C-shaped Patch Research Articles

Full-space trifunctional metasurface with independent amplitude/phase control and its application to asymmetric spatial power divider

ABSTRACT In this paper, a dual-frequency trifunctional metasurface (MS) consisting of three metal layers printed on two substrate layers is proposed. The low-frequency transmitted wave is regulated through a C-shaped slot etched in middle layer and C-shaped patches in top/bottom metal layers. High-frequency reflected waves can be regulate by the C-shaped slot etched in ring patch in top/bottom layers. Also, in top/bottom layers, C-shaped patches and slots operate in electric and magnetic resonant modes that the interference between transmitted and reflected waves is suppressed. This MS integrates three independent working modes, that is to say, it can reflect x-polarized waves propagating along +z/-z direction at high frequency and transmit x-polarized low-frequency waves from -z direction. Meanwhile, 360° phase coverage and continuous amplitude control from 0 to 1 can be independently achieved in three working modes. Based on this MS, an asymmetric spatial power divider is designed and measured. The measured results are consistent with the designed goals.

Theoretical investigation of HTS compact microstrip antennas printed on anisotropic substrates using hybrid cavity model

This work explores the effects of a compact, superconducting C-shaped patch printed on uniaxial anisotropic substrate, utilizing two uniaxial substrate materials: boron nitride and magnesium fluoride. This study employed the superconducting material BSCCO (2212 BSCCO crystal), with a critical temperature of 95 K. Using the hybrid cavity model, we identified and extracted two key parameters: the resonance frequency of conductive elements and the superconducting resonance frequency. We analyzed the impact of the operating temperature on the resonant frequency of a C-shaped superconductivity microstrip antenna, as well as the effect of the uniaxial substrate material and its thickness on the surface resistance and surface reactance. The results showed that temperature significantly affects the resonant frequency of the compact antenna. Our research highlighted the importance of selecting the correct operating temperature for a superconducting microstrip antenna to ensure optimal performance in compact microstrip antenna designs.

A New 1 Bit Electronically Reconfigurable Transmitarray

This article proposes a novel 1 bit electronically reconfigurable transmitarray, designed to facilitate digital two-dimensional beam scanning, boasting both high gain and a slim profile. The fundamental phase shifting unit of the transmitarray unit cell consists of a resonant cavity composed of a pair of orthogonal metal gates and dielectric layers, with a cross-sectional height of 0.17 λ. The middle layer of the phase-shifting unit is composed of circular gaps and C-shaped patches, and two diodes with opposite directions are loaded. By turning the diodes ON and OFF, current reversal is accomplished, allowing the unit to transition between its 0 and 1 states and achieve transmission-phase quantization. The unit’s minimal insertion loss is 0.37 dB in state 0 and 0.35 dB in state 1, respectively. In order to verify our design, we designed and processed a 16 × 16 transmitarray in the C-band. The simulated results are consistent with the experimental results. The experimental results show that the transmitarray can achieve ± 45° beam scanning on both the E-plane and H-plane, and the maximum gain is 20.59 dBi at 5 GHz, with an aperture efficiency of 20.5%.

Litar Setara Dwi Jalur Antena Dwikutub Bersepadu untuk Aplikasi RFID

This paper presents dual band antenna by designing basic dipole antenna integrated with C-shaped patches structure for RFID applications. This C-shaped patch is inspired by E-shapes patch antenna that able to perform multiband frequency. The design of the equivalent circuit started with the fundamental circuit of impedance Zo and Z1 which functioned as a dipole antenna in single band. The parallel RLC circuit of impedance Z2 is added in the circuit as loaded patch has affected the resonating frequency. Variations of C1 and L1 on impedance Z1 effect a gap between the two resonance frequencies without changing the bandwidth by shifting the lower frequency. In addition, the variation of C2 and L2 on the impedance Z2 also affects the ratio between the two resonance frequencies but both frequencies are shifted and the bandwidth changes. Consequently, the dual band is presented at 0.915 GHz (UHF RFID) and 2.4 GHz (ISM RFID) by calculating the value of the resistance, inductance and capacitance. The data from electromagnetic simulation are compared with the data predicted by the antenna circuit modeling. The frequency sampled measurement data may be represented in the form of S-parameter in order to represent dependent data in a time domain simulator in P-SPICE software. The C-shaped design can be independently controlled to perform lower band and upper band by adjusting the width and length of the patch. The performance of the proposed antenna demonstrates the dual band antenna for RFID application with good agreements between measured and simulated results.

Ultra-wideband circularly polarized millimeter wave antenna based on adjacent coupled feed

ABSTRACT In order to improve the performance of 5 G Millimeter wave, a new gap-coupled fed ultra-wideband circularly polarized antenna is proposed. Firstly, by fabricating the top structure of the slot antenna ，a C-shaped patch structure can adjust the surface transverse current as well as the longitudinal current to generate circularly polarized waves; then the feed structure at the bottom layer of the antenna is designed and resonance is generated with the top layer of the antenna to expand bandwidth. From the simulation and the measurement results can know that the −10 dB impedance bandwidth of the antenna is 19.21 GHz−45.50 GHz (81.25%); the 3 dB circularly polarized axial ratio (AR) bandwidth is 20.59 GHz−38.33 GHz (60.2%), with ultra-broadband circular polarization performance. The designed antenna has a simple structure, small size, low profile and wide working bandwidth, which can fully include N257, N258 and N261 bands, and has a good application prospect in 5 G communication.

Complementarily Coupled C-Shaped Microstrip Patches With Wide-Range Frequency Tuning Capability for Metal-Applicable UHF RFID Tag Design

A single-layer patch antenna, which is constructed using two complementarily placed C-shaped patches, has been proposed for designing a metal-mountable tag with a wide range of frequency tuning capability. The two patches are closely coupled for generating sufficient antenna reactance, which is in turn employed as a tuning mechanism. With only the employment of this tuning mechanism, the tag’s resonant frequency can be successfully tuned over a broad range covering 920 MHz–1.18 GHz without using any other external lumped components, shorting stubs, or vias. Good read performance is sustainable as the tuning can be performed without changing the antenna structure much. A transmission line model has also been constructed for the design and characterization processes. The proposed tag is compact ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.154\lambda \times 0.154\lambda \times 0.010\lambda$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ), and it can be read from ~9 m with 3.28 W effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP).

Millimeter-Wave Slot-Based Cavity Antennas With Flexibly-Chosen Linear Polarization

Slot-based cavity antennas are hailed as promising candidates for millimeter-wave applications. Nevertheless, the linear-polarization (LP) angle of their broadside main beam is limited by the slots etched on the cavity’s top surface. In this work, an innovative technique is developed to significantly improve the selection flexibility of their LP inclination angle. It is attained by an integration of a single-layer, closely spaced C-shaped patch surface. A TE <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">710</sub> -mode slot-based cavity antenna is employed as the base configuration, which radiates a broadside beam with its LP along <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\phi = 90^{\circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula> . To effectively predict and monitor the polarization conversion of the surface-integrated TE <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">710</sub> -mode cavity antenna, an analysis method using a unit cavity extracted from its original cavity antenna is presented. A subsequent surface-integrated system with the specified 45° LP was then simulated, fabricated, and measured. The measured results validate that a 45° LP state is achieved with an operating bandwidth from 33.3 to 36.5 GHz. Further investigation is conducted to flexibly choose the LP direction from <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\phi = 15^{\circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula> to 165°. Two more examples with the fabricated antenna prototypes successfully radiate the specified <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\phi = 15^{\circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and 75° LP beams, respectively. This near-field polarization conversion surface can be generalized to cavities with different resonant modes.

A Compact Wideband Circularly Polarized Planar Monopole Antenna With Axial Ratio Bandwidth Entirely Encompassing the Antenna Bandwidth

The antenna presented in this study is a compact wideband monopole with wideband circular polarization that can be used across the whole antenna bandwidth. A rectangular C-shaped patch is partially covered by a ground plane in the proposed planar monopole antenna. Inserting a rectangular stub to the ground plane, etching a slit at the antenna patch, and adding a semicircular stub at the top of the antenna feed line increase the antenna impedance bandwidth (BW) and axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW). An FR4 substrate with overall dimensions of 25 mm&#x00D7;25 mm&#x00D7;1.6 mm is used to create the antenna. The antenna&#x2019;s observed impedance BW is 70% (4.55 GHz in the 4.3-8.85 GHz band), while the measured broadside ARBW is improved to a value of 82.2 percent (5.3 GHz along the range 3.8-9.1 GHz). The impedance BW is perfectly covered by the ARBW; hence the antenna can be considered circularly polarized throughout its operational spectrum. Within the antenna BW, the measured gain is greater than 1.5 dB.

Design of C-Shaped Patch Antenna for Multiband Applications

Design of C-Shaped Patch Antenna for Multiband Applications

Design of a meandered line microstrip antenna with a slotted ground plane for RFID applications

In this article, the design and analysis of a meandered line monopole antenna with a defected ground structure (DGS) for RFID applications are investigated. In the proposed antenna, the linearly polarized meandered line acts as the main radiator whereas the inverted C-shaped patch acts as a parasitic element. The defects on the ground plane are responsible for providing low pass filter performance. From the measurement, it is found that the antenna operates over the frequency range of 5.74 GHz–6 GHz with a resonating frequency at 5.82 GHz. The designed antenna structure shows omnidirectional radiation characteristics with the realized gain value greater than 4 dBi in the entire operating frequency range. It has an overall dimension of 0.55λ0 × 0.55λ0 × 0.03λ0 at resonating frequency which is effectively fit for use in RFID readers operating at 5.82 GHz ISM band.

Twenty‐eight‐gigahertz beam‐switching ridge gap dielectric resonator antenna based on FSS for 5G applications

A new design of the double dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) fed by a printed ridge gap waveguide for beam-switching applications based on frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) is presented here. The dual-sided printed FSS element works in its reflection mode and comprises a slotted square C-shaped patch on the top layer and a square strip on the back plane. Therefore, the beam switching can be implemented by loading the proposed FSS array over and in the middle of DRAs. Loading the antenna with two layers of 3 × 3 FSS unit cells results in ±77° beam switching and a 3.16 dBi gain enhancement at 28 GHz. Simulation and measurements confirm the operation of the proposed antenna, with good matching and gain observed.

Compact C‐shaped MIMO diversity antenna for quad band applications with hexagonal stub for isolation improvement

A compact MIMO antenna was proposed in this article. The designed antenna is compact in size with dimensions of 20 × 34 × 1.6 mm. In this proposed antenna model the patch consisting of two counter facing C-shaped elements facing each other in which a hexagonal ring attached to a strip line which is placed in between the two C-shaped patch acts as the stub. The novelty of the antenna elements lies isolation improvement by using the ground stub with the use of circular ring resonator. The proposed antenna operates in four bands in which 2.66 to 3.60 GHz (Wi-Max, Wi-Fi), 4.52 to 5.78 GHz (WLAN), 6.59 to 7.40 GHz (satellite communication), and 9.55 to 10.91 GHz and having bandwidth of 0.94, 1.26, 0.81, and 1.36 GHz at four bands. The envelope correlation coefficient is ECC ≤ 0.3 and diversity gain > 9.8 dB for the operating bands of antenna proposed. This antenna can work in the bands of Wi-Max, Wi-Fi, WLAN, satellite communication in X-band and for radio location, and astronomy applications.

Dual wideband circular polarized CPW-fed strip and slots loaded compact square slot antenna for wireless and satellite applications

A small size coplanar waveguide-fed dual wideband circularly polarized square slot antenna (CPSSA) is presented. It composed of an inverted C-shaped patch, grounded-L strip, a pair of grounded spiral slots and a horizontal rectangular grounded slot. The circular polarization (CP) is achieved by embedding grounded-L strip and a pair of grounded spiral slots. By engraving rectangular slot in left corner of CPW ground plane, the 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW) of lower band is enhanced and it also generates another CP band at about 12 GHz and a notched band. From the experimental results, it is observed that the 3-dB ARBWs of the proposed antenna are 74.62% (5.01 GHz, 4.21–9.22 GHz) and 12% (1.37 GHz, 11.26–12.62 GHz) while the impedance bandwidths are 92.70% (6.48 GHz, 3.75–10.23 GHz) and 13.70% (1.63 GHz, 11.12–12.75 GHz) in lower and upper bands, respectively. The antenna has peak gain about 3.67 and 6.36 dBic in lower and upper CP bands, respectively, with good LHCP radiations. The overall size of antenna is 20 × 20 × 1 mm3.

A Microstrip Monopole Antenna with C-shaped Patch for Multiband Applications

In this study, a monopole antenna based on C-shaped microstrip patch for multiband applications has been presented. The projected antenna uses FR-4 substrate and reduced ground plane (defected ground plane) with a compact size of 14 mm × 24 mm. Reception tools parameters have been encoded and inserted by means of CST electromagnetic software package. The simulation consequences of the proposed antenna in terms of S11 responses, gain and radiation patterns are appropriate for Wi MAX, C-band, and WLAN applications for recent communication systems.

A broadband circularly polarized monopole antenna

A compact modified C-shaped monopole antenna with broadband circular polarization is proposed, fabricated and measured. The antenna structure is simple and only consists of combined modified C-shaped radiation patch and an improved ground plane with the overall size of 25 × 25 × 1 mm3. By cutting the corner on the modified C-shaped patch and adding triangular stubs on the ground plane, the wide impedance bandwidth and axial ratio bandwidth are achieved. The design process of the antenna is given, and the circular polarization mechanism of the circularly polarized antenna is analyzed from the surface current distributions. The measured impedance bandwidth is 95.2% (4.4-12.4 GHz) with return loss better than 10 dB, and the measured 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth is 96.8% (4.42-12.72 GHz). The peak gain is above 3.0 dBi within the working band, which indicates that it is suitable for application of ultra-wideband (UWB) wireless communication systems and satellite communication systems.

Cross-polarization suppression in C-shaped microstrip patch antenna employing anisotropic dielectrics

An anisotropic dielectric realized by layered ceramic structures was adopted to design a low cross-polarization C-shaped patch antenna. The anisotropic dielectric performs as a substrate and can cause additional cross-polarized fields which are able to cancel the cross-polarized fields generated by the C-shaped patch itself, and then reduce the cross-polarization level. Compared to the C-shaped patch antenna with an isotropic substrate, the cross-polarization of the proposed antenna is suppressed by more than 15[Formula: see text]dB with a little gain enhancement at 2.4[Formula: see text]GHz. The anisotropic dielectric has a little impact on the direction of the C-shaped patch antenna. The gain of the proposed C-shaped patch antenna is 6.8[Formula: see text]dB with a cross-polarization of [Formula: see text]28[Formula: see text]dB.

A Novel Broadband Circularly Polarized Monopole Antenna Based on C-Shaped Radiator

The design and implementation of a compact monopole antenna with broadband circular polarization is presented in this letter. The proposed antenna consists of a simple C-shaped patch and a modified ground plane with the overall size of 0.33 λ × 0.37 λ. By properly embedding a slit in the C-shaped patch and improving the ground plane with two triangular stubs, the measured broadband 3-dB axial-ratio bandwidth of 104.7% (2.05–6.55 GHz) is obtained, while the measured impedance bandwidth of 106.3% (2.25–7.35 GHz), defined by –10-dB return loss, is achieved. The performance for different parameters is analyzed. The proposed antenna is a good candidate for the application of various wireless communication systems.

An Application of ANN Model with Bayesian Regularization Learning Algorithm for Computing the Operating Frequency of C-Shaped Patch Antennas

An Application of ANN Model with Bayesian Regularization Learning Algorithm for Computing the Operating Frequency of C-Shaped Patch Antennas

Circularly polarised hybrid Z‐shaped cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna for multiband applications

This study presents design and analysis of a multi-band hybrid Z-shaped cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna (CDRA) with partial ground plane. The proposed antenna design consists of Z-shaped CDRA along with dual C-shaped patch. Dual C-shaped patch is used to excite TE 01δ mode, which also act as a radiator. Offset between upper and lower CDRAs is responsible for reduction in quality factor and also produce π /2 phase shift between the field lines of the proposed antenna which generates circular polarisation. The archetype of the proposed structure has been fabricated and practically validated. The proposed design operates in five frequency bands, i.e. 1.24-1.36 GHz, 2.56-2.88 GHz, 3.4-4.08 GHz, 5.08-5.72 GHz and 7.2-8.5 GHz with the fractional bandwidth of 9.23, 11.76, 18.18, 11.85 and 16.56%, respectively. Axial ratio bandwidth (AR <; 3 dB) for 7.85-8.35 GHz frequency band is 6.17%. The proposed antenna may be suitable for different wireless applications like WLAN (5.2 GHz), WiMAX (2.6/3.5/5.5 GHz) and satellite communication (7.9-8.39 GHz).

A Reconfigurable Multiband Antenna for RFID and GPS Applications

A C-shaped patches loaded with dipole antenna designed for multiband antenna is proposed. The antenna can be reconfigured as single band at 1.2275 GHz for GPS applications and dual-band frequencies at UHF band (850 MHz–930 MHz) and ISM band (2.41 GHz–2.54 GHz) required in RFID applications. The performance of the antenna involves changing the switches to ON or OFF mode by controlling switches. By adjusting the dimension of C-shaped patch, a dual-band frequency of 0.89 GHz and 2.46 GHz is performed. The antenna’s gains are 2 dBi and 3.2 dBi for lower and upper bands respectively. The length slot and length of C-shaped patch can be varied to adjust the desired upper frequency as well as the bandwidth. Moreover, the lower frequency can be tuned by varying the dipole arms for both elements. Nevertheless, the dipole antenna operated as single band when the switches are OFF at frequency resonance is 1.2275 GHz with 2.06 dBi of gain. The total efficiency for single and dual band is greater than 90 %. The design methodology and antenna measurement results are both presented and discussed in this paper. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.eee.21.6.13760