C1 C2 Research Articles

Phylogenetic and molecular characteristics of two Aphanizomenon strains from the Curonian Lagoon, Southeastern Baltic Sea and their biological activities.

Polyphasic approach has become a generally accepted method for the classification of cyanobacteria. In this study, we present a detailed characterisation of two strains, KUCC C1 and KUCC C2, isolated from the Curonian Lagoon and classified to the Aphanizomenon genus. Despite phylogenetic similarity, the strains differ with respect to morphology, ultrastructure characteristics, and the metabolite profile. In the KUCC C1 extract, three unknown peptides and eight anabaenopeptins were detected, while KUCC C2 produced one unknown peptide and one aeruginosin. In both strains, a total of eleven pigments were detected. The production of myxoxantophyll, chlorophyll-a, chlorophylide-a, and zeaxanthin was higher in KUCC C2 than in KUCC C1. Extracts from both strains of Aphanizomenon also had different effects in antibacterial, anticancer and enzyme inhibition assays. Comprehensive analyses of Aphanizomenon strains performed in this study showed significant diversity between the isolates from the same bloom sample. These differences should be considered when exploring the ecological significance and biotechnological potential of a given population.

Scallop farming impacts on dissolved organic matter cycling in coastal waters: Regulation of the low molecular weight fraction

To elucidate the impacts of scallop farming on the biogeochemical characteristics of low molecular weight (LMW, <1 kDa) dissolved organic matter (DOM), samples collected from a bay scallop mariculture area (MA) and its surrounding areas were determined for absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy after microfiltration and centrifugal ultrafiltration. The values of absorption coefficient a350 showed a spatial variation trend of inshore area (IA) > MA > non-mariculture area (NMA) for both bulk (<0.7 μm) and LMW fractions. Four fluorescent components, namely two protein-like components (tryptophan-like C1 and tyrosine-like C2) and two humic-like components (microbial humic-like C3 and terrestrial humic-like C4), were identified. Scallop farming influenced DOM transformation by altering phytoplankton abundance and promoting microbial degradation. In July, the net contributions of phytoplankton to the spectroscopy parameters of LMW-DOM in the surface seawater were 11.0% for a350, 4.3% for C1, 0.8% for C2, 0.6% for C3 and 3.0% for C4, respectively; the corresponding values of bulk DOM in the surface seawater were 24.3% for a350, 20.1% for C1, 5.9% for C2, 2.0% for C3, 2.9% for C4, respectively. Compared with NMA, the contributions of microbial degradation to a350 in MA's surface seawater increased by 9.0% for LMW-DOM and 6.9% for bulk DOM in July; however, the effects on different fluorescent components varied. In August, compared with NMA, the contributions of microbial degradation to spectroscopy parameters in the bottom water of MA decreased by 35.7% for a350, 6.3% for C2, 1.3% for C3, and 4.4% for C4 for LMW-DOM fraction; for bulk DOM, the corresponding contribution decreased by 10.8% for C1. These variations indicate that protein-like substances from scallop aquaculture are easily degraded into LMW substances, while humic-like substances degradation diminishes over time.

Interactions between nanobiochar and arsenic: Effects of biochar aging methods on arsenic binding capacity and mechanisms

Nano-biochar (nanoBC), produced from biochar aging, exhibits significant molecular heterogeneity that may affect the fate and toxicity of co-occurring pollutants. However, the interaction between nanoBC and arsenic (As) remains unclear. Herein, we simulated biochar aging through water erosion, photoaging, and thermal chemical decomposition to generate three types of nanoBC (nUBC, nPBC, and nHBC). We then investigated their distinct binding affinities and interaction mechanisms with arsenite (AsIII) and arsenate (AsV). Complementary analysis using optical spectrophotometer and high-resolution mass spectrometry revealed significant differences in properties and chemical compositions among the three nanoBCs at a size of 100 nm. Specifically, nHBC had higher yield, nPBC had higher aromaticity, and nUBC had more intricate molecular compositions and larger molecular weights. Binding experiments showed that nHBC and nUBC exhibited the highest conditional distribution coefficient (KD) for AsIII and AsV, respectively. In nHBC, a higher proportion of humic-like fluorescent component C3 enhanced its affinity for AsIII, attributed to lignin-like molecules with CHONS formulas where thiol acted as active binding sites. In contrast, the robust AsV binding capacity of nUBC stemmed from its richness in humic-like fluorescent component C1 and tryptophan-like fluorescent component C2. This is facilitated by lipid-like molecules and CHO formulas in C1 and aliphatic/peptide-like molecules and CHON formulas in C2, which provided oxygenic and nitrogen-containing groups for binding. All nanoBC had a significantly higher binding affinity for As than bulk BC. These findings provide a deeper understanding of As-nanoBC binding mechanisms at the molecular level, facilitating more accurate prediction of As fate in biochar-amended soil and associated ecosystem risks.

The effect of the Japanese Investigation Committee classification on hip joint survival after core decompression therapy in pre-collapsed avascular necrosis of the femoral head

Aim: This study aimed to determine the failure rate of pre-collapse avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head treated with core decompression (CD) and risk factors affecting the progression of the disease in patients by using an easily applicable staging system. . Material and Methods: A total of 174 hips from 134 patients diagnosed with precollapse AVN and treated with CD were retrospectively examined. Each hip was classified using the Japanese Investigation Committee (JIC) classification. The endpoint for joint survival following treatment was defined as the occurrence of total hip arthroplasty (THA). The risk analysis on joint survival of various independent variables (treatment type, age, gender, etiology) and the frequency of THA 2 and 5 years after treatment was calculated. Results: The mean age of the patients was 44.0 ± 15.0 years, with the majority being male (71.8%). THA was performed in 28.7% of treated hips within two years and 40.2% within five years. The frequency of THA application within two years was 2% for type A, 8% for type B, 40% for type C1 and 50% for type C2. Age (p=0.033), type C1 (p=0.028) and type C2 (p

Impact of the Shape of the Skull Base on Morphometric Parameters of the First and Second Cervical Vertebrae in 8–12-Year-Old Children: Assessment of the Condition Under Norm and Recurrent Subluxation in the C1–C2 System

The aim of the study is to determine the impact of the shape of the skull base on the morphometric parameters of the first (C1) and second (C2) cervical vertebrae in children aged 8–12 under normal conditions and under recurrent subluxation of C1–C2. Materials and methods. The authors analysed computed tomography (CT) scans of 212 children aged 8–12 without pathology of the cervical spine and 65 patients of the same age group with recurrent subluxations of the C1-C2 vertebrae. Computed tomography was performed on a computer tomography GE OPTIMA CT 660, 64-slice machine (Russia). CT morphometry was carried out using the Radiant program (Russia). The width and length of the skull base, parameters of the first (C1) and second (C2) cervical vertebrae, and interosseous parameters were determined, the basilar index was calculated; three groups of individuals with dolicho-, meso-, or brachybasilar shape of the skull base were formed based on the value of the basilar index. One-way analysis of variance was carried out. Results The impact of the shape of the skull base of moderate strength on the transverse dimensions of the upper articular surfaces of C1 on the right and left in children without pathology of the cervical spine was revealed. Among the examined individuals with recurrent subluxation in the C1–C2 system, there was a strong connection between the shape of the skull base and the longitudinal dimensions of the upper articular surfaces of the atlas. A moderately close relationship was revealed between the shape of the skull base and the height of the body of the second cervical vertebra and with the angle of inclination of the C2 tooth in the sagittal plane in those examined without pathology of the cervical spine. In children with recurrent subluxation, a strong relationship of the controlled factor was determined with the height of the C2 body and the angle of inclination of its tooth in the sagittal plane, and a mediumstrong relationship with the sagittal diameter of the tooth. The influence of the shape of the skull base of moderate strength on the size of the anterior atlantoaxial joint space was revealed both in children without pathology of the cervical spine and in children with recurrent subluxation. In case of right-sided subluxation, a mediumstrong relationship between the shape of the skull base and the lateral distance between the base of the tooth and the medial surface of the lateral mass of C1 on the side contralateral to the subluxation was revealed. Conclusion. The shape of the skull base affects a number of anatomical structures of the first two cervical vertebrae in children aged 8–12.

Assessing the Impact of Undiagnosed C1‒C2 Rotatory Subluxation in the Conservative Treatment of Odontoid Fractures

The presence of clear high-grade rotatory subluxation, in addition to an odontoid fracture, is a definite indication for surgery. However, the presence of a more subtle subluxation-Grades 1, 2, or 3-can often be overlooked, and as a result, prognostic associations with C2 fractures are rare. In light of this, we assessed the failure rate of conservative management in patients with both an odontoid fracture and a concurrent C1‒C2 rotatory subluxation. Retrospective, cohort (nested case‒control) study of patients with odontoid C2 fractures with or without C1‒C2 joint rotatory subluxation was performed. Patients were classified according to the type of odontoid fracture (Alonzo classification) and the presence of C1-C2 subluxation (Feldings classification). The number of patients who were initially treated with collars and then underwent surgery due to conservative treatment failure was analyzed. We performed logistic regression analysis to determine the odds ratio (OR) and generate a ROC curve of the association between the degree of subluxation and failure of conservative treatment. 115 patients with C2 fractures that were treated conservatively with or without C1‒C2 rotatory subluxation. Of all 115 , 29 (25%) experienced treatment failure and required surgery. A statistically significant correlation was found between treatment failure and the presence of rotatory subluxation ,(odds ratio 10), compared with patients without C1-C2 subluxation. In our series, C2 Alonzo fractures with a C1‒C2 rotatory subluxation had a 10-fold increased risk of secondary displacement and subsequent need for surgery. Further research on this association could improve the management of these conditions.

Ionic Liquids Functionalized Copper Catalytic Systems for Electrocatalytic Carbon Dioxide Reduction

The extensive combustion of fossil fuels results in excessive release of carbon dioxide (CO2), causing a global environmental crisis. It is imperative to develop sustainable methods for converting CO2 into renewable energy sources. Electrochemical reduction of CO2 (CO2RR) offers the potential to generate valuable chemicals, including C1 products (e.g., carbon monoxide, methane, etc.) and C2+ products (e.g., ethene, ethanol, acetic acid, propyl alcohol, etc.). Copper‐based (Cu‐based) catalysts show promise for producing value‐added C2+ products, but they face challenges like low selectivity and stability. The catalytic performances of Cu‐based catalysts can be promoted through electronic structure adjustment, selective crystal face exposure, as well as molecular additive approaches. Ionic liquids (ILs), known for their strong CO2 adsorption capacity, adjustable hydrophobicity, and wide chemical window, hold significant promise for addressing the current challenges associated with Cu‐based catalysts. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the structural characterization and catalytic mechanisms of ILs used in Cu‐based CO2RR catalytic systems. Additionally, it offers suggestions for future research avenues regarding IL‐functionalized Cu catalysts.

Influence of cranium orientation on cervical sagittal alignment during radiographic examination: a radiographic analysis

BACKGROUND CONTEXTDuring the radiographic examination, the cranium orientation varies not only individually but also within the same subject, in different imaging sessions. Knowing how changes in the orientation of the cranium influences cervical sagittal alignment during the radiographic examination of the cervical spine can aid clinicians in the accurate evaluation for cervical sagittal alignment in clinical practice. PURPOSETo radiographically examine the influence of cranium orientation on cervical sagittal alignment during radiographic examination in an asymptomatic cohort. STUDY DESIGNA prospective radiographic study. PATIENT SAMPLEEighty asymptomatic volunteers (mean age, 40.4 years; 50.0% male) were enrolled. OUTCOME MEASURESCervical sagittal parameters including the regional slope (C1 slope, C2 slope, C5 slope, C7 slope, and T1 slope), Cobb angle (O–C1 angle, C1–C2 angle, C2–C5 angle, C5–C7 angle, and C7–T1 angle), and cranial/cervical offset (sella turcica tilt [ST tilt] and C2 tilt). METHODSIn all participants, standing lateral radiographs of the cervical spine were taken in three forward-gazing positions: anteverted-cranium (AC) position; neutral-cranium (NC) position; and retroverted-cranium (RC) position. Cervical sagittal parameters, including the regional slope, Cobb angle, and cranial/cervical offset, in these three positions were statistically compared. RESULTSThe C1 and C2 slopes were anteverted and retroverted in the AC and RC positions, respectively, compared to those in the NC position. The C5 slope, C7 slope, and T1 slope were constant among the three positions. In O–C2 and C2–C5, statistically significant differences in the regional Cobb angles were identified among the three positions; however, there were no significant differences in the C5–C7 or C7–T1 segments. Cranial and cervical offsets of ST tilt and C2 tilt increased and decreased when the cranium was anteverted and retroverted, respectively. CONCLUSIONSThe current study suggests that the adjustment of the cranium orientation when taking cervical spine radiographs is mainly controlled at the upper cervical spine of the O–C2 segment in an asymptomatic cohort. On radiograph, alignment in the upper cervical segment of O–C2 changes; accordingly, the middle cervical segment of C2–C5 can change during the adjustment of cranium orientation. However, alignment in the lower cervical segment of C5–C7 and the cervicothoracic junction of C7–T1 remains constant. Further, cranial/cervical offset increases and decreases when the cranium is anteverted and retroverted, respectively. Our results can help the accurate evaluation of cervical sagittal alignment on plain radiographs in clinical practice.

Feasibility and Safety of Lateral and Posterolateral Percutaneous Vertebroplasty of Osteolytic C1–C2 Lesions under Computed Tomography Guidance and Local Anesthesia

PurposeTo evaluate the safety and effectiveness of lateral or posterolateral percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) of osteolytic C1–C2 lesions performed under computed tomography (CT) guidance and local anesthesia. Materials and methodsA retrospective study of 16 consecutive patients (11 females and 5 males; aged from 24 to 86 years; median age, 65.5 years) who underwent 17 lateral or posterolateral PVP was performed. Pain status was assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS). Patients were evaluated preoperatively as baseline and at 24 hours and 1, 6, and 12 months postoperatively, until death, or until loss to follow-up. The Oswestry Disability Index was used to evaluate the patients’ functional disability preoperatively. The adverse events were recorded using the Society of Interventional Radiology (SIR) classification. ResultsThe technical success was 100% (17/17) for a median Spinal Instability Neoplastic Score of 13.5 (interquartile range [IQR], 6.75, 20.25). Mean clinical follow-up was 10.1 months (range, 6–36 months; median, 19.5 months, IQR, 4, 35 months). Mean VAS score decreased significantly from 7.5 (SD ± 2.1) preoperatively to 1.6 (SD ± 1.5) 24 hours postoperatively, and 1.0 (SD ± 1.1), 1.5 (SD ± 1), and 0.5 (SD ± 1.5) at 1, 6, and 12 months, respectively (all P < .001). No severe adverse events were observed, but 3 cases of asymptomatic cement leakage were noted (SIR Grade 1; 17.6% [3/17]). ConclusionsLateral and posterolateral PVP performed under CT guidance and local anesthesia is safe and effective to treat symptomatic osteolytic C1–C2 lesions.

Comparing two common posterior C1–C2 fixation techniques for treating odontoid fractures in the aging spine: insights from a cadaveric model using osteoporotic spines

Comparing two common posterior C1–C2 fixation techniques for treating odontoid fractures in the aging spine: insights from a cadaveric model using osteoporotic spines

Synthesis and antiproliferative activity of (−)-cleistenolide, (6S)-cleistenolide and 4-substituted cleistenolide analogues

A new total synthesis of the natural δ-lactone cleistenolide (1) and its (6S)-stereoisomer 2 was achieved starting from d-glucose. Key steps in the synthesis of 1 involved: oxidative cleavage of the C1–C2 bond in partially protected d-glucose derivative (20), and chain extension of resulting aldehyde 20a with a single C2 fragment using (Z)-selective Wittig olefination. Synthesis of 2 involves the following key steps: periodate cleavage of the C5–C6 bond in the commercially available monoacetone d-glucose (24), followed by C2 chain elongation by using the (Z)-selective Wittig olefination. This new approach is also applied to prepare a few new 4-substituted cleistenolide analogues (3 – 18). Compounds 3 – 7 were designed using molecular hybridization, while the remaining eleven analogues were designed using the bioisosterism method. MTT assay showed that most analogues were more active than lead 1 against several malignant cells, but were completely inactive in the culture of normal foetal lung fibroblasts (MRC-5). The K562 cells appeared to be the most sensitive to the synthesized analogues. The strongest antiproliferative activity against this cell line was shown by 4-O-cinnamoyl derivative 3 and 4,6-di-O-benzyl derivative 17, with submicromolar IC50 values (0.76 and 0.67 μM, respectively). Structural features important for the activity of this class of compounds were identified by SAR analysis.

Comparative meta-analysis of implant-associated complications and spinal fusion incidence in Goel-Harms technique and posterior С&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;-С&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; transarticular screw fixation per F. Magerl

Transarticular fixation (TAF) of C1–C2 using the F. Magerl method and the Goеl–Harms technique (GHT) are the two most popular ways of forming spondylodesis at the atlantoaxial level. Nevertheless, comparative studies with a high level of evidence have not been published at present.The aim of the study was to conduct a comparative meta‑analysis of the incidence of implant‑associated complications and fusion. The initial search in revealed more than 5,000 abstracts, after applying filters, 202 studies were selected, of which 16 works were included in this study. According to the results of the meta‑analysis, no significant differences were found between the methods of Goel–Harms and F. Magerl in the duration of surgery and intraoperative blood loss, as well as in the frequency of postoperative implant‑associated complications and spinal fusion of C1–C2 vertebrae.

Primary results from PATRICIA cohort C (SOLTI-1303), a randomized phase II study evaluating palbociclib with trastuzumab and endocrine therapy in pretreated HER2-positive and PAM50 luminal advanced breast cancer.

1008 Background: The PATRICIA trial (cohorts A-B) demonstrated that palbociclib plus trastuzumab (T) is safe and active in patients (pts) with T-pretreated HER2-positive Hormone Receptor-positive (HR+/HER2+) PAM50 Luminal advanced breast cancer (ABC). Here, we present the primary efficacy analysis of the randomized cohort C from the PATRICIA trial that compares the efficacy of palbociclib + T + endocrine therapy (ET) with treatment of physicians’ choice (TPC). Methods: PATRICIA (cohort C) is a randomized, open-label, phase II study conducted at 34 sites in Spain recruiting from August 2019 to August 2023. Pts with HER2+/HR+ and centrally tested PAM50 Luminal A or B intrinsic subtype ABC who had received at least one prior line of anti-HER2 based regimens were eligible. Pts were randomized 1:1 to Cohort C1 (Palbociclib 125 mg/day orally 3 weeks/1 week off + T + ET) or Cohort C2 (TPC, including T + any ET or chemotherapy (CT) + T, or T-DM1). The stratification factors were number of previous regimens for ABC and presence of visceral disease. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). The trial was designed to recruit a total of 102 pts, having an 80% power with one-sided alpha=0.1 to detect a HR of 0.62 in favor of the palbociclib cohort. The study was closed after 73 pts were randomized due to slow recruitment. Results: At data cut-off, 264 pts were pre-screened, and 73 pts were randomized. Baseline pts characteristics are summarized in Table 1. In cohort C1, 50% of the pts received fulvestrant and 50% aromatase inhibitor as ET. In cohort C2, 37.1% of pts were treated with TDM-1, 45.7% with CT+ T, 11.4 % with ET + T and two pts withdrew their consent before starting the treatment. Palbociclib + T + ET was associated with longer PFS compared to TPC (median 9.1 vs 7.5 months, stratified HR=0.52 [95%CI 0.29-0.94]; two-sided p=0.031); 12-months PFS rates were 43.7% and 21.4%, respectively. The overall response rate was 18.9% (95% CI 8.6-35.7) in cohort C1 and 8.3% (95% CI 1.4-28.5) in cohort C2. Grade ≥3 adverse events occurred in 63.2% of pts in C1 and 45.5% in C2 cohort. The most frequent grade ≥3 adverse event in the experimental arm was neutropenia (55.3%). Conclusions: The combination of palbociclib, T and ET showed a statistically significant improvement in PFS in patients with previously treated PAM50 luminal A or B HER2+ advanced breast cancer, as compared to TPC. Clinical trial information: NCT02448420 . [Table: see text]

Strain of the vertebral artery during passive neck movements and spinal manipulation of the cervical spine: An observational study

BackgroundNeck pain is a common condition, and a frequent treatment is chiropractic cervical spinal manipulation therapy (cSMT). However, cervical spinal manipulations have been associated with excessive cervical artery elongations, allegedly causing arterial dissection leading to stroke. PurposeThe primary purpose of this study was to quantify the total vertebral artery elongations during cSMT, and secondarily, quantify the vertebral artery elongations during the pre-manipulative orientation of the head and neck and the subsequent elongations during the actual thrust. MethodsVertebral artery strains were measured at the cervical levels C0–C1, C1–C2, and C2–C3 using piezoelectric crystals that were sutured to the wall of the left and right vertebral artery in three cadavers. Vertebral artery strains were measured continuously for a full set of passive range of motion testing and for the chiropractic spinal manipulation. FindingsFor the range of motion testing, the greatest average vertebral artery strains at the C0–C1 level were 6.9% for ipsilateral flexion-rotation, at the C1–C2 level 4.3% for contralateral rotation, and at the C2–C3 level 3.7% for contralateral flexion-rotation. For the chiropractic spinal manipulation, the average maximal strains at the C0–C1, C1–C2 and C2–C3 levels were 1.3%, 0.1%, and 1.0%, respectively. The maximal average vertebral artery strains in the pre-manipulative phase were 0.5% and the corresponding maximal vertebral artery strains during the manipulative thrust was 1.1%. InterpretationPassive range of motion testing produced strains in the vertebral artery were 5.3 times (C0–C1), 7.2 times (C1–C2), and 3.7 times (C2–C3) greater than the corresponding strains during chiropractic spinal manipulation, suggesting that strains in the vertebral artery during chiropractic spinal manipulation were much smaller than the strains that can occur during normal everyday movements of the head and neck. Furthermore, vertebral artery strains in the pre-manipulative phase did not contribute to the peak strains on the contralateral vertebral artery and helped reduce strains on the ipsilateral side.

Dynamic vertebral artery occlusion aka bow hunter syndrome causing posterior fossa stroke in a young adult: a case report

BackgroundBow Hunter syndrome (BHS) is a rare, but important cause of posterior circulation stroke. It is also known as Rotational vertebral artery syndrome and is caused by transient dynamic vertebro-basilar insufficiency on movement of the neck in the presence of certain soft tissue or bone anomalies in the cranio-vertebral region.Case presentationWe present a case of Bow hunter syndrome in an 18-year-old adult male who presented with vomiting, occipital headache and loss of balance, with findings of posterior circulation stroke on imaging. Medical causes of young stroke, including vasculitis and clotting disorders were ruled out, following which a diagnostic conventional angiography and CT angiography was performed. The cause of vascular compromise in our case was the presence of vertebral anomalies, in particular, the presence of a partial ponticulus posticus with formation of an incomplete arcuate foramen. He was treated with cervical spine immobilisation and C1–C2 fixation. In addition, our patient had a single posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) on the side of the dynamic insufficiency, which lead to bilateral cerebellar infarcts. Our case is unique because it demonstrates a combination of osseous and vascular developmental anomalies resulting in posterior circulation stroke.ConclusionsThough uncommon, BHS should be considered in the list of differentials in otherwise unexplained cases of posterior circulation stroke. Conventional angiography with dynamic manoeuvres is the modality of choice for documenting the rotational vertebral artery occlusion.

Posterior atlantoaxial fixation of osteoporotic odontoid fracture: biomechanical analysis of the Magerl versus harms techniques in a cadaver model

BACKGROUND CONTEXTOdontoid fractures are among the most common cervical spine fractures in the elderly and are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Clinical evidence suggests improved survival and quality of life after operative intervention compared to nonoperative treatment. PURPOSEThis study seeks to examine the stability of an osteoporotic Type II odontoid fracture following posterior atlantoaxial fixation with either the Magerl transarticular fixation technique or the Harms C1 lateral mass screws C2 pedicle screw rod fixation. STUDY DESIGNBiomechanical cadaveric study. METHODSEighteen cadaveric specimens extending from the cephalus to C7 were used in this study. Reflective marker arrays were attached to C1 and C2 and a single marker on the dens to measure movement of each during loading with C2–C3 and occiput-C1 being allowed to move freely. A biomechanical testing protocol imparted moments in flexion-extension, axial rotation, and lateral bending while a motion capture system recorded the motions of C1, C2, and the dens. The spines were instrumented with either the Harms fixation (n=9) or Magerl fixation (n=9) techniques, and a simulated Type II odontoid fracture was created. Motions of each instrumented spine were recorded for all moments, and then again after the instrumentation was removed to model the injured, noninstrumented state. RESULTSBoth Harms and Magerl posterior C1–C2 fixation allowed for C1, C2, and the dens to move as a relative unit. Without fixation the dens motion was coupled with C1. No significant differences were found in X, Y, Z translation motion of the dens, C1 or C2 during neutral zone motions between the Magerl and Harms fixation techniques. There were no significant differences found in Euler angle motion between the two techniques in either flexion-extension, axial rotation, or lateral bending motion. CONCLUSIONSOur findings suggest that both Harms and Magerl fixation can significantly reduce dens motion in Type II odontoid fractures in an osteoporotic cadaveric bone model. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEBoth Harms and Magerl posterior atlantoaxial fixation techniques allowed for C1, C2, and the dens to move as a relative unit following odontoid fracture, establishing more anatomic stability to the upper cervical spine.

The Molecular Characteristics and Therapeutic Implications of O-Glycan Synthesis in Pancreatic Cancer by Integrating Transcriptome and Single-Cell Data

Glycans constitute the primary components of proteins that regulate key carcinogenic processes in cancer progression. This study investigated the significance of O-glycan synthesis in the pathogenesis, outcome, and therapy of pancreatic cancer (PC). Transcriptomic data and clinical prognostic information of PC were acquired via TCGA and GEO databases. CSA database was used to obtain single-cell data of PC. The O-glycan biosynthesis signaling pathway and its related genes were acquired via the MSigDB platform. The nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) clustering was utilized to construct the O-glycan biosynthesis-associated molecular subtypes in PC. The LASSO and Cox regression were utilized to build the prognostic prediction model. We utilized real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) to verify the expressed levels of model genes. Single-cell analysis was utilized to investigate the levels of target genes and O-glycan biosynthesis signaling pathway in the PC tumour microenvironment. : We obtained 30 genes related to O-glycan biosynthesis, among which 15 were associated with the prognosis of PC. All PC samples were grouped into two distinct molecular subtypes associated with O-glycan biosynthesis: OGRGcluster C1 and OGRGcluster C2, and compared to OGRGcluster C1. PCs in OGRGcluster C2 had a more advanced clinical stage and pathological grade, worse prognosis, and more active O-glycan biosynthesis function. Immune analysis indicated that naïve B cell, CD8+ T cell, memory-activated CD4+ T cell, and monocytes displayed remarkably higher infiltration levels in OGRGcluster C1 while resting NK cell, macrophages M0, resting dendritic cell, activated dendritic cell, and neutrophils exhibited markedly higher infiltration levels in OGRGcluster C2. OGRGcluster C1 exhibited higher sensitivities to drugs, such as cisplatin, irinotecan, KRAS(G12C) inhibitor-12, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, and sorafenib. Besides, we built the O-glycan biosynthesis-related prognostic model (including SPRR1B, COL17A1, and ECT2) with a good prediction performance. SPRR1B, COL17A1, and ECT2 were remarkably highly expressed in PC tissues and linked to a poor outcome. Single-cell analysis revealed that O-glycan biosynthesis was observed only in PC, and consistent with this, the target genes were significantly enriched in PC. We first constructed molecular subtypes and prognostic models related to O-glycan biosynthesis in PC. It is clear that O-glycan biosynthesis is related to the development, prognosis, immune microenvironment, and treatment of PC. This provides new strategies for stratification, diagnosis, and treatment of PC patients.

Acute Subarachnoid Hemorrhage as a Result of Ruptured C1–C2 Cervical Spinal Arteriovenous Malformation: A Unique Case Report (P11-5.010)

Acute Subarachnoid Hemorrhage as a Result of Ruptured C1–C2 Cervical Spinal Arteriovenous Malformation: A Unique Case Report (P11-5.010)

Fluid inclusion records of oil-cracked wet gas in Permian carbonate reservoirs from the Eastern Sichuan Basin, China

Oil-cracked gas is an important gas resource in petroliferous basins. In theory, oil-cracked gas should be rich in C2+ (i.e., wet gas). However, gas reservoirs of oil cracking origin in the Sichuan Basin (South China) are mainly composed of dry gas. Fluid inclusions record hydrocarbon generation and evolution. Obviously, identifying wet gas inclusions is the key to solving the above controversy. Here, we calibrate the Raman spectroscopic detection limits of ethane and propane (0.007 and 0.016 MPa, respectively) and demonstrate that Raman spectroscopy is a powerful method to identify C2+-bearing inclusions. Based on this technique, C1–C2–C3-bearing wet gas inclusions (C1/ƩCi = 0.90–0.93) are identified in calcite cements of the Permian Changxing Formation carbonate reservoir in the Eastern Sichuan Basin. These inclusions are direct geological evidence of oil-cracked gas because the calcite cement precipitated after the formation of pyrobitumen. Furthermore, reconstruction of the temperature-pressure-composition evolutions of calcite-hosted (Changxing Formation) and quartz-hosted gas inclusions in the Ordovician Wufeng–Silurian Longmaxi Formation black shale indicates that high pressure can effectively retard the cracking of C2+ gas hydrocarbons. Differences in gas composition and δ13CCH4 signature between reservoir gas and inclusion gas lead us to conclude that large-scale oil cracking occurred during the Early–Middle Jurassic in the Permian Changxing carbonate reservoir. Nevertheless, oil-cracked gas escaped during the evolution of the paleo-gas reservoir. Formation of the current dry gas reservoir can be attributed to the continuous mixing of late-stage kerogen pyrolysis gas.

Sustainability-Based Value Engineering Management as an Integrated Approach to Construction Projects

The integration of sustainability standards and value engineering methods in public education projects is a significant concern, as it ensures the well-being and sustainability goals of students, lecturers, and employees. This study aims to enhance sustainability within public education campuses by utilizing value engineering processes that establish a balanced correlation between the available budget costs and the sustainability costs that affect educational objectives, strategies, and the overall sustainability of the environment. In order to evaluate the integration of value engineering and the sustainability rating system “LEED protocols” for schools, the study utilized HAP (Hourly Analysis Program) software to perform numerical analysis, with the objective of improving environmental efficiency and cost-effectiveness in school buildings from the perspective of both male and female students. By applying this approach to all engineering disciplines, systems, and materials involved in the project, the study achieved impressive results, including a reduction in energy usage by 53.67%, a cost reduction of 27.48% from the total project budget, and 13 points earned in credit C1 and credit C2 in the Energy and Atmosphere EA category in LEED 2009. These findings are of great importance for the planning and execution of construction projects, specifically in the context of educational infrastructure, and provide valuable insights into the construction and renovation of school buildings, which can be used to enhance the safety, functionality, and aesthetic appeal of these facilities.