Bytes Of Information Research Articles

A Low-Cost Hardware/Software Platform for Lossless Real-Time Data Acquisition from Imaging Spectrometers.

In real-time data-intensive applications, achieving real-time data acquisition from sensors and simultaneous storage with the necessary performance is challenging, especially if "no-data-lost" requirements are present. Ad hoc solutions are generally expensive and suffer from a lack of modularity and scalability. In this work, we present a hardware/software platform built using commercial off-the-shelf elements, designed to acquire and store digitized signals captured from imaging spectrometers capable of supporting real-time data acquisition with stringent throughput requirements (sustained rates in the boundaries of 100 MBytes/s) and simultaneous information storage in a lossless fashion. The correct combination of commercial hardware components with a properly configured and optimized multithreaded software application has satisfied the requirements in determinism and capacity for processing and storing large amounts of information in real time, keeping the economic cost of the system low. This real-time data acquisition and storage system has been tested in different conditions and scenarios, being able to successfully capture 100,000 1 Mpx-sized images generated at a nominal speed of 23.5 MHz (input throughput of 94 Mbytes/s, 4 bytes acquired per pixel) and store the corresponding data (300 GBytes of data, 3 bytes stored per pixel) concurrently without any single byte of information lost or altered. The results indicate that, in terms of throughput and storage capacity, the proposed system delivers similar performance to data acquisition systems based on specialized hardware, but at a lower cost, and provides more flexibility and adaptation to changing requirements.

Outage Probability Analysis of LR-FHSS in Satellite IoT Networks

Long-range frequency-hopping spread spectrum (LR-FHSS) is a promising solution for long-range and dense deployment of Internet of Things (IoT) networks since it can provide a significant capacity improvement compared to the conventional Aloha-based chirp spread spectrum (CSS). In this letter, we present an analytical approach for deriving the outage probability of LR-FHSS in a satellite-based IoT network taking into account the noise, channel fading impairments, and more importantly, the capture effect. The obtained analytical expressions are validated with computer simulations and show that for a typical target outage probability of 10−2, exploiting LR-FHSS in the considered system model can serve up to 60, 000 and 120, 000 end devices per hour for 48 bytes of information using two specified data rates in the North America region. These numbers present significant capacity increases over the conventional low-power long-range (LoRa) network.

Data science and analytics in agricultural development

The consistent advancement of innovation has implied information and data being created at a rate, not at all like ever previously, and it's just on the ascent. The world makes an extra 2.5 quintillion bytes of information every year. The demand for individuals talented in investigating, deciphering, and utilising this information is now high and is set to become exponential over the coming years. The total populace is relied upon to arrive at 9.7 billion by 2050 from the current population of 7.8 billion. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has predicted that the development of farming must be expanded by 70% to provide for the extended interest. Data-driven agriculture choices can be a potent technology to manage the needs of this much high population, as this technology gives higher efficiency, rehearses support-ability, and even assists with giving straightforwardness to purchasers and consumers needing to find out about their food as reported in the studies. The current and future interests will require more data researchers, data engineers, data specialists, and chief data Officers. This paper tries to examine the need, use, role, and issues faced by data science and data analytics to improve the quality as well as quantity of Agricultural produce thereby leading to an increase in production, a decrease in costs, and overall sustainability.

Estimation of hardware and time redundancy when using an additive error vector to correct burst errors in digital data transmission systems

In digital data transmission systems, to improve noise immunity, cyclic codes are widely used, detecting and correcting byte (packet) errors. An error packet is understood to mean errors whose multiplicity does not exceed the number of bits b of the information block. Cyclic codes are used to correct byte errors. The most effective method for correcting byte errors are Reed-Solomon codes, which allow correcting errors in a given number of bytes of information. The main problem of using cyclic (sequential) codes is a long delay time associated with the need to perform a division operation to obtain the remainder, which is not acceptable for digital data transmission systems operating in real time. For example, when using the Reed-Solomon code with a code set length of 69 information bits, the implementation of decoding according to the Euclidean algorithm requires 96 clock cycles, which cannot ensure the channel operation in real time. To eliminate this drawback, one should use codes that correct burst errors that implement an algebraic coding procedure with syndromic decoding of information. However, replacing the cyclic procedure for encoding (decoding) information with a syndromic one leads to a sharp increase in hardware costs associated with the use of a memory unit in the decoder for storing error vector values and a decoder for generating error addresses in accordance with the resulting syndrome. Thus, there is a need to develop a methodological apparatus associated with the construction of a code that corrects errors in a given number of bytes of information and an estimate of the hardware and time costs associated with this purpose. In this work, the need to develop a methodological apparatus associated with the construction of a code that corrects errors in a given number of bytes of information with algebraic syndromic decoding and an assessment of the hardware and time costs associated with this purpose is substantiated. The paper presents the rules for constructing a correcting code that corrects errors in a given number of bytes of information, which implements a linear procedure for constructing a correcting code with syndromic decoding and using an additive error vector, which made it possible to reduce hardware costs for constructing a decoding device (to reduce the amount of memory for storing error vector values). For the developed method for correcting byte errors, expressions for evaluating the number are obtained: checking discharges; additive error vectors that do not require their storage in a memory block; error vectors, for burst errors that occur in adjacent bytes at the same time and require their values to be stored in a memory block. A comparative assessment of hardware and time redundancy in the implementation of the proposed method for correcting packet errors with existing methods is carried out. The proposed method of error correction in a given number of bytes of information with additive formation of the error vector differs from the existing ones in that it allows: carry out the correction of burst errors with algebraic-syndromic decoding (exclude the cyclical procedure for encoding and decoding information); to reduce hardware costs for building a decoding device, since in most cases does not require hardware costs for storing error vectors; to reduce the time spent on encoding and decoding information and to ensure the operation of the data transmission channel in real time; to increase the reliability of the transmitted information by detecting uncorrectable byte errors. Thus, the proposed method for correcting errors in a given number of bytes of information with additive formation of an error vector has a regular and relatively simple procedure for constructing a code, which allows one to reduce the hardware and time costs for encoding and decoding information.

Data Analytics for Business Using Tableau

The use of big data has sharply increased in recent years. As indicated by IBM, about 2.5 quintillion bytes of information are made each day. In future these amounts are increase exponentially. This data has been a boon for business means if we extract knowledge from massive data and use for the prediction of business decisions then its beneficial for both companies and their customers. Massive datasets volume is big, velocity is high and variety is diverse. These datasets are very difficult to handle using traditional techniques. So Data Analytics is essential to analyze the data. For better decision making the process of inspecting, refining, transforming, and modeling data is required which discover valuable information. This process is Data Analytics process. This paper focuses on some of the different analytics methods and tools.

Subjetividades da Comunicação Científica: a educação e a divulgação científicas no Brasil têm sido estremecidas em tempos de pós-verdade?

O neologismo pós-verdade é uma metonímia contemporânea para pensarmos o léxico verdade sob diferentes perspectivas. O principal objetivo deste ensaio é descrever, discutir e examinar como o fenômeno da pós-verdade tem se constituído e interferido na educação e na divulgação científicas. Assumimos uma atitude crítica frente ao problema da pós-verdade, procurando discutir seus reflexos na educação, e fortalecer as plataformas e as políticas públicas voltadas à educação e à divulgação científicas no Brasil contemporâneo. Defendemos que a verdade, como bem material (enquanto corpo sistematizado de conhecimento) e simbólico, parece diluir-se e enfraquecer-se no debate público, especialmente com novos ambientes de tecnologias digitais (Facebook, YouTube, WhatsApp, Twitter, Instagram, entre outros), nos quais circulam de forma indiscriminada e acrítica informações, fatos, fake news, corroborando para o estabelecimento de um estado de pós-verdade em que o que vale são os bytes de informação. Essa informação pode ser falsa (e muitas vezes é), o que desperta emoções através de mecanismos de persuasão. Nós, então, pensamos e argumentamos que subjetividades que pouco levam em conta fatos, evidências, convicção científica, epistemológica, política (ou cosmopolítica) tendem a ser nefastas à educação e à divulgação científicas.

Information Security using Cryptography and Image Steganography

Typically, hackers are ready to hack the confidential documents for their vested interests. The main challenge is to construct a secure relation between the secret message and image quality. To avoid dangerous illegal attacks by the third person, a scheme is proposed to have a combination of cryptography and image steganography techniques. This scheme will enable the security, secret message and image cannot be extracted. The International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA) cryptographic algorithms and Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) based steganography algorithm is chosen for the functionality. Cryptography is used to encrypt and decrypt the document. Steganography to hide document inside an image with increasing payload for the secure transmission of confidential data across the internet. In this paper we present a single application to hide the information by the sender, which is so important document and confidential in the form of files, it will be invisible to unauthorized person. The results of a suggested scheme with respect to PSNR of 90.06 dB with a payload of 52,400 bytes of information in an image.

Intensive packet domain mining engine (IPDME)

PurposeThe service denial threats are regularly regarded as tools for effortlessly triggering online-based services offline. Moreover, the present occurrences reveal that these threats are being constantly employed for masking other vulnerable threats like disseminating malware, information losses, wire scams and mining bitcoins (Sujithra et al., 2018; Boujnouni and Jedra, 2018). In some cases, service denials have been employed to cyberheist financial firms which sums around $100,000. Documentation from Neustar accounts that is about 70 percent of the financial sector are aware of the threat, and therefore, incidents result in few losses, more than 35 percent of service denial attempts are identified as malware soon after the threat is sent out (Divyavani and Dileep Kumar Reddy, 2018). Intensive packet analysis (IPA) explores the packet headers from Layers 2 to 4 along with the application information layer from Layers 5 to 7 for locating and evading vulnerable network-related threats. The networked systems could be simply contained by low potent service denial operations in case the supplies of the systems are minimized by the safety modules. The paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approachThe initial feature will be resolved using the IPDME by locating the standard precise header delimiters such as carriage return line feed equally locating the header names. For the designed IPDME, the time difficulties in locating the initial position of the header field within a packet with static time expenses of four cycles. For buffering packets, the framework functions at the speed of cables. Soon after locating the header position, the value of the field is mined linearly from the position. Mining all the field values consequentially resolves the forthcoming restrictions which could be increased by estimating various information bytes per cycle and omitting non-required information packets. In this way, the exploration space is minimized from the packet length to the length of the header. Because of the minimized mining time, the buffered packets could be operated at an increasing time.FindingsBased on the assessments of IPDME against broadly employed SIP application layer function tools it discloses hardware offloading of IPDME it could minimize the loads on the essential system supplies of about 25 percent. The IPDME reveals that the acceleration of 22X– 75X as evaluated against PJSIP parser and SNORT SIP pre-processor. One IPDME portrays an acceleration of 4X–6X during 12 occurrences of SNORT parsers executing on 12 processors. The IPDME accomplishes 3X superior to 200 parallel occurrences of GPU speeded up processors. Additionally, the IPDME has very minimal latencies with 12X–1,010X minimal than GPUs. IPDME accomplishes minimal energy trails of nearly 0.75 W using two engines and for 15 engines it is 3.6 W, which is 22.5X–100X less as evaluated to the graphic-based GPU speeding up.Originality/valueIPDME assures that the system pools are not fatigued on Layer 7 mining by transmitting straightforwardly based on network intrusions without branching into the operating systems. IPDME averts the latencies because of the memory accesses by sidestepping the operating system which essentially permits the scheme to function at wired speed. Based on the safety perception, IPDME ultimately enhances the performance of the safety systems employing them. The increased bandwidth of the IPDME assures that the IPA’s could function at their utmost bandwidth. The service time for the threat independent traffic is enhanced because of minimization over the comprehensive latencies over the path among the network intrusions and the related applications.

Covert Channel Establishment Through the Dynamic Adaptation of the Sequential Probability Ratio Test to Sensor Data in IoT

Owing to their hidden natures, covert channels can be utilized such that trojan applications can communicate stealthily with each other or exchange stolen private information without being revealed. To prevent damage incurred by covert channels, researchers have preemptively scrutinized diverse covert channels that can be devised by an attacker. Although covert channels based on sensor data may interest an attacker because sensing operation is a key task in Internet of Things (IoT), we do not find any covert channel studies that adapted the Sequential Probability Ratio Test (SPRT) to sensor data except our prior study [27] , where the SPRT is applied to sensor data in Android systems before an attacker’s conception; however, our previous study showed limitations owing to the static nature of the SPRT parameter settings and the method of mapping sensor data to sample types for covert channel creation. To demonstrate that these limitations can be pacified, we propose a covert channel that dynamically applies the SPRT to sensor data in IoT. In our proposed covert channel, stealthy information bit 1 (resp. 0) is encoded to and decoded from a sequence of sensor data when the SPRT with dynamic parameter settings accepts an alternate (resp. null) hypothesis. We implement our proposed covert channel in Raspberry Pi 3 Model B devices and evaluate it in terms of various metrics. Evaluation results indicate that every encoded stealthy information byte is successfully decoded in our covert channel. Furthermore, 3.513 samples and 28.105 SPRT executions at the most are required for encoding/decoding a stealthy information byte in our devised covert channel on an average, thus resulting in fast encoding/decoding in our covert channel. Finally, our developed covert channel yields a throughput ranging from 4097.5 to 9061.67 bits/sec.

An efficient approach to predict emergency calls and locations

Big data stands for huge set or collecting information which can't be prepared by modern techniques, for example, data processing. Ex- mining enormous information has the quality in the arena of interpersonal organizations, spot business patterns, web, drug, science, fund, commerce informatics and indeed in government. Dissecting information would assistance in extraordinary basic leadership, which may achieve change happening productivity, diminishment in cost and disappointment dangers. Enormous information examination turns into an awesome hunger for the creating associations since it winds up plainly troublesome for those associations to process a excess of tera bytes of information. Huge information investigation even discovers its request in considerate the purpose behind regular or man influenced failures by gathering enormous information keeping in observance conclusion to recuperate from the catastrophe and to develop the correspondence since correspondence is the primary test that the common people face while confronting sudden failures..

Integration of microbiological, epidemiological and next generation sequencing technologies data for the managing of nosocomial infections

At its core, the work of clinical microbiologists consists in the retrieving of a few bytes of information (species identification; metabolic capacities; staining and antigenic properties; antibiotic resistance profiles, etc.) from pathogenic agents. The development of next generation sequencing technologies (NGS), and the possibility to determine the entire genome for bacterial pathogens, fungi and protozoans will likely introduce a breakthrough in the amount of information generated by clinical microbiology laboratories: from bytes to Megabytes of information, for a single isolate. In parallel, the development of novel informatics tools, designed for the management and analysis of the so-called Big Data, offers the possibility to search for patterns in databases collecting genomic and microbiological information on the pathogens, as well as epidemiological data and information on the clinical parameters of the patients. Nosocomial infections and antibiotic resistance will likely represent major challenges for clinical microbiologists, in the next decades. In this paper, we describe how bacterial genomics based on NGS, integrated with novel informatic tools, could contribute to the control of hospital infections and multi-drug resistant pathogens.

Negative mode MS/MS to read digital information encoded in sequence-defined oligo(urethane)s: A mechanistic study

MS/MS sequencing is an unrivaled technique to decipher binary information chemically encoded in the backbone of sequence-controlled synthetic polymers constructed with two co-monomers of different mass, arbitrarily designated as the 0- and 1-bit of the ASCII alphabet. Efficiency of this “reading” step relies however on the simplicity of MS/MS patterns, which depends on both polymer chemistry and chain length. In this context, polyurethanes (PUs) were very promising candidates as dissociation of small deprotonated oligomers (n<8) yielded a single fragment series. The carbamate bond cleavage reaction was hence studied in details to tentatively anticipate the CID behavior of longer chains prior to optimizing their synthesis. In spite of the simplicity of MS/MS spectra, three different mechanisms were evidenced; however, they were not expected to induce MS/MS complexity when activating longer chains, as verified for sequence-controlled PUs containing up to two bytes of information (i.e., 16 co-monomers). In contrast, the ionization step appeared to be an issue: deprotonation yield of the end-group in negative ion mode electrospray was observed to strongly decrease as PU chain length increases. This sensitivity issue was addressed by introducing a second acidic end-group to allow doubly deprotonated oligomers with no impact on their CID behavior.

Robust nonlinear channel equalization using WNN trained by symbiotic organism search algorithm

In the present world of ‘Big Data,’ the communication channels are always remaining busy and overloaded to transfer quintillion bytes of information. To design an effective equalizer to prevent the inter-symbol interference in such scenario is a challenging task. In this paper, we develop equalizers based on a nonlinear neural structure (wavelet neural network (WNN)) and train it's weighted by a recently developed meta-heuristic (symbiotic organisms search algorithm). The performance of the proposed equalizer is compared with WNN trained by cat swarm optimization (CSO) and clonal selection algorithm (CLONAL), particle swarm optimization (PSO) and least mean square algorithm (LMS). The performance is also compared with other equalizers with structure based on functional link artificial neural network (trigonometric FLANN), radial basis function network (RBF) and finite impulse response filter (FIR). The superior performance is demonstrated on equalization of two non-linear three taps channels and a linear twenty-three taps telephonic channel. It is observed that the performance of the gradient algorithm based equalizers fails in the presence of burst error. The robustness in the performance of the proposed equalizers to handle the burst error conditions is also demonstrated.

Examining Collaborative Knowledge Construction in Microblogging-Based Learning Environments

Aim/Purpose: The purpose of the study is to provide foundational research to exemplify how knowledge construction takes place in microblogging-based learning environments, to understand learner interaction representing the knowledge construction process, and to analyze learner perception, thereby suggesting a model of delivery for microblogging. Background: Up-and-coming digital native learners crave the real-time, multimedia, global-interconnectedness of microblogging, yet there has been limited research that specifically proposes a working model of Twitter’s classroom integration for designers and practitioners without bundling it in with other social media tools. Methodology: This semester-long study utilized a case-study research design via a multi-dimensional approach in a hybrid classroom with both face-to-face and online environments. Tweets were collected from four types of activities and coded based on content within their contextual setting. Twenty-four college students participated in the study. Contribution: The findings shed light on the process of knowledge construction in mi-croblogging and reveal key types of knowledge manifested during learning activities. The study also proposes a model for delivering microblogging to formal learning environments applicable to various contexts for designers and practitioners. Findings: There are distinct learner interaction patterns representing the process of knowledge construction in microblogging activities ranging from low-order to high-order cognitive tasks. Students generally were in favor of the Twitter integration in this study. Recommendations for Practitioners: The three central activities (exploring hashtags, discussion topics, and participating in live chats) along with the backchannel activity formulate a working model that represents the sequential process of Twitter integration into classrooms. Impact on Society: Microblogging allows learners omnichannel access while hashtags can filter the global noise down to meaningful bytes of information to target formal and informal learning. When shared amongst global users for participatory communication, it gives access to collaborative knowledge. This study gives practitioners and designers a working model to leverage microblogging and connect to their tech-savvy learners for more connected learning. Future Research: Future research may include experiments of this proposed model for delivering microblogging in: prolonged studies; compared to other microblogging methodologies; in non-hybrid delivery models such as asynchronous-only; in other academic or professional disciplines; or in other educational age ranges.

A Novel Approach for Data Cleaning by Selecting the Optimal Data to Fill the Missing Values for Maintaining Reliable Data Warehouse

At present trillion of bytes of information is being created by projects particularly in web. To accomplish the best choice for business benefits, access to that information in a very much arranged and intuitive way is dependably a fantasy of business administrators and chiefs. Information warehouse is the main feasible arrangement that can bring the fantasy into reality. The upgrade of future attempts to settle on choices relies on upon the accessibility of right data that depends on nature of information basic. The quality information must be created by cleaning information preceding stacking into information distribution center following the information gathered from diverse sources will be grimy. Once the information have been pre-prepared and purified then it produces exact results on applying the information mining question. There are numerous cases where the data is sparse in nature. To get accurate results with sparse data is hard. In this paper the main goal is to fill the missing values in acquired data which is sparse in nature. Precisely caution must be taken to choose minimum number of text pieces to fill the holes for which we have used Jaccard Dissimilarity function for clustering the data which is frequent in nature.

Evolutionary Immersion, Digital Arts, Science and Technology

A theoretical defense of aesthetics as an open science, of knowledge from the perspective of computational information and electronic networks. The transformation of technologies vis-à-vis the evolutionary creation and immersion of digital arts and the use of computing poses a wider conception about interaction, participation and visual concepts in terms of an event horizon. Artists and scientists who use the digital medium face two transformation processes in the creative milieu: in the first place, understanding the transformation of the matter used in the past to represent objects and works of art, now with information bytes, computing codes and algorithms. On the other hand, computational technologies used in order to share and transfer knowledge on the Internet, establishing social, academic and scientific ties leading to the creation of immersive relationships that explain a technological and creative evolution. Revision: Leslie H. Damasceno

Permanent genetic memory with >1-byte capacity.

Genetic memory enables the recording of information in the DNA of living cells. Memory can record a transient environmental signal or cell state that is then recalled at a later time. Permanent memory is implemented using irreversible recombinases that invert the orientation of a unit of DNA, corresponding to the [0,1] state of a bit. To expand the memory capacity, we have applied bioinformatics to identify 34 phage integrases (and their cognate attB and attP recognition sites), from which we build 11 memory switches that are perfectly orthogonal to each other and the FimE and HbiF bacterial invertases. Using these switches, a memory array is constructed in Escherichia coli that can record 1.375 bytes of information. It is demonstrated that the recombinases can be layered and used to permanently record the transient state of a transcriptional logic gate.

Robert Burns and Big Data; Or, Pests of Quantity and Visualization

This essay addresses the relationship between shape and number that is implicit to the conversion of statistics into forms of visual display. It does so by way of the work and legacy of Robert Burns, particularly the well-known poems “To a Louse” and “To a Mouse.” Bearing the reputation of Scotland’s national bard, a figure resolving a multiplicity of citizens into the image of unity, Burns’s poems nevertheless present complex, creaturely subjects that seemingly consist in more and less than themselves, in more and less than “one.” The poems thus make a narrow case for the breakdown of sympathy and a broader one for the irreducible complexity of being. Such complexity inflects the very structure of what scholars, after Franco Moretti, call the quantitative analysis of literature (in the conversion of texts to countable units: one, two, three, etc.). It also reveals how texts from literary history both complement and undercut the practices that partly convert those texts into bytes of information.

Holographic Screens in Ultraviolet Self-Complete Quantum Gravity

This paper studies the geometry and the thermodynamics of aholographic screenin the framework of the ultraviolet self-complete quantum gravity. To achieve this goal we construct a new static, neutral, nonrotating black hole metric, whose outer (event) horizon coincides with the surface of the screen. The spacetime admits an extremal configuration corresponding to the minimal holographic screen and having both mass and radius equalling the Planck units. We identify this object as the spacetime fundamental building block, whose interior is physically unaccessible and cannot be probed even during the Hawking evaporation terminal phase. In agreement with the holographic principle, relevant processes take place on the screen surface. The area quantization leads to a discrete mass spectrum. An analysis of the entropy shows that the minimal holographic screen can store only one byte of information, while in the thermodynamic limit the area law is corrected by a logarithmic term.

Transforming 300 billion points of data into diagnostics, therapeutics and new insights into disease

INTRODUCTION Over the past few years, collaboration between the CPNP Research and Program Committees has resulted in high quality, member-driven research programming at the Annual Meeting. Programming input is requested from all CPNP committees but this collaboration, in particular, has led to the development of focused programming fulfilling a need for members who either work primarily in a research setting or want to keep abreast of the everchanging field of psychopharmacology research. One of the logistical difficulties of this type of collaboration is the CPNP programming timeline. It is not long after the Annual Meeting that the following year's offerings are determined. With the focus of both committees and commitment to excellence in programming, this project has been a great success. The collaboration has led to two-hour tracks of programming ranging from 'Incorporating Health Services Research into Practice' to this past meeting's 'Academic Detailing'. An additional hour of research programming this year focused on drug repurposing/repositioning. Dr. Atul Butte, MD, a bioinformatician and pediatric endocrinologist from Stanford University's School of Medicine, whose lab uses publicly available molecular measurements to find new uses for drugs, presented a lecture entitled, "Transforming 300 Billion Points of Data into Diagnostics, Therapeutics and New Insights into Disease". As the offerings are many at the Annual Meeting, CPNP Program Committee leadership thought a brief review of what was discussed in this lecture was in order for all members.