By-products Of Other Industries Research Articles

Lightweight Plastering Compound Using Volcanic Tuff

Lightweight reinforced plaster coatings include a group of special types of textile concrete, which also includes concrete sheets, reinforced plaster coatings, including lightweight and heat-insulating ones. The basis for any type of textile concrete is a modified binder, the formulation of which is currently being developed by foreign and domestic research centers. active mineral additives (both natural and by-products of other industries) can be used in the binder, and it is also possible to use construction waste prepared accordingly. Development of the scientific basis for selecting the composition and the formation of a methodology for selecting the composition of the modified binder as the main component of textile concrete, including the use of finely ground construction waste obtained during the dismantling of construction projects, including within the framework of the housing renovation program. The purpose of the research outlined in the article was to develop a methodology for selecting the composition of the binder, predicting the properties and optimizing light plaster coatings based on a modified hydraulic binder, volcanic tuff and construction waste. The use of a composite binder will expand the possibilities of using these materials, and the introduction of finely ground waste will reduce the consumption of Portland cement clinker, which also increases the energy efficiency of such materials.

Modern admixtures for durable and sustainable concrete

Admixtures have been in use in building construction industry from time immemorial. Modern day admixtures are generally organic compounds which are synthesized from the by-products of other industries. The difference between the pre-modern and modern admixtures stems not only from their inherent structures, their style of dispersion, their water reducing capabilities but also from the type of cementitious medium through which they act. The problem with the modern admixtures is that they face numerous issues when applied mainly from the cement’s inherent chemistry be it the compositions or finesses or both. This paper discusses the effect of cement types like its fineness, its mineralogical content, etc. on the properties of superplasticizers added mixes like its setting times, workability, flowability, compressive strength, durability, micro structures, ability of nano modifications etc.

Simple Compressive Strength Results of Sodium-Hydroxide- and Sodium-Silicate-Activated Copper Flotation Tailing Geopolymers

Geopolymers are created by mixing a source of aluminosilicates, which can be natural or by-products of other industries, with an alkaline solution, which dissolves the aluminates and silicates present in this source, where after a polymerization process, an N-A-S-H gel is formed, which is responsible for providing the properties that characterize geopolymers. Among the variety of existing geopolymers, those based on by-products from other industries stand out since they were demonstrated to be a less-polluting alternative for concrete production than ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Due to the above, it is essential to study copper flotation tailings as raw material to generate geopolymers. The excessive amounts of existing tailing deposits also produce different risks for the nearby communities. Therefore, using this industrial waste as a construction material would provide several environmental and economic benefits. This article reports on the experimental work carried out in the laboratory of the Sustainable Mining Research Center CIMS of the Engineering Consulting Company JRI, where the effect of the alkaline activator type on the compressive strength of geopolymers based on copper flotation tailings was analyzed. For this purpose, two geopolymeric mixtures were made with different kinds of alkaline activators; one activated using 100% NaOH and the other activated with 100% sodium silicate (SS). From the results, it was found that the geopolymers activated with 100% SS obtained the highest compressive strength, reaching 36.46 MPa with 7 days of curing at 90 °C, followed by the geopolymers activated with 100% NaOH, where a compressive strength of 22.98 MPa was obtained under the same curing conditions. On the other hand, it was found that both geopolymers created were not leachable according to the TCLP test performed, and thus, these geopolymers were classified as non-toxic materials. In addition, it was found that both geopolymers presented a high infiltration value, making them practically impermeable.

Vol4 num3-4 Ternary cements as a sustainable alternative in Civil Engineering

Construction industry is among the most polluting human activities, mainly due to CO2 emisions produced during portland cement manufacture. The cement production industry has incorporated byproducts of other industries, to produce a more sustainable material. This would be due to the decrease of raw materials, treat byproducts in a safe way, and improve the properties of the cement manufactured. The durability of the structures would also be improved. The main problem is that the properties are not good in the short term. In the last years there have been many efforts regarding the incorporation of two or more aditions, because they produce a synergic effect that improve the properties of concrete or mortars. This type of cements has been called ternary cements In this work ternary cements have been produced using three different aditions: ground granulated blast furnance slag, and fly ashes, as active aditions, and limestone filler as a non-active adition. The total amount of addition is limited to a 35% maximum, for all of them together, as it is stated in the instruction for structural concrete, EHE-08. 35% is the maximum adition allowed for concrete production, and always added to ordinary portland cement. Mechanical properties and some durability parameters have been studied in the short terms for both a ternary cement and the results have been compared with a binary cement.The results are promising, and show a good behavior, what means that these cements could be safely used in real structures.

Ternary cements as a sustainable alternative in Civil Engineering

Construction industry is among the most polluting human activities, mainly due to CO2 emisions produced during portland cement manufacture. The cement production industry has incorporated byproducts of other industries, to produce a more sustainable material. This would be due to the decrease of raw materials, treat byproducts in a safe way, and improve the properties of the cement manufactured. The durability of the structures would also be improved. The main problem is that the properties are not good in the short term. In the last years there have been many efforts regarding the incorporation of two or more aditions, because they produce a synergic effect that improve the properties of concrete or mortars. This type of cements has been called ternary cements In this work ternary cements have been produced using three different aditions: ground granulated blast furnance slag, and fly ashes, as active aditions, and limestone filler as a non-active adition. The total amount of addition is limited to a 35% maximum, for all of them together, as it is stated in the instruction for structural concrete, EHE-08. 35% is the maximum adition allowed for concrete production, and always added to ordinary portland cement. Mechanical properties and some durability parameters have been studied in the short terms for both a ternary cement and the results have been compared with a binary cement.The results are promising, and show a good behavior, what means that these cements could be safely used in real structures.

Modified Gypsum Binder for Plastering Systems

A natural gypsum binder or its analogs, which are the products of local raw materials recycling or by-products of other industries, is used as a basic component in the composition of interior plastering mixtures. Plaster coatings based on a gypsum binder have two main features. The first is the ability to control room humidity and absorb harmful emissions. The second is the ability to implement the barrier protection function in case of fire.Improvement of plastering works quality and optimization of their cost is related to the development of modified gypsum-based compositions, the justified use of waste, and local building materials, which include a clay-gypsum binder. Clay gypsum as a natural material of sedimentary origin is widespread both in Russia and in post-Soviet countries. In terms of energy intensity and manufacturability, raw materials recycling into clay-gypsum binder does not differ from the conditions of traditional processing of natural gypsum. Compared with lime or cement mortars, mortars based on clay-gypsum binders have greater elasticity and plasticity. Such properties as convenient masonry and thixotropy as well as the interval for maintaining the viability of the mixture are related to application technology and regulated by the insertion of modifying additives, which formulation was the aim of the research. The research results are presented in this article. Studies have shown that varying the recipe parameters allows us to control both the strength and operating characteristics of clay-based mixtures, as well as their application technology.

Modified gypsum binder for interior systems

As the main component for many interior plaster mixes, a natural gypsum binder or its analogues is used, which are products of processing of local raw materials or by-products of other industries. Under operating conditions, gypsum binder-based plaster coatings have two main features. The first is the ability to regulate room humidity and absorb harmful emissions. The second is the ability to implement the function of barrier protection in the event of a fire. Improving the quality of plastering works and optimizing their cost is associated with the development of modified compositions based on gypsum, justified use of waste and local building materials, which include clay-gypsum binder. Clay gypsum as a natural material of sedimentary origin is widespread both in Russia and in the states formed in the post-Soviet space. In terms of energy intensity and manufacturability, the processing of raw materials into a clay-gypsum binder does not differ from the conditions of traditional processing of natural gypsum. Compared to lime or cement mortars, mortars based on gypsum binder have greater elasticity and plasticity. Such properties associated with the manufacturability of the application, such as workability and thixotropy, as well as the interval for maintaining the pot life of the mixture, are controlled by the introduction of modifying additives, the evaluation of the formulation of which was the purpose of the research, the results of which are presented in the article. The studies carried out have established that varying the recipe parameters make it possible to regulate both the strength and performance characteristics of mixtures based on gypsum plaster, as well as the manufacturability of their application.

Strength aspects of High Performance Concrete by using Waste Material as replacement of Fine Aggregate in various percentages

High Performance Concrete (HPC) is becoming extremely popular now a day in applications, which require substantial improvements in structural capacity and resistance to aggressive environments. Several researchers have tried different mineral admixtures like Fly Ash (FA), Silica Fume (SF) and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) in producing HPC. These admixtures are generally by-products of other industries and hence their properties are not identical and it is very difficult to assure the quality. This paper proposes a relatively new mineral admixture called High-Reactivity Metakaolin (HRM) with potential utility in the production of High Performance Concrete. In recent years Metakaolin is identified as a new pozzolanic admixture which is cost effective, cheaper and can also be considered as best alternative to micro silica. To achieve the economy, Metakaolin which is derived from purified kaolin clay is adding with ordinary Portland cement as partial replacement. In additional strength add with Glass fiber to use for ordinary Portland cement. The Fiber used in this investigation is E – Glass fiber made from glass material of size 6mm and 12mm diameter respectively. Except for control concrete, quarry waste fine aggregate was used in all concretes as a partial replacement of natural sand. The effects of quarry waste fine aggregate on several fresh and hardened properties of the concretes were investigated. It was found that quarry waste fine aggregate and waste recycling coarse aggregate enhanced the slump and slump flow of the fresh concretes. But the unit weight and air content of the concretes were not affected. The overall test results revealed that quarry waste fine aggregate can be utilized in concrete mixtures as a good substitute of natural sand. The experimental work comprises of Compressive Strength test, Split Tensile strength test and Flexure test was conducted. In this experimental investigation, M30 grade were obtained by replacing 0 to 15% replacement of quarry dust instead of Fine aggregate, 0 to 10% of Metakaolin added as supplementary in cement. It shows better result in the mix of 7.5% of Metakaoiln, 0.5% of fiber and 10% of quarry dust in concrete.

Sulfur-Containing Polymers Prepared from Fatty Acid-Derived Monomers: Application of Atom-Economical Thiol-ene/Thiol-yne Click Reactions and Inverse Vulcanization Strategies

This paper is review with 119 references. Approaches to supplant currently used plastics with materials made from more sustainably-sourced monomers is one of the great contemporary challenges in sustainable chemistry. Fatty acids are attractive candidates as polymer precursors because they can be affordably produced on all inhabited continents, and they are also abundant as underutilized by-products of other industries. In surveying the array of synthetic approaches to convert fatty acids into polymers, those routes that produce organosulfur polymers stand out as being especially attractive from a sustainability standpoint. The first well-explored synthetic approach to fatty acid-derived organosulfur polymers employs the thiol-ene click reaction or the closely-related thiol-yne variation. This approach is high-yielding under mild conditions with up to 100% atom economy and high functional group tolerance. More recently, inverse vulcanization has been employed to access high sulfur-content polymers by the reaction of fatty acid-derived olefins with elemental sulfur. This approach is attractive not only because it is theoretically 100% atom economical but also because elemental sulfur is itself an underutilized by-product of fossil fuel refining. The thiol-ene, inverse vulcanization, and mechanistically-related thiol-yne and classic vulcanization are therefore discussed as promising routes to access polymers and composites from fatty acid-derived precursors.

Experimental data on compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity properties of sustainable mortar made with high content of GGBFS and CKD combinations.

The development in the construction sector and population growth requires an increase in the consumption of construction materials, mainly concrete. Cement is the binder in concrete, so increasing cement production will increase the energy consumed, as well as in the emission of carbon dioxide. This harmful effect of the environment led to the search for alternative materials for cement, as the waste or by-products of other industries is a promising solution in this case. Among these common materials are ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and cement kiln dust (CKD). This dataset describes the compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity of mortar consisted of high content of GGBS and CKD combinations as a partial substitute for cement (up to 80%) at the ages of 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 56, 90 and 550 days. This dataset can help the researchers to understand the behaviour of GGBS and CKD in high replacement levels for cement during early (1 day) and later ages (550 days). According to this understanding, the authors believe that the data available here can be used to produce more environmentally friendly mortar or concrete mixtures by significantly reducing the amount of cement used by replacing it with waste or by-products of other industries.

Extending supplementary cementitious material resources: Reclaimed and remediated fly ash and natural pozzolans

The concrete industry is under increasing pressure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and energy use in portland cement manufacturing. While there are several possible ways to address this challenge, an immediate solution is to minimize the amount of portland cement used by partially substituting other materials to make concrete binders. Typical supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) used in concrete are byproducts of other industries, such as fly ash from coal burning power production. However, in some regions, changes in the supply-demand chain for SCMs is limiting the ability of the concrete industry to fully utilize these traditional, byproduct SCMs in concrete. This paper addresses current research on avenues for extending SCM resources, particularly in the context of fly ash shortages in the US, including concrete-grade reclaimed fly ash and natural pozzolans.

Market Penetration of Biodiesel

This research examines in detail the technology and economics of substituting biodiesel for diesel #2. This endeavor examines three areas. First, the benefits of biodiesel are examined, and the technical problems of large-scale implementation. Second, the biodiesel production possibilities are examined for soybean oil, corn oil, tallow, and yellow grease, which are the largest sources of feedstocks for the United States. Examining in detail the production possibilities allows to identity the extent of technological change, production costs, byproducts, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Finally, a U.S. agricultural model, FASOMGHG was used to predict market penetration of biodiesel, given technological progress, variety of technologies and feedstocks, market interactions, energy prices, and carbon dioxide equivalent prices.FASOMGHG has several interesting results. First, diesel fuel prices have an expansionary impact on the biodiesel industry. The higher the diesel fuel prices, the more biodiesel is produced. However, given the most favorable circumstances, the maximum biodiesel market penetration is 9% in 2030 with a wholesale diesel price of $4 per gallon. Second, the two dominant sources of biodiesel are from corn and soybeans. Sources like tallow and yellow grease are more limited, because they are byproducts of other industries. Third, GHG prices have an expansionary impact on the biodiesel prices, because biodiesel is quite GHG efficient. Finally, U.S. government subsidies on biofuels have an expansionary impact on biodiesel production, and increase market penetration at least an additional 3%.

Durability properties of concrete with blended cements

AbstractThe study of chloride‐induced corrosion started more than three decades ago, after extensive cases of damage were observed on reinforced concrete structures in coastal regions and on infrastructural objects exposed to salt action. Nowadays, the basis for sustainable concrete industry lies in these three aspects: reducing CO2 emissions by using by‐products of other industries (slag, fly ash, silica fume) for cement production, conservation of natural resources by replacing part of the aggregate with recycled construction waste, as well as use of recycled water in concrete production, and finally, construction of durable concrete structures. Durability design procedures for reinforced concrete structures in aggressive environments are still to a large extent empirical, especially in the case of using blended cements. The type of cement has a considerable effect on the properties of concrete, especially concrete resistance to the penetration of chloride ions. The paper presents results of testing durability and deformational properties of concrete produced with quaternary‐blended cement. A clearer insight into these properties is a necessary starting point for the performance‐based design of concrete prepared with blended cements, leading to more durable and corrosion‐free concrete structures in aggressive environments.

Cement Manufacture and the Environment Part II: Environmental Challenges and Opportunities

SummaryConstruction materials account for a significant proportion of nonfuel materials flows throughout the industrialized world. Hydraulic (chiefly portland) cement, the binding agent in concrete and most mortars, is an important construction material. Portland cement is made primarily from finely ground clinker, a manufactured intermediate product that is composed predominantly of hydraulically active calcium silicate minerals formed through high‐temperature burning of limestone and other materials in a kiln. This process typically requires approximately 3 to 6 million Btu (3.2 to 6.3 GJ) of energy and 1.7 tons of raw materials (chiefly limestone) per ton (t) of clinker produced and is accompanied by significant emissions of, in particular, carbon dioxide (CO2), but also nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, and particulates. The overall level of CO2 output, about 1 ton/ton clinker, is almost equally contributed by the calcination of limestone and the combustion of fuels and makes the cement industry one of the top two manufacturing industry sources of this greenhouse gas. The enormous demand for cement and the large energy and raw material requirements of its manufacture allow the cement industry to consume a wide variety of waste raw materials and fuels and provide the industry with significant opportunities to symbiotically utilize large quantities of by‐products of other industries.This article, the second in a two‐part series, summarizes some of the environmental challenges and opportunities facing the cement manufacturing industry. In the companion article, the chemistry, technology, raw materials, and energy requirements of cement manufacture were summarized. Because of the size and scope of the U.S. cement industry, the article relies primarily on data and practices from the United States.

Cement Manufacture and the Environment: Part I: Chemistry and Technology

SummaryHydraulic (chiefly portland) cement is the binding agent in concrete and mortar and thus a key component of a country's construction sector. Concrete is arguably the most abundant of all manufactured solid materials. Portland cement is made primarily from finely ground clinker, which itself is composed dominantly of hydraulically active calcium silicate minerals formed through high‐temperature burning of limestone and other materials in a kiln. This process requires approximately 1.7 tons of raw materials per ton of clinker produced and yields about 1 ton of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, of which cal‐cination of limestone and the combustion of fuels each con‐tribute about half. The overall level of CO2 output makes the cement industry one of the top two manufacturing industry sources of greenhouse gases; however, in many countries, the cement industry's contribution is a small fraction of that from fossil fuel combustion by power plants and motor vehicles. The nature of clinker and the enormous heat requirements of its manufacture allow the cement industry to consume a wide variety of waste raw materials and fuels, thus providing the opportunity to apply key concepts of industrial ecology, most notably the closing of loops through the use of by‐products of other industries (industrial symbiosis).In this article, the chemistry and technology of cement manufacture are summarized. In a forthcoming companion ar‐ticle (part II), some of the environmental challenges and op‐portunities facing the cement industry are described. Because of the size and scope of the U.S. cement industry, the analysis relies primarily on data and practices from the United States.

The Location of the Cement Industry of Eastern Siberia Within the Long-Term Future

The present location of the East Siberian cement industry is irrational because it does not correspond to the location of its markets, depends heavily on raw-material hauls from other parts of the country, and does not supply the cement types needed within the East Siberian region. Because of a shortage of natural cement materials within the region, it is proposed that cement production be based on the utilization of by-products of other industries, such as alumina production.

Comparison of Different Types of Materials for Broiler Litter

INTRODUCTIONTHERE are many different materials used for litter in the broiler industry. Materials used are usually ones that are available locally and are fairly inexpensive. Many materials used for this purpose are by-products of other industries; for example, cane bagasse, the chopped sugar cane stalk after the sugar has been extracted; rice hulls, which are the hulls from the rice grain; and straw, which is the by-product from oat and wheat farming.The particle size is an important consideration in selecting a litter for broilers. Smith (1956) found that corn cobs caused the birds to have more breast blisters than finer ground corn cobs. He recommended using a material with a particle size less than 3/8 inch in diameter. Aho et al. (1955) found that a wood chip of one to two inches in circumference created drier conditions than wood chips three or four inches in circumference.The use …