By-product Of Production Research Articles

Redefining C-peptide: Therapeutic Potential in Mitigating Diabetic Microvascular Complications

This review examines the changing insights into C-peptide and its potential for therapeutic actions against the backdrop of diabetic microvascular complications. C-peptide, formerly regarded as just a byproduct of insulin production, has recently surfaced as a bioactive peptide with important physiological effects. Findings indicate that C-peptide has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capabilities, strengthens glucose utilization, and raises insulin sensitivity. Trial results for C-peptide replacement therapy show hope for treating diabetic neuropathy and nephropathy conditions. The article reviews the influence of C-peptide on cells, focusing on interactions with cell surface receptors and the stimulation of signaling molecules inside cells. C-peptide's role in generating nitric oxide, activating Na+K+ATPase, and improving the flow of blood in microvessels is emphasized. The review explores how C-peptide affects red blood cell deformability and its potential capabilities in reducing multiple diabetic complications. Besides, the article examines current research into C-peptide analogs that have a long-lasting effect and clinical trials that assess C-peptide replacement therapy. ErsattaTM, a new generation of weekly dosage disease-modifying replacement peptides, is seen as a promising advance in the treatment of chronic diabetes complications. Overall, this review stresses the increased acceptance of C-peptide as a powerful agent for the management of microvascular complications in diabetes, giving hope for superior results in patients with both type 1 and potentially type 2 diabetes.

砥石을 통해 본 한반도 동남부지역의 開始期 철기 제작기술

In relation to the beginning of ancient iron production in the southeastern part of the Korean Peninsula, the issue of wrought iron production has been a major issue, with research focused on furnace wall and tuyre fragments, iron materials, and slag found in association within dwellings. However, whetstones, which functioned as a processing tool throughout humankind’s long history, have yet to be fully examined in relation to wrought iron production. Therefore, this paper presents the results of analysis undertaken on the use traces of the ground whetstones excavated from archaeological sites. It was found that the whet-stones can be largely divided into those with the abrasive section located partially or along the entire surface of the stone. In the areas where the iron tools were used from the initial stage, it was identified that the stone manufacturing technology of the local communities was utilized and evidence of the working of iron products could be observed on the sur-face of the whetstones. In addition, the fact that iron objects have have been unearthed in contexts in which iron production by-products have not been identified shows that the use of whetstones was not limited to iron smithing. In addition, in relation to the initial period of iron use ob-served mainly in the Geumho River basin, the characteristics and distribution of iron pro-duction sites from the same period are not uniform, indicating that the nature of iron use and production in the initial period in the southeastern region was not uniform. The development of the initial iron production technology for the southeastern part of the Korean Peninsula was examined by identifying different aspects in the southeastern part of Kyushu, Western Japan, where the situation of reusing iron fragments was con-firmed over a long period of time and over a wide area.

Investigation into the Production of Melanin from By-Products of Huangjiu Brewing.

Melanin is a high value bioproduct generated through the fermentation of Aureobasidium pullulans, playing a crucial role in various fields, including food, medicine, environmental protection, and materials science. However, its high production costs and low synthetic yields significantly limit its applications. Therefore, it is essential to identify high-yield strains, reduce production costs, and optimize fermentation strategies. In this study, a high melanin-yielding Aureobasidium pullulans 53LC7 was screened and identified, and the fermentation process was optimized based on melanin yield, color value, and pullulan yield. The results indicated that the melanin yield peaked at an initial pH of 6.0, temperature of 27 °C, fermentation time of 6.5 d, and inoculation quantity of 2.5%, achieving a melanin yield of 16.33 g/L. Subsequently, huangjiu lees, a byproduct of huangjiu production, was incorporated into the fermentation medium, resulting in a melanin yield of 5.91 g/L. This suggests that the Aureobasidium pullulans was not effectively utilizing huangjiu lees. To address this, we employed an adaptive evolution strategy, which increased the melanin yield to 8.72 g/L. The enhanced production was correlated with the expression of key genes, including FKS, PKS, and Cmr1. Finally, cellulase was utilized to convert the crude fibers in huangjiu lees, which were difficult to utilize, into usable substrates, while pullulanase was employed to minimize byproduct formation in the fermentation system, resulting in a melanin yield of 19.07 g/L. This study not only provides promising strains for further research but also offers valuable insights for resource production technologies.

Evaluation of Polyphenol Profile from Citrus Peel Obtained by Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent/Ultrasound Extraction

Citrus fruits are widely consumed worldwide; however, one of their primary uses is juice production, resulting in over 40 million tons of agro-industrial waste. Citrus peel is the main agro-industrial by-product in citrus production. In recent years, secondary metabolites of interest, mainly polyphenols such as hesperidin, have been identified in citrus peels. Currently, green alternatives like natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) based on choline chloride and glucose (Glu), combined with ultrasound-assisted extraction, are studied to obtain polyphenol-rich extracts with potential health applications. This study aims to evaluate the effect of: (1) molar ratios (MR) of 1:0.5, 1:1 or 1:2 mol/mol of choline chloride (ChCl):glucose (Glu); (2) the percentage of added water (WA: 50, 60 or 70%) to NADES; and (3) different citrus peels of Citrus aurantium (bitter orange), Citrus sinensis (sweet orange), and Citrus limon (lemon) used for extraction, on polyphenol profiles, total polyphenol content (TPC), and antioxidant capacity (Ax) of the extracts. The extracts were analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and evaluated using the Folin–Ciocalteu method for TPC and DPPH assay for quantifying AC. A factorial experimental design 33 was implemented. The extract obtained with an MR of 1:1 (ChCl:Glu) from Citrus aurantium peel exhibited the highest concentration of hesperidin (2003.37 ± 10.91 mg/100 g dry mass), whereas an MR of 1:2 (ChCl:Glu) exhibited the highest concentration of neohesperidin (1045.94 ± 1.27 mg/100 g dry mass), both using 60% WA. This extract also showed the highest antioxidant capacity, achieving 100% inhibition. On the other hand, the highest concentration of total phenolic content (TPC) (96.23 ± 0.83 mg GAE/100 g dry mass) was obtained using C. aurantium peel with an MR of 1:0.5 (ChCl:Glu) and 60% WA. The extracts also presented high concentrations of rutin and catechin. These findings highlight the potential of revalorizing citrus peels, particularly Citrus aurantium, and their extracts obtained with NADES for possible health applications.

Possibility of using industrial by-product combinations to remediate cadmium and arsenic contaminated soil

It is inevitable to produce by-products in industrial and mining production, and how to deal with these by-products has become a major environmental issue. Meanwhile, many studies have shown that applying soil amendments is a feasible measure for effectively controlling soil pollution. Finding low-cost and efficient soil passivators is an effective way to safely utilize polluted soil. This article provides a method of “treating contamination with waste”. Through spinach pot experiments, different proportions and doses of granite powder (A, quarry waste), market purchased conditioner (B), “granite powder+iron sulfate mineral (titanium powder industrial waste)” (C), and “granite powder+iron sulfate mineral+market purchased conditioner” (CB) were used to treat soil co-contaminated with cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As). The results indicate that amendments affect the available Cd and As in soil by changing soil pH and cation exchange capacity. The amendment of A, B, C, and CB all has remarkable reduction rates of soil available Cd at 65.48 %, 57.02 %, 61.37 %, and 43.15 %, respectively, compared to the control. Both A and B increase the available As content in the soil and the As content in spinach. However, both C and CB reduced the available As content in the soil by 60.32 % and 12.48 %. CB treatment could simultaneously reduce the accumulation of Cd and As in spinach, increase chlorophyll content, and promote spinach growth. It was worth noting that the 3 % CB treatment has the best effect, with Cd and As content in spinach stems and leaves decreasing by 51.13 % - 69.62 % and 35.46 % - 59.53 %, respectively, and the repair cost being as low as 76.5 $ ton−1. Therefore, the combined application of granite powder, market purchased conditioner, and iron sulfate minerals for the remediation of Cd and As co-polluted soil was a cost-effective and environmentally friendly technology. However, applying these soil composite amendments also requires attention to adjusting with the soil type and with pollution type, which we are currently studying.

Purification of biodiesel-derived crude glycerol and its application in plasticizing cassava starch bioplastics

This study focused on purifying crude glycerol, a by-product of biodiesel production, using acid-precipitation, methanol extraction, and adsorption with acid-activated charcoal. Among the acids tested—sulfuric, phosphoric, and hydrochloric—phosphoric acid proved most effective, producing the clearest glycerol with minimal salt deposition. The purified glycerol was then used to produce bioplastics, which were tested for mechanical properties. The results indicated that Phosphoric acid yielded the clearest glycerol with minimal salt deposition. The resultant salt, potassium phosphate (K2PO4), has potential as a fertilizer. The purified glycerol showed increased density and viscosity, indicating higher purity compared to crude glycerol. The density of the purified glycerol was closer to that of analytical-grade glycerol. Bioplastic 1 (using analytical-grade glycerol) exhibited the highest tensile strength, withstanding up to 4.3N and extending about 104mm before breaking. Bioplastic 2 (using glycerol purified with hydrochloric acid) withstood up to 4.1N, while Bioplastic 3 (using glycerol purified with acetic acid) endured the least stress, withstanding up to 3.8N and extending up to 87mm before breaking. The study demonstrates that phosphoric acid is an effective agent for purifying crude glycerol, significantly enhancing its quality. The purified glycerol, in turn, improves the mechanical properties of bioplastics, making them more durable and suitable for a range of applications. This process not only adds value to the biodiesel production by-product but also contributes to the development of stronger, more versatile bioplastics.

Dietary supplementation of distiller's grains yeast cultures improves performance and immunity by altering the intestinal flora of broilers.

Distiller's grains are a by-product of liquor production with a higher yield than liquor. Developing and utilizing distiller's grains well could alleviate the problem of scarce feed resources. Our present experiment was conducted with 6000 yellow-feathered broilers to study the effects of adding distiller's grains yeast cultures (DGYC) to the diet on growth performance and immunity of broilers. The broilers were divided into five groups, receiving different DGYC concentrations during two stages. Growth performance, intestinal microorganisms and immune organ development were measured. The results showed that groups B and D, supplemented with medium and high concentrations of DGYC, respectively, had significantly improved growth performance compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Group D also showed higher immune organ index (P < 0.01), increased serum total protein, high-density lipoprotein and immunoglobulin levels (P < 0.05) and lower levels of low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, interleukin 1β and tumor necrosis factor α (P < 0.05). Hematoxylin and eosin staining confirmed improved immune organ development in group D (P < 0.05). Furthermore, in high-concentration group D, levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA; acetic, propionic and butyric acids) in cecal chyme were significantly increased (P < 0.05). The richness (Chao1) and diversity (Faith-pd) index of cecal microbiota were significantly higher in group D compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The microbial composition in group D differed from the control and medium-concentration group B. Seven bacteria (Clostridia-UCG-014, UCG-009, DTU089, UCG-010, Campylobacter, Harryflintia, Shuttleworthia) showed significant differences (P < 0.05). After DGYC feeding, DTU089 decreased, while other SCFA-producing bacteria increased (P < 0.05). Subsequently, KEGG function and corresponding signal pathway predictions were performed on bacteria with significant differences. Group D exhibited a higher enrichment of immune function pathways (P < 0.01) and showed significant changes in four immune signaling pathways according to the signal pathway heatmap. Our data suggest that high concentrations of DGYC can be applied as a feed additive for broilers that promotes growth, improves intestinal health and enhances certain immunity. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Chemical Characterization and Temporal Variability of Pasta Condiment By-Products for Sustainable Waste Management.

Sustainable waste management is an extremely important issue due to its environmental, economic, and social impacts. Knowledge of the chemical composition of the waste produced is a starting point for its valorization. This research focuses, for the first time, on the by-products of pasta condiment production, starting with their characterization. In particular, the presence of potential bioactive compounds and their variability over time have been studied. The latter aspect is crucial for the subsequent valorization of these by-products. In addition to acidity and total phenolic content, an untargeted strategy was adopted, using spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques coupled with chemometrics, to study waste samples coming from four single condiment production lines, i.e., Genoese pesto, tomato, ricotta, and ragù sauces. The presence of lycopene, polyphenols, and several valuable volatile compounds was highlighted. Their presence and relative amounts vary mainly according to the presence of tomatoes in the sauce. The results obtained at different storage times (after 0, 7, 10, and 15 days) showed that the samples studied, despite having similar chemical characteristics, underwent changes after one week of storage and then presented a relatively stable chemical profile. A general decrease is observed after 7 days for almost all the chemical variables monitored, so careful planning within the first days is required to obtain a high recovery.

Effect of Physical Separation with Ultrasound Application on Brewers' Spent Grain to Obtain Powders for Potential Application in Foodstuffs.

Brewers' spent grain (BSG) is the primary by-product of beer production, and its potential use in food products is largely dependent on its processing, given its moisture content of up to 80%. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of physical separation with ultrasound application on the color, total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity, proximate composition, total dietary fibers, and particle size distribution of BSG powders. Wet BSG (W) was subjected to two processes: one without ultrasound (A) and one with ultrasound (B). Both processes included pressing, convective air-drying, sieving, fraction separation (A1 and B1 as coarse with particles ≥ 2.36 mm; A2 and B2 as fine with particles < 2.36 mm), and milling. The total color difference compared to W increased through both processes, ranging from 1.1 (B1 vs. A1) to 5.7 (B1 vs. A2). There was no significant difference in TPC, but process B powders, particularly B2, showed lower antioxidant activity against ABTS•+, likely due to the release of antioxidant compounds into the liquid fraction during pressing after ultrasound treatment. Nonetheless, process B powders exhibited a higher content of soluble dietary fibers. In conclusion, ultrasound application shows potential for further extraction of soluble fibers. However, process A might be more practical for industrial and craft brewers. Further studies on the use of the resulting BSG powders as food ingredients are recommended.

A systematical comparation of Cu (II) adsorption behavior and mechanism between biomass fly ash and biogas residue pyrolysis char

Biomass fly ash (BFA) and biogas residues are the main by-products of biomass direct-fired power generation and biogas production. This study compares the Cu(II) adsorption mechanisms of BFA and biogas residue pyrolysis char (BRPC) through systematic tests. BFA exhibited a significantly higher adsorption capacity (75.34 mg/g) than BRPC (42.80 mg/g). The pseudo-first-order kinetic model best described BFA, while the Elovich model was optimal for BRPC. Both materials fit the Freundlich isotherm model. BFA's superior mineral co-precipitation and ion-exchange capacity are due to its rich mineral content, particularly calcium. BRPC benefits from an additional functional group complex adsorption due to its pyrolytic charcoal content. Variations in pore structure of BFA and BRPC did not demonstrate a significant effect on the adsorption. The results of this study provide essential data support for the potential of high-value utilization of BFA and BRPC and the innovative modification of high-performance biomass-based heavy metal adsorbent materials.

Elucidating maternal provisioning for bivalve larvae under ocean acidity extreme events

Ocean acidity extreme (OAX) events, triggered by climate change and anthropogenic activities, are projected to become more intense and frequent in coastal ecosystems, devastating marine bivalves and ecosystems they support. Maternal effects adaptively modulate offspring performance in response to climatic stressors, but whether and to what extent they can confer offspring resistance to OAX remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated impacts of OAX on the parental and larval lipidomes of Manila clams (Ruditapes philippinarum) to add further insights into the energetic nature of maternal effects. A total of 177 significantly down-regulated lipid components (categorized into glycerolipids mainly) were shown in OAX-stressed adults compared with those reared under ambient conditions, and following parental conditioning, larvae also exhibited a further decreasing down-regulation of the glycerolipid components. Triacylglycerols were identified as the predominant composition of glycerolipids and the primary sources of energy for gonadal maturation and larvae development. Yet, larvae spawn from adults exposed to OAX had significantly lower contents of triacylglycerols than those without a prior history of parental conditioning, with the carbon chain length and unsaturation degree of the triacylglycerol components being significantly affected. The latter was also in line with significant increases in the production of triacylglycerol byproducts (diacylglycerols). Overall, our findings suggest that when OAX prevailed during reproductive seasons of Manila clams, maternal effects could be maladaptive by depressing the energetic deposition of larvae, and may not be a potential adaptive modulator of marine bivalves to cope with unprecedented environmental change.

Enhancing Gluten-Free Crispy Waffles with Soybean Residue (Okara) Flour: Rheological, Nutritional, and Sensory Impacts.

The incorporation of okara, a by-product of soybean milk production, into gluten-free products such as crispy waffles poses challenges due to the absence of gluten's viscoelastic properties and the high fiber content of okara. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of okara flour on the rheological properties, physical attributes, and sensory qualities of gluten-free waffles. Waffle batters with varying levels of okara flour (10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%) were prepared, and their rheological properties were analyzed using oscillatory shear and creep-recovery tests. Physical properties, proximate composition, cholesterol and glucose adsorption capacities, storage stability, and sensory attributes were also assessed. The results demonstrated that increasing okara flour content improved batter elasticity and viscosity (with complex viscosity reaching up to 10,923 Pa·s for 40% okara flour) but decreased spread ratio by up to 45% and increased moisture content by approximately 2.7%. Higher okara content also led to a 16% decrease in brightness (L*) and increased hardness, reaching 325.26 g/s at 40% substitution. Sensory evaluation revealed that waffles with 30% okara flour were preferred for their texture and overall liking, with a score of 7.43 compared to higher substitution levels. Cholesterol and glucose adsorption capacities were high in okara flour, contributing to potential health benefits. Storage stability tests showed acceptable moisture content, water activity, and microbiological safety over 60 days, though hardness decreased by about 42%. In conclusion, okara flour enhances the nutritional profile of gluten-free waffles, but its impact on texture and flavor requires careful formulation adjustments to optimize consumer acceptance.

Thermal performance and Feasibility Study Using a Straw-Based Thermal Insulation in Geothermal systems

Straw is the part of the stem (or stubble) of certain grasses, known as "straw cereals", and is most often a by-product or waste product of cereal production. In northern Algeria, it is produced in all cereal growing regions. It is generally used for animal feed. In this study, straw waste is used as a bio-material for thermal insulation in bioclimatic constructions and especially in geothermal applications, and the thermal insulation needs in a geothermal system is discussed. Furthermore, thermal performance of wheat straw aggregates bio-based material is tested for several thicknesses until stable results are achieved, using conduction heat transfer tests or heating flat plate. This method is based on the temperature difference measuring across the sample (inlet and outlet) and finally, compared it with other commercial geothermal insulation materials. Obtained results give us an idea of the energy gains to be expected from the bio-based materials manufacture to be used in geothermal systems comparing to conventional materials. It is noted that, the optimum thickness of the insulation material based on straw is 2cm, giving a temperature gradient around 9°C versus 16°C for conventional materials. Straw organic waste material is a promising candidate as an alternative insulating material for low-carbon and green buildings targets. Which are in line with the objectives set by the Algerian government as part of the fight against climate change, in particular the development of renewable energies, the promotion of energy efficiency as well as clean technologies and waste recycling.

EXAMINATION OF THE COMPOSITION OF WHEY FROM MIXED CHEESE

In recent years, the ingredients of milk represent a functional food, because their use has a great effect on health. Whey is a byproduct of cheese production, which was previously considered waste. Whey proteins strengthen the immune system by helping the body produce the antioxidant glutathione, which protects against free radicals, pollution, toxins and infections. In this research we examine the composition of whey (minerals: Ca, K, Fe and P, total proteins and albumins) from mixed cheese from the "Ideal Shipka" dairy factory - Bitola. All parameters were determined spectrophotometrically, spectrophotometric, photometric - colorimetric and nephelometric methods were applied to prove the amount of certain components present in the whey composition. From the obtained results we can see that whey has the highest amount of total proteins, it contains 17.6 g/L, from which amount of albumen is 1,99 g/L. Of the minerals, the highest value was obtained for potassium 26,6 mmol/l, followed by calcium 9,47 mmol/l, amount of phosphorus was 9,39 mmol/l, while iron is found in a very small percentage 11,74 µmol/l. From the research we can conclude that whey contains a large percentage of total proteins, and of the minerals potassium. Thus, whey can be used as a dietary supplement for protein and potassium and it is attractive product for both the food and pharmaceutical industries and consumers.

Pasta Incorporating Olive Pomace: Impact on Nutritional Composition and Consumer Acceptance of a Prototype.

The food industry is encouraged to develop new sustainable foodstuffs, and agri-food by-products can serve as valuable ingredients in these formulations. In this work, olive pomace (OP), a by-product of olive oil production, was incorporated as an ingredient in pasta. The changes in the nutritional composition and consumer acceptance were assessed, aiming to scale up the production. OP contains dietary fibre (55%), fat (9%), α-tocopherol (43 mg/kg), and oleic acid (76%) after moisture elimination. For that, the following two drying procedures were tested: 40 °C for 48 h (OP40) and 70 °C for 24 h (OP70). Both samples were sieved to remove the stone pieces. Drying at 70 °C (OP70) was the fastest method, revealed a better nutritional profile than OP40, and was the product selected for the incorporation into the pasta. The enriched pasta, containing 7.5% of OP70, was compared to a control. It showed an improved nutritional value with higher contents of fat, ash, fibre, vitamin E, oleic acid, phenolics, and flavonoids, a composition related to potential health benefits. Consumers appreciated the appearance, colour, shine, and aroma of the obtained pasta, making it a prototype with commercial viability. However, several improvements need to be implemented, namely, at the textural levels. Corrective actions, such as the optimisation of the amount of incorporated OP, the use of other ingredients for flavour masking, and textural adjustments, are advisable, thereby making this product more appealing and accepted by a larger number of consumers. This prototype can be a good approach for the circular economy, environmental sustainability, and food security.

High-Throughput Computational Screening of Metal Sulfides for the Chemical Looping Elemental Decomposition of H2S.

Hydrogen sulfide is a significant byproduct of oil and gas production and is typically recovered as elemental sulfur, a low-value commodity. In recent years, there have been efforts to upgrade H2S through elemental decomposition to S and H2, an essential energy carrier in a sustainable economy. Among the promising approaches is thermocatalytic looping, which involves a sulfide-based redox pair. Unfortunately, the search for sulfides capable of facilitating this conversion is progressing slowly, and primarily focusing on monometallic sulfides. With a few notable exceptions, the field of bimetallic sulfide remains largely unexplored. In this study, a machine learning framework is employed to explore the material space of mono and bimetallic sulfides. The workflow begins by mining sulfides from the Materials Project database, allowing the workflow to be benchmarked using formation enthalpies derived from established density functional theory calculations. Through the machine learning framework, the number of bimetallic sulfide redox pairs considered is expanded from 102 cases in the Materials Project database to 105 cases. This expansion allows for the identification trends that can serve as guidelines for future research and helps prioritize materials for experimental testing.

PSXI-6 Effects of termite frass inclusion in free range broiler beddings on growth, footpad dermatitis score, and blood profiles

Abstract Research on insects as feed has gained attention in the last decade. Among insect species, we have focused on termites, which degrade lignocellulose and synthesize protein by employing gut microbiota. In particular, the damp-wood termite Hodotermopsis sjostedti subsisting on rotten wood, excretes a substantial portion of wood as frass, serving as their primary nest material. Termite frass, a by-product of termite production, has been found to comprise approximately 83% lignin, suggesting potential antibacterial properties. In this study, the effects of termite frass inclusion in free-range broiler chicken bedding on growth, meat and organ weights, blood profile, and footpad dermatitis (FPD) score were examined. Broiler chicks [n = 30; 0 d of age and initial body weight (BW) = 47.1 ± 0.51 g] were divided into three groups and resided in a 1.3 m2 pen fed on a commercial diet. The groups were subjected to one of the three bedding treatments: 7.5 kg sawdust (0% frass), 7.5 kg sawdust plus 7.5 kg termite frass (100% frass), and 7.5 kg sawdust plus 15.0 kg termite frass (200% frass). Intakes and BW were measured weekly, and the FPD score was assessed at 3, 5, 6, and 7 wk. At 50 d of age, the chickens were slaughtered for meat and organ weights and blood profile analyses. Growth data, meat and organ weights, and blood profiles were analyzed by GLM of SAS, and the weekly FPD score was analyzed by GLIMMIX as binomial data. Average daily gain and final BW were greater (P &amp;lt; 0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively) in chickens for 0% and 200% frass treatments than in 100%. Thigh and fillet meat weights were similar among the treatments, whereas breasts tended to be lighter (P = 0.064) for 100%. Footpad dermatitis scores tended to be greater (P = 0.085) for 200% than for 100%. Among organ weights tested (e.g., liver, heart, spleen, ventriculus, proventriculus, pancreas, cecum, intestine), heart weight was heavier (P = 0.044), whereas proventriculus was lighter (P = 0.022) for 200% than for 100%. On the other hand, cecum weight tended to be heavier (P = 0.075), and intestine tended to be lighter (P = 0.093) for 0% than for 100% and 200% treatments. Plasma alanine transaminase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LD) were less (P &amp;lt; 0.001 and P = 0.04, respectively) for 100% and 200% than for 0%. In conclusion, termite frass inclusion in free-range chicken bedding had slightly adverse trends on FPD; however, 200% inclusion did not alter the growth performances of chickens. It also suggested that frass inclusion would have preferable effects on chicken health based on plasma ALT and LD values. Further investigation is required for the different organ weights and their effects, such as heart, proventriculus, cecum, and intestine.

287 Effects of crude glycerin supplementation of beef cattle grazing wheat pasture on forage intake and characteristics of rumen fermentation

Abstract Crude glycerin (CG), mainly composed of glycerin, is a by-product of biodiesel production. Glycerin can be utilized as a substrate of gluconeogenesis by either rapid fermentation to propionate in the rumen or can be directly absorbed through the rumen epithelial wall, resulting in the conversion to glucose in the liver. Therefore, CG supplementation may increase the energy intake of cattle grazing wheat pasture. Ruminally cannulated Angus-crossbred cows [n = 9; 564.4 ±101.6 kg initial body weight (BW)] grazing wheat pasture were utilized in a split-plot design with the objective of evaluating the effects of CG supplementation and forage maturity on forage intake and rumen fermentation characteristics. Treatment was the main plot, and stage of forage maturity was the subplot. Treatments were unsupplemented control (CON) and crude glycerin supplementation (SUP; 37.2% glycerin, DM basis) dosed at 0.11% BW (DM basis). Supplementation levels correspond to 5% of the diet, assuming forage intake of 2.2% of BW on a DM basis. The stages of wheat maturity pasture were March (MAR; vegetative stage) and April (APR; early reproductive stage). Cows grazed a single wheat pasture and were supplemented directly through the rumen cannula twice daily at 0700 and 1900 h. Forage intake in kg/d and as % of BW was greater (P = 0.04) for SUP than CON. Ruminal pH, ammonia, and VFA concentrations, as well as proportions of VFAs, were not affected by CG supplementation (P ≥ 0.34; Table 1). However, ruminal pH (5.77 and 5.99 ± 0.049) and ammonia concentration (0.67 and 3.37 ± 0.307 mM) were greater, while total VFA concentration (136.3 and 110.8 ± 5.23 mM) was less (P = 0.01) for APR compared with MAR. Acetate, propionate, and butyrate molar proportions, as well as acetate: propionate ratio, were not affected (P ≥ 0.27) by the stage of wheat pasture maturity. Results indicate that crude glycerin used as an ingredient in supplementation strategies for cattle grazing wheat pasture may increase cattle energy intake without negatively affecting forage intake and ruminal fermentation.

430 Spent hemp biomass increases bone mineral density in broilers

Abstract Spent hemp biomass (SHB) is a byproduct of CBD oil production, which has been used in multiple trials recently as an alternative feed for livestock, but it has not been approved as a feed ingredient by the FDA-CVM. This is due in part to the lack of information on the potential effects on animal health. Recent studies have shown possible effects of cannabinoids on bone healing, though the effects on bone growth and calcification are not well established. The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of varying levels of SHB on bone growth, calcification, and strength. A total of two hundred birds (5-d-old Cobb 500 Cornish Cross chicks) were randomly assigned to five different rooms with 4 pens per room and 10 animals/pen. Birds received isonitrogenous, isocaloric diets with either 0, 5, 10, or 20% SHB until euthanasia at 42 d. The tibiotarsus, femur, and humerus were collected from 2 males and 2 females per pen for 80 birds (20 per treatment group). The tibiotarsus bending strength was measured with an Instron 5969 using a three-point bending testing fixture set at 10 mm/min for 19 parameters of the bending and breaking properties. The humerus and femur were scanned with a Hologic Discovery A (S/N 84870) DEXA for mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD). Statistical significance was set at P ≤ 0.05 and analyzed using a generalized linear mixed model. BMD and BMC were not affected by treatments in the humerus, a pneumatic bone, but in the weight bearing femur bones, a significant effect on both BMD (P = 0.0078) and BMC (P = 0.0069) was observed. The change in BMC was quadratic, with a peak in animals receiving 10% SHB in the diet, but the BMD effect was linear with the increased dose of SHB in the diet. In the tibiotarsus three-point bending analysis, no significant changes were found in any of the strength and bending parameters measured, except a tendency (P = 0.07) for a greater work-to-fracture adjusted by bone diameter in 5% vs. 0% SHB group. These data indicate some interaction of SHB on the mineralization of bone; however, the level causes less than significant changes to the overall strength of the bone.

Effect of Solid-State Fermentation of Hericium erinaceus on the Structure and Physicochemical Properties of Soluble Dietary Fiber from Corn Husk.

Corn husk, a by-product of corn starch production and processing, contains high-quality dietary fiber (DF). Our study compares and analyzes the impact of Hericium erinaceus solid-state fermentation (SSF) on the structure and physicochemical characteristics of soluble dietary fiber (SDF) of corn husks. The study also investigates the kinetics of SSF of H. erinaceus in this process. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) results revealed significant structural changes in corn husk SDF before and after fermentation, with a significant elevation in the functional group numbers. The data indicate that the fermented corn husk SDF's water-holding, swelling, and oil-holding capacities increased to 1.57, 1.95, and 1.80 times those of the pre-fermentation SDF, respectively. Additionally, the results suggest that changes in extracellular enzyme activity and nutrient composition during SSF of H. erinaceus are closely associated with the mycelium growth stage, with a mutual promotion or inhibition relationship between the two. Our study offers a foundation for corn husk SDF fermentation and is relevant to the bioconversion of maize processing by-products.