C1 C3 Research Articles

Cobalt complexes based on hyperbranched salicylaldimine ligands as catalyst precursors for ethylene oligomerization

Three hyperbranched salicylaldimine ligands with tetradecyl as core, with hexadecyl as core and with octadecyl as core were synthesized in good yields. These ligands were reacted with cobalt chloride hexahydrate to form three complexes (C1–C3). The compounds were characterized using Fourier transform infrared, 1H NMR, mass and UV spectroscopies and thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses. The catalytic properties of the hyperbranched cobalt complexes were evaluated for ethylene oligomerization. The effects of solvent and reaction parameters (Al/Co molar ratio, temperature and reaction pressure) on ethylene oligomerization were studied using the cobalt complex C3 as pre‐catalyst and methylaluminoxane (MAO) as co‐catalyst. Under these conditions ([Co] = 5 μmol, Al/Co = 500, 25 °C, 0.5 MPa ethylene, 30 min), the catalytic activity of complex C3 in toluene was 1.85 × 105 g (mol Co)−1 h−1 and the selectivity for C8+ oligomers was 55.72%. The complex structure also had a significant influence on both the catalytic activity and selectivity. All three cobalt complexes, activated with MAO, showed moderate activities towards ethylene oligomerization and the activity of cobalt complex C1 was up to 1.99 × 105 g (mol Co)−1 h−1. The kinds of metal center of complexes (cobalt complex C1 and nickel complex with tetradecyl as core) and their catalytic properties were investigated in detail under the same conditions.

The effects of temperature on optical properties of InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well light-emitting diodes

The effects of temperature on the optical properties of InGaN/GaN quantum well (QW) light-emitting diodes have been investigated by using the six-by-six K-P method taking into account the temperature dependence of band gaps, lattice constants, and elastic constants. The numerical results indicate that the increase of temperature leads to the decrease of the spontaneous emission rate at the same injection current density due to the redistribution of carrier density and the increase of the non-radiative recombination rate. The product of Fermi-Dirac distribution functions of electron fcn and hole (1−fvUm) for the transitions between the three lowest conduction subbands (c1–c3) and the top six valence subbands (v1–v6) is larger at the lower temperature, which indicates that there are more electron-hole pairs distributed on the energy levels. It should be noted that the optical matrix elements of the inter-band transitions slightly increase at the higher temperature. In addition, the internal quantum efficiency of the InGaN/GaN QW structure is evidently decreased with increasing temperature.

Automatic oestrus detection system enables monitoring of sexual behaviour in sheep

An experiment was conducted to observe the oestrous behaviour in ewes through an automated oestrus detection system. Five mature adult Merino male rams, equipped with an electronic detector (Alpha-D), were included with a total of 60 ewes from the same breed. The libido of the males was assessed as the number and frequency of mounts. The accepted mountings by ewes were recorded by an electronic identifier worn by the female. In the first synchronized oestrus (C1), the ewes were exposed to rams wearing an anti-mating apron. In the following spontaneous cycle (C2), all the rams were allowed to mate. In the third cycle (C3) and the fourth cycle (C4), the rams were assumed to detect ewes in oestrus (open ewes). After the exclusion of isolated readings, the mean interval from sponge withdrawal to onset of oestrus was 31±11h and duration of oestrus in C1–C3 was 22±18, 16±11 and 16±8h, respectively. The libido differed widely among the rams and cycles number with an average number of mounts per ram in C1–C4, that were 213, 322, 85 and 3 respectively. It is concluded that all the females were correctly detected and the assessed libido of males was repeated.

Synthesis, characterization, and ethylene oligomerization of three novel dendritic nickel catalysts

Three dendritic nickel complexes C1–C3 were synthesized from three poly(amido amine) dendrimers, salicylic aldehyde and nickel chloride hexahydrate via Schiff base condensation reaction and coordination reaction. The structures of the dendritic ligands and nickel complexes were characterized by FT-IR, UV, 1H NMR, ESI–MS, and elemental analysis. When activated with aluminum co-catalysts, three complexes C1–C3 were able to catalyze ethylene oligomerization. The catalytic activities and the product distribution of complexes C1–C3 were depended on the reaction parameter, co-catalyst, solvent, and the structure of the pre-catalyst. When using ethyl aluminum sesquichloride (EASC) as co-catalyst in toluene, the catalytic activity of complex C3 containing the longest bridging methylene groups reached the highest value of 1.63 × 106 g·(mol Ni·h)−1 with 69.15% C11 in the product at 30 min, 25 °C, 0.5 MPa, and Al/Ni ratio of 900.

Small Ruminant Lentiviruses in Sheep: Pathology and Tropism of 2 Strains Using the Bone Marrow Route.

The objective of this work was to comparatively study the tissue tropism and the associated pathology of 2 autochthonous small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) field strains using an experimental infection in sheep through the bone marrow. Fifteen male, SRLV-free lambs of the Rasa Aragonesa breed were inoculated with strain 697 (nervous tissue origin, animals A1-A6), with strain 496 (articular origin, animals B1-B6), or with uninfected culture medium (C1-C3). Clinical, serologic, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) evaluations were performed periodically. Two lambs from each infected group and a control animal were euthanized at 134, 273, and 319 days postinfection. Tissues were analyzed by gross and histopathologic evaluation; immunohistochemistry for CD3, CD4, CD8, CD68, and FoxP3 cell markers; lung morphometric evaluation; and tissue proviral quantification by PCR. All infected animals became positive either by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and/or PCR, with group B lambs showing the highest serologic values and more consistently positive PCR reactions. Group A lambs showed representative lung lesions but only mild histopathologic changes in the central nervous system (CNS) or in carpal joints. Contrarily, group B lambs demonstrated intense carpal arthritis and interstitial pneumonia but an absence of lesions in the CNS. Proviral copies in tissues were detected only in group B lambs. Experimental infection with these SRLV strains indicates that strain 496 is more virulent than strain 697 and more prone to induce arthritis, whereas strain 697 is more likely to reproduce encephalitis in Rasa Aragonesa lambs. Host factors as well as viral factors are responsible for the final clinicopathologic picture during SRLV infections.

Effect of the promoter and support on cobalt-based catalysts for higher alcohols synthesis through CO hydrogenation

Two series of supported Co-based catalysts were prepared using a facile co-impregnation method. The catalysts were examined in a fixed bed for their ability to selectively convert syngas into higher alcohols. Co–Cu and Co–CeO2−x sites have an excellent synergistic effect, which could terminate the growth of the carbon chain effectively for the synthesis of alcohols. Furthermore, the Co–CeO2−x site is more beneficial for the synthesis of higher alcohols than the Cu–Co centre. The selectivity for the formation of ethanol and C1–C3 alcohols achieved using the 10Co5Ce/carbon nanotubes catalyst were 29.7% and 89.5%, respectively. In addition, the separation of the Co and CeO2−x sites weakens the synergistic effect, and thus, causes the formation of long chain hydrocarbons. The structure–performance correlation studies suggest that the geometric structure of the catalyst likely plays an important role in determining the formation of the Co–CeO2−x site, which influences the selectivity towards higher alcohols and higher aliphatic hydrocarbons.

Fluorescence Spectral Characteristics of Fluorescent Dissolved Organic Matter (FDOM) in the Surface Sediments from Lihu Lake

This study investigated the spectral characteristics of fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) in sediments of Lihu Lake using three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy (EEMS),and discussed the correlation between source of FDOM and organic or inorganic nitrogen.The results indicated that the surface sediments in Lihu Lake consisted of three fluorescence fractions (Ⅱ),humic-like C1(240,310/420 nm),C2(260,360/460 nm),and tryptophan-like C3(225,275/340 nm).The total fluorescence intensity ranged from 49.97 to 159.19 R.U.·g-1,and decreased from east to west with higher values in coast district than in lake center.The relative proportions of C1,C2,and C3 were 33.63%,26.87% and 39.49%,respectively.The fluorescence index (FI),biological origin index (BIX),and humification index (HIX) ranged from 1.96 to 2.22,0.69 to 0.94,and 2.62 to 4.39.It indicated that the main source of FDOM in Lihu Lake was from endogenesis,and mainly derived from microbes,algae and other newly autochthonous sources.The results illustrated,the fluorescence intensity had significant correlation with organic and inorganic nitrogen (P<0.01),and had higher correlation with inorganic nitrogen.

Effects of Ulinastatin on In Vitro Storage Lesions of Human Red Blood Cells.

The study aimed to investigate the influence of in vitro storage on erythrocyte complement receptor one (E-CR1), cell shrinkage and eryptosis of human red blood cells (RBCs), and to assess the possible effects of ulinastatin (UTI) on them. After collection, RBCs were treated with saline (control group) and different concentrations of UTI (5,000 U/mL, 10,000 U/mL, and 50,000 U/mL in Group C1, Group C2, and Group C3, respectively). E-CR1, cell size, and phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure and intracellular Ca2+ concentration were analyzed by flow cytometer every 7 days up to Day 35. E-CR1 level and cell size of all groups decreased during storage. In the control group, E-CR1 began to decrease on Day 28 and cells shrank on Day 21. The E-CR1 level of Group C2 was significantly higher than that of the control group beginning on Day 21. The cells of Group C1 and Group C2 began to shrink remarkably on Day 21, and those of Group C3 on Day 35. PS-exposure levels of 4 groups started to increase on Day 7 (p < 0.05), while from Day 14 to 35 those of Group C3 were significantly lower than the control group (p < 0.05). The intracellular Ca2+ levels of the control group started to increase significantly on Day 7, one week earlier than the experimental groups. From Day 21 to 35, the intracellular Ca2+ levels of Group C2 and C3 were significantly lower than those of the control group (p < 0.05). RBCs underwent E-CR1 loss, cell shrinkage, and eryptosis during in vitro storage, which could be attenuated by UTI.

Effect of alkyl chain length on the thermophysical properties of pyridinium carboxylates

Abstract In the present study, new series of pyridinium carboxylate protic ionic liquids (PILs) were synthesized by pairing pyridinium cation with carboxylate anion from C1–C3 forming pyridinium formate ([C5H6N+][HCOO−]), pyridinium acetate ([C5H6N+][CH3COO−]) and pyridinium propionate ([C5H6N+][CH3CH2COO−]) respectively. The physical properties namely, density, viscosity, surface tension (298.15–343.15) K, and refractive index (293.15–323.15) K were measured. Thermal properties namely, glass transition temperature, molar heat capacity, and thermal decomposition temperatures were also determined. The thermal expansivity was calculated using the experimental density data. The effect of increasing the alkyl chain length on the thermophysical properties of the pyridinium carboxylate PILs has been evaluated. As expected the physical properties i.e. density, viscosity, surface tension and refractive index of the investigated pyridinium carboxylates decreased with increasing temperature. In general pyridinium carboxylate PILs possessed low viscosity, high thermal stability and excellent hydrogen bonding capability, and these properties lead them to outperform conventional solvents employed for lignin dissolution.

Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Heavy Metal Pollution and Health Risk in Soil Around the Coal Industrial Area of East Junggar Basin

The soil around the coal industrial area of East Junggar Basin in Xinjiang was studied. A total of 64 soil samples were collected from the 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, 20-30 cm layers of soil profile, and the contents of Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb, Hg and As were tested, respectively. Pollution Load Index(PLI) was employed to assess the heavy metal contents and the model of health risk assessment recommended by USEPA was adopted to evaluate the health risk due to exposure to heavy metals in different soil depths. The multivariate statistical analysis, geostatistical analysis and GIS technology then were used to study the differences, spatial variability structure and distribution pattern of the evaluated results, and cross-validation method was adopted to assess the prediction results and its stability. The results suggested that the ranges of Zn, Cu, Pb contents were 46.06-48.00 mg·kg-1, 18.37-19.271 mg·kg-1 and 11.30-13.29 mg·kg-1, which did not exceed the standard compared with the background values of soil in Xinjiang. The ranges of Cr, Hg, As contents were 80.29-85.42 mg·kg-1,0.06-0.07 mg·kg-1,30.64-31.52 mg·kg-1, all of which exceeded the standard compared with the background values of soil in Xinjiang, and the exceeded rate was 60%. The values of PLI were in the order of PLI0-10 cm(1.35) > PLI20-30 cm(1.28) > PLI10-20 cm(1.25), which belonged to slightly polluted level. The values of HI were in the order of HI0-10 cm(2.53E-01) > HI20-30 cm(2.48E-01) > HI10-20 cm(2.43E-01), which indicated there was no non-carcinogenic risk. The values of TCR were in the order of TCR0-10 cm(2.81E-05) > TCR20-30 cm(2.80E-05) > TCR10-20 cm(2.74E-05), which was the acceptable level of carcinogenic risk. According to One -way ANOVA analyses, there was no noticeable difference in the PLI, HI, TCR (α is 0.863, 0.134, 0.056 respectively). Geo-statistical Analysis results implied that the regions with high contents of Zn, Cu and As were distributed near the coal industrial area and Northern part of study area in the 0-10 cm soil layer, Pb formed V-shaped high content ribbon, high content of Hg was located in the middle and Southern area, and high content of Cr was located in Coal Industrial Area and the anterior radial decline. High values of PLI, HI and TCR were found in north of the study area. The moderate pollution region of PLI decreased with the increase of soil depth, whereas HI and TCR showed no significant change. On the whole, high degree of heavy metals pollution and high possibility of health risk were mainly distributed around the six coal industrial areas which are in the high density population zone. Especially, the pollution of Cr, Hg, As was relatively serious and the health risk of As was the most serious which should be attached great importance to.

Novel fluorescent vanadylmoxifloxacinato complexes as sensors for Cu2+

Abstract Three novel mixed ligands complexes of VO2+, (C1–C3) with the ligands moxifloxacin and dipeptides have been synthesised and characterised by Infraredand Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Mass spectrometry, Electron spin resonance spectroscopyand elemental analysis.The fluorescent spectral measurements revealed that complexes C1–C3 are selective fluorescent sensors for Cu2+ but not for metal ions such as Na+, K+, Al3+, Fe3+, Co2+, Ni2+, Zn2+ and Cd2+. The detection limit for the determination of the Cu2+ ion was estimated as low as 2.0 μM. Furthermore, EDTA cannot turn on the quenched fluorescence of complexes C1–C3 induced by Cu2+ (“off”type sensor).

Investigating the CrOx/Al2O3 dehydrogenation catalyst model: II. Relative activity of the chromium species on the catalyst surface

In this work a series of the fresh and equilibrated CrOx/Al2O3 catalysts with the Cr loading of 0.58-13.2wt% and unsupported α-Cr2O3 have been investigated to evaluate the relative activity of five chromium species in isobutane dehydrogenation reactions. The study showed that the activity order of five chromium species can be described as: the non redox Cr3+ on α-Cr2O3>the redox Cr3+ generated from the reduction of ‘isolated’ mono-/poly- aluminum chromates∼the non redox Cr3+ on amorphous Cr2O3>the ‘isolated’ non redox Cr3+ ions and/or very small Cr2O3 clusters>the redox aluminum-chromium-chromate(s). The redox aluminum-chromium-chromate(s) were found also active in the formation of C1–C3 hydrocracking byproducts and coke. It was also found that non-redox Cr3+ on α-Cr2O3 had little contribution to the total dehydrogenation activity in the fresh catalyst, but contributed significantly to that in the equilibrated one. Moreover, a reaction chemistry pathway for the thermal conversion of mono-/poly-aluminum chromate(s) and physically deposited CrO3 into the aluminum-chromium-chromate(s) was proposed.

Profiles of Volatile Organic Compounds in Biochar: Insights into Process Conditions and Quality Assessment

Sustainable application of biochar to soil requires careful consideration of sorbed mobile compounds that can be released into the environment and their relationship with bulk chemical properties. Seven biochars were produced by pyrolysis of corn stalk from 350 to 650 °C, and residual volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were investigated by head space solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Over 80 compounds were detected in poorly carbonized biochars, including thermal degradation products of lignin (2-methoxyphenols), cellulose and hemicellulose (1,4:3,6-dianhydro-β-d-glucopyranose, C1–C3 furans and furanones, C1–C2 cyclopentenones), lipids (aromatic and C2–C8 aliphatic acids), and proteins (aromatic nitriles, amides). The presence of potentially harmful compounds, such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, phenols, volatile fatty acids, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, highlights the importance of controlling the biochar production process. Statistically significa...

Thermochemical processing of high-sulfur Israeli shale

The thermochemical processing of high-sulfur shale from the Mishor Rotem deposit (Israel) is studied in terms of the material balance, in a Fisher retort and a larger-scale laboratory system. The properties of the products (tar, char, and gas) are determined. The shale tar has a high sulfur content, on account of the presence of a wide range of thiophene derivatives. In the fractions of semicoking tar from Mishor Rotem shale that boil at temperatures up to 250°C, 236 compounds are quantitatively identified. The content of thiophene and its homologs with the substituents C1–C5 and of benzothiophene with alkyl substituents C1–C3 is determined.

Novel spirofluorene/indole/carbazole-based hole transport materials with high triplet energy for efficient green phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes

Three novel host materials 9-(4-(5-(4-(9-phenyl-9H-fluoren-9-yl)phenyl)-1H-indol-1-yl)phenyl)-9H-carbazole (C1), 9-(4-(9,9-diphenyl-9H-fluoren-4-yl)-1H-indol-1-yl)-9-phenyl-9H-carbazole (C2) and 9-(4-(5-(9,9-diphenyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-1H-indol-1-yl)phenyl)-9H-carbazole (C3) based on spirofluorene, indole and carbazole derivatives have been designed and synthesized. Their thermal, photophysical and electrochemical properties were fully investigated. The OLED devices with C1–C3 as host were fabricated to investigate their electroluminescent properties. Compound C3 obtained the best device performances with the maximum current efficiency of 45.2 cd A−1 and the maximum power efficiency of 23.2 lm W−1 for green phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes.

Exposure to alcohol during adolescence exerts long-term effects on stress response and the adult brain stress circuits

The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis undergoes critical developments during adolescence. Therefore, stressors experienced during this period potentially have long-term effects on adult HPA axis function. We hypothesized that adolescent intermittent ethanol (AIE) exposure would affect adult HPA axis function, resulting in altered responses to an alcohol challenge in young adults or adults. To test these hypotheses, male rats were exposed to alcohol vapor for 6h per day from post-natal day (PND) 28–42, then acutely challenged with alcohol intragastrically (3.2–4.5g/kg) in young adults (PND 70) or adults (PND 90). Overall, we observed blunted HPA axis responses to an alcohol challenge due to AIE exposure. Specifically, AIE tended to inhibit the alcohol challenge-induced increase in plasma corticosterone (CORT) concentrations in young adult and adult rats. As well, AIE significantly blunted the alcohol challenge-induced arginine vasopressin (Avp) mRNA expression in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus of adult rats. Results of the present study are similar to what we have previously shown, that these changes in PVN responsiveness may result from AIE-induced alterations in adrenergic neurons in brain stem regions C1–C3 known to project to the PVN. AIE elevated the number of colocalized c-fos/phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT)-positive cell bodies in the C1 region of adult rats. Together, these data suggest that AIE exposure produces alterations in male HPA axis responsiveness to administration of an acute alcohol challenge that may be long-lasting.

Structural Investigation of a Flexible MOF [Cu(BF4)2(1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)propane)2] Showing Selective Gate Adsorption with Dynamic Pore-Opening/Pore-Closing Processes

Structural analyses of a flexible 1D MOF [Cu(BF4)2(bpp)2] (bpp =1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)propane) with/without guest molecules were performed by synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction analysis and single crystal structural analysis. The guest-free MOF is composed of 1D chains composed of Cu(II) ions and bpp ligands which are accumulated to form quasi-2D layers, resulting in a quasi-layered compound. The guest-free MOF has no open pore windows; it, however, has latent quasi-hexagonal cavities surrounded by six BF4 anions. This MOF shows molecular selective sorption, which stems from guest-dependent dynamic structural transformation including pore-opening/closing processes. It shows selective alcohol sorption based on the molecular recognition properties; it sorbs C1–C3 alcohols, but not a C4 alcohol (1-butanol). Sorption properties can be enhanced by accumulation of several functionalities. In the case of the flexible MOF, the sorption properties should be synergetically enhanced by several key properties; it has m...

Effect of propofol on mitochondrial ATP content and ATPase activity in hippocampus of rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.

ObjectiveStudy on the influence of the cerebral Ischemia-reperfusion Injury (IRI) on mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content and ATPase activity in hippocampus of rats, as well as the protective effect of propofol on IRI in rats.MethodsA total of 40 male SD rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: sham operation group (Group A), ischemia reperfusion control group (Group B) and ischemic reperfusion with propofol pretreatment group (C group). Group C was further divided into three sub groups according to the different doses of propofol: Group C1 (50 mg/kg), Group C2 (100 mg/kg) and Group C3 (150 mg/kg). The rats from Groups B and C were applied for the IRI model preparation by blockage of the blood flow in arteria carotis communis. For the Groups A, arteria carotis communis were separated without blockage of the blood flow. Before preparation of IRI model for rats in Group C, different doses of propofol were intraperitoneally injected into the rats. For rats in Groups A and B, only saline solution with same volume was intraperitoneally injected at the same time. The ultra-structures of mitochondria in hippocampus of rats were observed under transmission electron microscope, and the mitochondrial degeneration rate was counted. The contents of ATP were determined by HPLC and the ATPase activity was characterized by ATPase activity assay kit.Results(1) Mitochondria in the hippocampus from Groups B and C showed different degrees of ultrastructural damage and more significant mitochondrial degeneration than those from Group A. The degree of damage and the rate of degeneration were in the order of B > C1 > C2 > C3 and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.01). (2) The contents of ATP and the ATPase activity in hippocampus from Groups B and C were significantly lower than those of Group A, while these indices from Group C were significantly higher than those in the B group, and the sequence was C3 > C2 > C1, indicating that the ATP content and ATPase activity were significantly correlated with the dose of propofol, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05).ConclusionIn summary, the contents of ATP and ATPase activity in hippocampus of rats can be decreased by cerebral IRI. The structure and function of the impaired mitochondria in IRI rats could be significantly improved by propofol, and the improvement effect is related to the dose of propofol.

Amylin/leptin synergy is absent in extreme obesity and not restored by calorie restriction-induced weight loss in rats.

SummaryObjectiveCo‐administration of amylin and leptin induces synergistic and clinically meaningful (>10%) weight loss that is attenuated as the degree of obesity increases. We explored whether calorie restriction (CR) could restore amylin/leptin synergy in very obese rats.MethodsSprague Dawley rats on high‐fat diet (696 ± 8 g, n = 72) were randomized to three cohorts (C1–C3). Rats in C1 were administered vehicle, rat amylin (50 µg kg−1 d−1), murine leptin (125 µg kg−1 d−1) or amylin and leptin for 28 days (n = 6 per group) via subcutaneous minipump. Simultaneously, C2 and C3 rats initiated CR. After moderate (12.4 ± 0.3%, 86.7 ± 2.8 g; C2) or severe (24.9 ± 0.3%, 172.7 ± 4.7 g; C3) weight loss, amylin and/or leptin was administered as described.ResultsIn C1, leptin did not alter weight, and amylin induced 40.2 ± 6.1 g weight loss (−6.0 ± 0.9%), which was not enhanced by leptin (44.4 ± 4.9 g, −6.1 ± 0.8%). In C2, vehicle‐treated (75.1 ± 7.8 g weight change from start of treatment, 1.1 ± 0.8% difference from start of pre‐CR phase) and leptin‐treated rats (68.6 ± 9.2 g, −1.3 ± 1.0%) rebounded to pre‐restriction weight that was attenuated by amylin (29.2 ± 11.4 g, −6.2 ± 0.7%). Leptin did not enhance the effect of amylin (22.8 ± 11.7 g, −8.3 ± 1.5%). In C3, vehicle‐treated and leptin‐treated rats regained most of their weight (161.9 ± 11.8, −2.3 ± 0.8% and 144.6 ± 9.5 g, −2.3 ± 0.9%, respectively), which was attenuated by amylin (91.1 ± 16.8 g, −11.2 ± 0.7%), but not enhanced by leptin (83.0 ± 7.6 g, −10.7 ± 0.8%).ConclusionsExtreme obesity associated with leptin resistance perturbs amylin/leptin weight loss synergy in rats, which cannot be restored by pre‐treatment weight loss.

Mechanistic Origins of Unselective Oxidation Products in the Conversion of Propylene to Acrolein on Bi2Mo3O12

A reaction network detailing the formation and consumption of all C1–C3 products of propylene oxidation on Bi2Mo3O12 at 623 K is developed to show that acrolein, acetaldehyde, acetone, and acetic acid are direct oxidation products of propylene while acrylic acid and ethylene are secondary products. Coprocessing acetaldehyde, acetone, acrylic acid, and acetic acid, separately, with propylene, oxygen, and water revealed (i) the existence of overoxidation reactions of acrolein to acrylic acid and ethylene and oxidation pathways from acetone to acetaldehyde and acetic acid, (ii) the promotional effects of water on the synthesis rates of acetaldehyde from acrolein, acetone from propylene, and acetic acid from acetaldehyde and acrylic acid, and (iii) the inhibitory effects of water on the decomposition of acetic acid to COx and acrylic acid to acetaldehyde and ethylene. A kinetic model is developed to quantitatively capture the kinetic behavior of all species using pseudo-first-order rate expressions in the org...