabricated semi-packed gas chromatography (GC) columns coated with two kinds of mesoporous silica (MS) stationary phase have been explored and compared in this paper. The micro GC (μGC) columns are fabricated by microelectromechanical system (MEMS) technique. MSs with pore size of 2 and 5 nm are prepared using two different soft-templates and deposited on the inner surface of the μGC columns by dip-coating. For the first time, the influence of pore size of MS stationary phase on the separation performance in a μGC column has been investigated. As demonstrated, the mixtures of light alkanes (C1–C4) or heavy alkanes (C5–C10) can be well separated in both columns, where the separation resolution is always higher than 1.25 except for C1–C2 and C5–C6. Considering the pore size effect on the separation performance, it is shown that analytes, especially those with bigger size, display longer retention time in the column with larger pore size. For C10, the retention time in 5 nm-MS column is 200% longer than that in 2 nm-MS one.

Quantum chemistry as a tool to assess energetic and spectroscopic properties of C1 and C2 hydrocarbons in MOF-74-Mg

Periodic boundary conditions as implemented within a linear combination of atomic orbital approach are applied to determine the infrared spectra of methane, acetylene, ethylene, and ethane in MOF-74-Mg. Intensities and frequency shifts with respect to the molecules in the gas phase are described and discussed with respect to geometrical arrangements and structural modifications of the molecules adsorbed in the framework. Given the predictive nature of the work and in the attempt of providing a better ground for comparison with experimental spectroscopic observations, different molecular loadings are considered where one (low loading), three (medium loading), and six (full loading) molecules are adsorbed at the primary adsorption binding site identified by the MgO5 inorganic brick of the MOF structure. In addition, enthalpies of adsorption are reported for methane and acetylene whose addition to previous works by the same authors, provides an overall assessment at electronic structure level of the energetic behavior of C1–C4 hydrocarbons in MOF-74-Mg. Calculations are conducted at B3LYP-D2* level of theory as implemented in the Crystal14 program.

Thermochemical Mechanism Optimization for Accurate Predictions of CH Concentrations in Premixed Flames of C1–C3 Alkane Fuels

Increasingly stringent regulations on NOx emissions are enforced by governments owing to their contribution in the formation of ozone, smog, fine aerosols, acid rains, and nutrient pollution of surface water, which affect human health and the environment. The design of high-efficiency, low-emission combustors achieving these ever-decreasing emission standards requires thermochemical mechanisms of sufficiently high accuracy. Recently, a comprehensive set of experimental data, collected through laser-based diagnostics in atmospheric, jet-wall, stagnation, premixed flames, was published for all isomers of C1–C4 alkane and alcohol fuels. The rapid formation of NO through the flame front via the prompt (Fenimore) route was shown to be strongly coupled to the maximum concentration of the methylidyne radical, [CH]peak, and the flow residence time within the CH layer. A proper description of CH formation is then a prerequisite for accurate predictions of NO concentrations in hydrocarbon–air flames. However, a comparison against the Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) experimental data of Versailles, P., et al. (2016, “Quantitative CH Measurements in Atmospheric-Pressure, Premixed Flames of C1–C4 Alkanes,” Combust. Flame, 165, pp. 109--124) revealed that (1) modern thermochemical mechanisms are unable to accurately capture the stoichiometric dependence of [CH]peak, and (2) for a given equivalence ratio, the predictions of different mechanisms span over more than an order of magnitude. This paper presents an optimization of the specific rate of a selection of nine elementary reactions included in the San Diego combustion mechanism. A quasi-Newton algorithm is used to minimize an objective function defined as the sum of squares of the relative difference between the numerical and experimental CH–LIF data of Versailles, P., et al. (2016, “Quantitative CH Measurements in Atmospheric-Pressure, Premixed Flames of C1–C4 Alkanes,” Combust. Flame, 165, pp. 109--124), while constraining the specific rates to physically reasonable values. A mechanism properly describing CH formation for lean to rich, C1–C3 alkane–air flames is obtained. This optimized mechanism will enable accurate predictions of prompt-NO formation over a wide range of equivalence ratios and alkane fuels. Suggestions regarding which reactions require further investigations, either through experimental or theoretical assessments of the individual specific rates, are also provided.

Origin of deep sour natural gas in the Ordovician carbonate reservoir of the Tazhong Uplift, Tarim Basin, northwest China: Insights from gas geochemistry and formation water

Deep sour gases are found in the Ordovician carbonate reservoir of the Tazhong Uplift in the Tarim Basin, northwest China. All sour gases in this field are dominated by gas hydrocarbons (C1–C4) with varying amounts of H2S. Most of the gases in the eastern Tazhong are characterized by high gas dryness coefficients (>0.95), 13C-enriched methane (δ13C1 ranging from −44.6‰ to −35.8‰), and small difference between values of the δ13C2 and δ13C1 (δ13C2-1). In contrast, the gases in the western Tazhong are characterized by relatively low gas dryness coefficients (mostly < 0.90), 13C-depleted methane (δ13C1 ranging from −54.9‰ to −35.7‰), and high values of δ13C2-1, indicating relatively lower maturity. Gas compositions, carbon isotope ratios, and diamantane data together with thermal pyrolysis experiments using sealed gold tubes suggest that the Ordovician gases in the Tazhong Uplift belong to oil cracking gases mixed with high-maturity 13C-enriched dry gases, which originated from the deeper paleo-reservoirs cracking. The H2S (0.0008%–23.1000%) is attributed to thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR); in contrast to typical TSR-altered gases, the natural gases in the western Tazhong are characterized by low dryness coefficients, relatively 13C-depleted methane, and high δ13C2-1, suggesting a low degree of TSR alteration. Observations suggest that the H2S contents are generally high in the western Tazhong, with positive correlation to Mg2+ concentrations and total dissolved solids (TDS) in the Ordovician formation water, indicating that TSR has entered early period of SO42− contact ion pairs (CIPs) oxidation. Compared with the eastern Tazhong, the Mg2+ concentrations and TDS in the western Tazhong are higher and form more CIPs that accelerate TSR and produce H2S. In addition, based on the analysis of the Cambrian formation water and the Cambrian gypsiferous salt, TSR might have also exist in the deeper Cambrian reservoirs, and the TSR-altered gases with high content of H2S migrated along faults to Ordovician reservoirs.

Catalytic Cracking of Arab Super Light Crude Oil to Light Olefins: An Experimental and Kinetic Study

Catalytic cracking of Arab Super Light (ASL) crude oil (containing 46.1 wt % naphtha-range fraction) was studied over zeolite Y- (Y-Cat) and MFI-based (Z-Cat) catalysts at 500–575 °C. Experiments were conducted in a riser simulator by varying the residence times from 1 to 10 s. ASL crude oil and the cracked products were divided into heavy fraction, naphtha, and C1–C4 gases. Experimental results showed that additional naphtha is formed due to the cracking of the heavy fraction, and the formation of C1–C4 gaseous products occur mostly via cracking of naphtha. An increase in reaction time or temperature showed a more pronounced effect on the propylene yield compared to that of ethylene. Z-Cat produced more ethylene and propylene, which was attributed to its higher acidity, shape selectivity, and the higher hydrogen transfer reaction over Y-Cat. A three-lump model was appropriate for kinetic modeling of the catalytic cracking of ASL over Y-Cat. Comparison of the activation energies and rate constants showed ...

C—C bond formation in the intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction of triene amides

The mechanism nature of the intramolecular Diels–Alder reaction has been performed; and thus, the changes of C—C bond forming/breaking along IRC are characterized in this study. Conceptual DFT analyses of the most favorable adduct fused/exo shows that the flux electronic will take place from diene to dienophile moiety. Moreover, ELF topological analysis based on the electron density predicts that C—C bond is formed by the coupling of two pseudoradical centers generated at the most significant atoms of the molecules. However, C2 vs C3, also C1 and C4 interaction comes mainly from the global electron density transfer which takes place along the reaction. Two- stage one-step is the proposed mechanism of this reaction, the first stage aims for the formation of C2—C3 σ bond while the second stage aims for C1—C4 σ bond formation. Interestingly, the observed asynchronicity of this IMDA reaction due principally to the asymmetric reorganization of electron density at the most attractive centers.

Effect of reaction conditions on methanol to gasoline conversion over nanocrystal ZSM-5 zeolite

A nanocrystal ZSM-5 zeolite comprising uniform single crystal particles of ∼100 nm in size was synthesised and characterised using XRD, ICP–AES, SEM, TEM, solid state MAS NMR and nitrogen physisorption techniques. The catalytic performance was tested in methanol to gasoline (MTG) conversion with a particular focus on the effect of reaction conditions, namely, temperature from 300 to 450 °C, pressure from 0.1 to 2.0 MPa and WHSV from 1 to 4 h−1. Temperature showed a significant impact. At temperatures ≤350 °C, methanol conversion did not complete while the catalyst was deactivated more rapidly. Increasing temperature to above 375 °C saw complete methanol conversion and durable catalyst activity. Further increasing the reaction temperature to above 400 °C reduced gasoline yield. Pressure mainly affected the product selectivity; a higher pressure led to a lower C1–C4 selectivity but enhanced durene formation. Further increasing pressure also favoured coke formation, leading to faster loss of catalyst activity. Likewise, increasing WHSV reduced C1–C4 selectivity but promoted the formation of durene and coke, resulting in a rapid deactivation of the catalyst. The optimal reaction conditions for this nanocrystal ZSM-5 catalyst in MTG were found to be 375 °C, 1.0 MPa and WHSV of 2 h−1.

Influence of inherent mineral matrix on the product yield and characterization from Huadian oil shale pyrolysis

Huadian oil shale was subjected to step-wise acid treatment to remove inherent carbonate and silicate minerals. The original oil shale and its demineralization products (carbonate- and carbonate-silicate-free oil shale samples) were pyrolyzed in a fixed-bed pyrolyzer to determine the mineral matrix effect on product yield and characteristics of shale oil and gases. The shale oil yields of original, carbonate-free, and carbonate-silicate-free oil shale samples were 50.4 wt.%, 44.3 wt.%, and 50.3 wt.% (values on dry and mineral matter-free basis), respectively, which indicated that carbonates promote, while silicates suppress, shale oil production. Coking of aromatic compounds appeared to be the dominant mechanism accounting for the variation of the shale oil yield. Elimination of the carbonate minerals decreased the nitrogen- and oxygen-containing compounds of shale oil, while removal of silicates increased the oxygenated compounds. Both carbonate and silicate minerals decreased the atomic H/C ratio of shale oil. Silicates promoted the cracking and aromatization of aliphatic hydrocarbons, which increased the short-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons of shale oil, as well as C1–C4 hydrocarbons and H2 yields. On the contrary, carbonates suppressed the cracking of long chain aliphatic hydrocarbons.

A molecular electron density theory study on the [3+2] cycloaddition reaction of thiocarbonyl ylides with hetaryl thioketones

In situ generated TCY 2 is trapped with THK 3 over the course of a non-polar, entirely C1–C4 regioselective, pdr-type 32CA reaction passing through TS 1 in a non-concerted two-stage one-step molecular mechanism.

Exploring organic photosensitizers based on hemicyanine derivatives: a sustainable approach for preparation of amide linkages.

Hemicyanine derivatives C1–C4 have been synthesized and show strong absorption in the visible region, good water solubility, efficient intersystem crossing, a high singlet oxygen quantum yield and high ability to transport electrons from the donor to acceptor. These hemicyanine derivatives were utilized as photocatalysts in additive/base free oxidative amidation of aromatic aldehydes in mixed aqueous media under visible light irradiation at low catalytic loading. The hemicyanine derivative C4 exhibited recyclability upto four cycles and reusability upto five cycles in oxidative amidation of aromatic aldehydes. Among all the hemicyanine derivatives, C4 shows a high photocatalytic efficiency due to a high singlet oxygen quantum yield. All the mechanism investigations showed involvement of reactive oxygen species generated by the organic triplet photosensitizer based on hemicyanine derivative for carrying out oxidative amidation of aldehyde. Our results will encourage the design of new “metal free” organic photosensitizers and their application in photocatalysis.

Bacteriological evaluation of composted manure solids prepared from anaerobic digested slurry for hygienic recycled bedding materials for dairy cows.

Changes in mastitis-causing pathogens, pH and water content in composted manure solids (CMS) prepared from digested slurry were evaluated during turning at 2-day intervals for 8days (C1-C4). The numbers of streptococci, coagulase-negative staphylococci and coliforms were 2.6×101 , 1.7×102 and 1.0×101 colony-forming units (cfu)/g in CMS (C4) (summer), and these counts were markedly lower (P<0.05) than those in CMS (C0 and C1). The bacterial counts ranged from 101 to 1.7×102 cfu/g in CMS (C4) (summer) and were within approved levels, <1×106 cfu/g, indicating a minimal mastitis risk. The temperatures in CMS (C1-C4) increased to 63°C-74°C in summer and 67°C-70°C in winter. The mean pH values in CMS (C0-C4) were 9.2 in summer and 8.7 in winter, and water contents ranged from 61.7% to 69.6% in summer and 73.2% to 66.2% in winter. The significant decrease of pathogenic bacteria in CMS appears to be closely related to temperature >63°C for 8days, pH 8.7-9.2, and water content 62% to 73%. This study demonstrates that prepared CMS has value as a recycled material with the potential to alleviate udder health issues in dairy cows.