By-product Meal Research Articles

Effect of Poultry By-product Meal as Replacement for Fish Meal in Diets of Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata) Juveniles

This study investigated the effects of replacement of fish meal (FM) with poultry by-product meal (PBM) at 55%, 65% and 75% on growth performance and amino acid metabolism of juvenile gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) with an initial weight of 35.01±0.11 g for 120 days. The study also evaluated protein and amino acid digestibility to determine their influence on protein metabolism in juvenile seabream. The results indicated that partial replacement of FM with PBM in diets of juvenile gilthead seabream is feasible up to 65% without compromising their growth performance, feed consumption and digestibility (P>0.05). Additionally, hepatosomatic (HSI) showed no significant differences between all groups (P>0.05). The viscerosomatic index (VSI) level was at the highest value, whereas the condition factor (K) was at the lowest value in CTRL (P<0.05). The highest feed conversion ratio (FCR) value was in the 75PBM group (P<0.05). However, there was no statistically significant difference between CTRL and the other PBM groups (P>0.05). Similarly, feed intake and whole-body protein content did not significantly differ among dietary groups (P>0.05). The protein efficiency ratio (PER) values suggest that replacing FM with PBM (up to 65%) in diets of juvenile gilthead seabream is effective and produces diets with high-quality proteins and digestibility coefficients comparable to those of the control group (P>0.05). Additionally, amino acid profiles of juvenile gilthead seabream fed with diets containing up to 75% PBM showed no deficiencies in essential amino acids. Nevertheless, we can suggest that 75% PBM substitution for FM can be used in the diets of gilthead seabream, although it causes a slight decrease in growth, FCR and protein digestibility. These results suggest that partial replacement of FM with PBM can be a viable strategy for feeding juvenile gilthead seabream, offering a sustainable advantageous alternative.

Effect of dietary replacement of fish meal by poultry by-product meal on the growth and hepatic health in loach (Paramisgurnus dabryanus)

Our objective was to systematically evaluate the impact of substituting fish meal (FM) with poultry by-product meal (PBM) in fish feed on the growth and hepatic health of loach. Six diets with different levels of PBM (0 %-PBM0, 10 %-PBM10, 30 %-PBM30, 50 %-PBM50, 70 %-PBM70 and 90 %-PBM90 were formulated. After 8 weeks feeding trial, the highest weight gain (WG) was observed in 55 % PBM replacement ratio. Meanwhile, the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in 41.56 % PBM replacement ratio. In addition, dietary PBM induced hepatic oxidative stress including increasing the activity of aminotransferase from PBM0 to PBM50 group, whereas the activity of those enzymes was decreased from PBM50 to PBM90 group. Meanwhile, histological analysis showed that the lipid vacuoles in the liver were increased from PBM0 to PBM50 group, then decreased from PBM50 to PBM90 group (P< 0.05). Moreover, primary bile acid biosynthesis was the only one pathway enriched in top 20 significant pathways by transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis. Specifically, the key bile acid synthesis gene CYP7a1 was down-regulated, while CYP7b1 evinced an up-regulated pattern in PBM50 group compared to PBM0 group. In short, the PBM replacement ratio of up to 50 % in diets was appropriate for rearing loach, while higher PBM replacement ratio resulted in extremely oxidative stress in the liver.

Effects of freshness of poultry by-product meal on the growth performance, immune response, and hepatopancreatic health of Macrobrachium rosenbergii

A 73-day feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of the freshness of poultry by-product meal on the growth performance, immune response and hepatopancreatic health of giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Three semi-purified diets were formulated containing 2.5 % poultry by-product meal with different TVB-N value, designated as L group (untreated poultry by-product meal, TVB-N 10 mg/100 g, i.e., dietary TVB-N 55 mg/100 g), M group (TVB-N 300 mg/100 g, i.e., dietary TVB-N 60 mg/100 g), and H group (TVB-N 450 mg/100 g, i.e., dietary TVB-N 68 mg/100 g), and fed to three groups of prawns (initial weight: 0.82 ± 0.01 g), respectively. Results showed that the weight gain rate (WGR) and specific growth rate (SGR) of prawns significantly decreased with the TVB-N value increased (P < 0.05). The survival rate (SR) and hepatosomatic index (HSI) of prawns in group M and group H were significantly decreased (P < 0.05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly increased (P < 0.05). In addition, the lipase (LPS) and α-amylase (α-AMS) activity of prawns in group L was significantly higher than that in group H (P < 0.05). With the poultry by-product meal TVB-N value increased, the activity of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) was significantly decreased. RT-qPCR results showed that the expression of bok in group H was significantly higher than that in group L and group M (P < 0.05), the expressions of caspase3, caspase9, bax, and nf-κb in group H were significantly higher than that in group L (P < 0.05). High temperature stress and ammonia nitrogen stress significantly decreased the cumulative survival rate of prawns in group M and group H. Conclusively, it is necessary to guarantee the freshness of the ingredients in prawn formulated diets, and the TVB-N value of diets is recommended not to exceed 60 mg/100 g.

Effects of poultry by-product meal and complete replacement of fish oil with alternative oils on growth performance and gut health of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): a FEEDNETICS™ validation study

BackgroundAquaculture, traditionally a form of biotechnology, has evolved to integrate innovative biotechnological applications, such as advanced feed formulations, aimed at improving the growth performance and health of farmed fish species. In the present study, the effects of feeding rainbow trout with novel feed formulations were investigated. Fish growth, gut and liver morphology, the concentration of fatty acids in the fillet, and volatile fatty acids in the gut were assessed. The study also validated scenarios from in vivo experiments using a nutrient-based model called FEEDNETICS™. This globally used model serves as a tool for data interpretation and decision support in the context of precision fish farming.MethodsAlternative protein and oil sources, including poultry by-product meal (PBM) and natural algae oil, were explored as sustainable replacements for fishmeal (FM) and fish oil (FO). A 90-day feeding trial was conducted using rainbow trout, comparing two isoproteic, isolipidic and isoenergetic diets. The control diet contained 15% FM, 5% PBM, and 8% FO, while the test diet replaced FM with 15% PBM and 5% feather meal hydrolysate (FMH), and fully substituted FO with VeraMaris® natural algae oil and rapeseed oil.ResultsPBM successfully replaced FM protein without negatively affecting feed intake, growth performance or feed utilization in trout. The combination of PBM and natural algae oil was well tolerated by the trout and showed no negative effects on gut health. A detailed analysis of fatty acids in the fillet revealed that PUFAs of the n3 and n6 series were significantly higher in the PBM group than in the FM group. Values of fatty acid-related health indexes, including atherogenicity index, and thrombogenicity index, confirmed the high nutritional value of trout filet, thus representing a healthy product for human. In addition, the predictions using the FEEDNETICS™ indicated that the tested novel alternative formulations are economically viable. The validation of the model for fish growth resulted in a Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 8%.ConclusionsThe FEEDNETICS™ application enhances our ability to optimize feeding strategies and improve production efficiency in the aquaculture industry. VeraMaris® algae oil and PBM could serve as viable and sustainable raw materials for fish feed, promoting environmentally friendly aquaculture practices.

Evaluation of storage stability of poultry by-product meal incorporated fish feed under aerobic storage condition

The research focused on development of fish feed utilising poultry by-product meal (PBM) as a substitute for fish meal (FM) and evaluating its shelf life under aerobic packaging conditions. Initially, a basal diet (C) was formulated to meet the nutritional requirements for optimal growth of Tilapia by using FM as the major protein source. After analysing the nutritional composition of PBM, an isoproteinaceous diet (T) was formulated by replacing FM with PBM. The product was packed in HDPE bags and kept at room temperature and analysed for physico chemical and microbial characteristics for 45 days at weekly intervals. Moisture content of both C and T decreased significantly (p0.05) was found between C and T. The TBARS value of both C and T followed an increasing trend. This increase in C was not significant (p&lt;0.01) between 28th and 35th day, and between 42nd and 45th day but that of T increased significantly (p&lt;0.01) throughout the storage period. T consistently displayed the highest TBARS value during storage period. Tyrosine Value (TV) of both C and T also increased during storage and was significant (p&lt;0.01) up to 42nd day of storage. C exhibited the highest TV throughout the storage period. Similarly, total viable count (TVC) of both C and T increased on storage. The increase in TVC for C was not significant (p&lt;0.01) between 21st and 28th days, whereas that of T was significant (p&lt;0.01) throughout the storage period. On 45th day, T exhibited highest count and was significantly different (p&lt;0.01) from C. Throughout the 45-day storage period, no observable coliform count or yeast and mould count was noted in either C or T. The present study indicated that fish feed can be effectively prepared by utilising PBM and can be stored under room temperature up to 45 days. Keywords: Poultry by-product meal, fish meal, fish feed, storage stability

Avocado peel by-product in cattle diets and supplementation with oregano oil and effects on production, carcass, and meat quality

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of including a commercial avocado peel meal (Avomel) by-product as a feed source supplemented with Lippia berlandieri Schauer oregano essential oil (OEO) in cattle diets. Eighteen 22-month-old male Charolais x Angus crossbred cattle (334.96 ± 27.48 kg) were randomly distributed in three experimental groups (n = 6): Control, cattle fed with the control diet without Avomel and without OEO; Avomel, cattle fed 10% of Avomel in the diet; and Avomel + OEO, cattle fed 10% Avomel and 600 mg/kg of OEO in the diet. The evaluated variables were bulls’ weight (BW), feed intake (FI), slaughter variables, carcass quality and the pH, water holding capacity (WHC), color and chemical composition of raw rib eye meat, as well as cooking loss (CL), shear force (SF), texture analysis and sensory evaluation of cooked meat. After 120 days of feeding, BW was highest (P &lt; 0.10) for Avomel and lowest (P &lt; 0.10) for Avomel + OEO. The Avomel + OEO group FI was low. Cattle slaughter variables, carcass quality variables, pH, and WHC did not show differences (P &gt; 0.05). Lightness was highest (P &lt; 0.05) for Avomel meat. Meat chemical composition was not affected (P &gt; 0.05). SF of meat was different (P &lt; 0.05) being highest for Avomel + OEO. On meat texture, springiness was different (P &lt; 0.05), i.e., meat treated with Avomel was highest, but no differences (P &gt; 0.05) were detected for hardness, adhesiveness, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness, and resilience. Odor, taste, softness, juiciness, and overall acceptability of cooked meat were not different (P &gt; 0.05), data not shown. The commercial by-product avocado peel meal supplemented with OEO could be used in cattle diets without adversely affecting productive performance, carcass traits, and meat quality.

Improved nutritional and antioxidant properties of black soldier fly larvae reared on spent coffee grounds and blood meal by-products

Black Soldier Fly larvae (BSFL) are a promising and sustainable alternative to obtain proteins. Due to their high growth rate and ability to use different substrates as feeding stocks, BSFL can be also used to valorize food waste. Thus, the aim of this research was to unravel the potential use of Spent Coffee Grounds (SCG) and blood meal alone or mixed as feedstocks for BSFL and the nutritional changes for BSFL meal, especially after simulated human in vitro digestion and fermentation. Chicken feed was used as a control. Chicken feed showed the highest BSFL growth (P < 0.05) compared with blood meal and the mix made of blood meal and SCG; the latter caused the lowest growth. The meal obtained from BSFL fed with blood meal had the highest protein content, as well as the highest levels of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced after in vitro fermentation by the human gut microbiota. On the other hand, the meal from larvae fed with SCG showed higher antioxidant capacity than the others in the DPPH, FRAP and ABTS assays. The digestibility of macronutrients, release of antioxidant capacity and production of SCFAs of the BSFL meal were improved when using these substrates, compared to chicken feed.

Development of prediction equations for apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen of fish meal and poultry by-product meal in broiler chickens

Development of prediction equations for apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen of fish meal and poultry by-product meal in broiler chickens

307 Use of defatted black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) as an alternative and functional ingredient in canine nutrition

Abstract Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal (BSFLM) is an alternative, sustainable, and nutrient-rich ingredient for pet foods. However, limited information is available on optimal inclusion levels and its functional properties. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of incremental levels of BSFLM (15% or 30%) as a partial or full substitute for chicken by-product meal (CM) in extruded diets. Three complete and balanced diets were formulated and extruded: Control, 15% BSFLM, and 30% BSFLM. The effects of the diets on nutrient digestibility, fecal metabolites and microbiota, and serum oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers in adult dogs were examined. A complete randomized design was used with adult Beagles (n = 10/treatment). The experimental period lasted 70 d, consisting of a 14-d adaptation to the control diet followed by 56-d test period. Data were analyzed using SAS Proc Mixed 9.4 with P ≤ 0.05 significance. All diets were well-accepted by the dogs; food intake and fecal output were not affected (P &amp;gt; 0.05) by treatment. Apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter, crude protein, and fat did not differ among treatments, whereas ATTD of organic matter (81.2%) and total dietary fiber (18.9%) was less (P &amp;lt; 0.05) for dogs fed 30% BSFLM in contrast with the Control group (83.2% and 30.3%, respectively). Fecal concentrations of total short-chain fatty acids and total phenols were less (P &amp;lt; 0.05) for dogs fed 30% BSFLM relative to dogs fed Control. No treatment effect was observed for serum biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation. Fecal microbial diversity differed between Control and 30% BSFLM groups. Overall, extruded diets containing 15% or 30% were well-digested by dogs as demonstrated by similar ATTD coefficients compared with Control. Intrinsic presence of chitin in BSFLM, and other insect-derived ingredients, can behave like insoluble dietary fiber in a food matrix, which would explain the decreased ATTD for organic matter and total dietary fiber, as well as less fecal concentration of total short-chain fatty acids. The inclusion of 30% BSFLM may have decreased protein hindgut fermentation due to less fecal concentration of total phenols. Altogether, the inclusion of 15% BSFLM resulted in similar physiological responses in comparison with dogs fed the Control diet. Greater inclusion levels of BSFLM may impact ATTD, however, it also has the potential to modulate fecal metabolites and microbiota, without negatively affecting fecal microbial richness.

Nutrient digestibility and availability of mealworms (Tenebrio molitor), poultry by-product meal, and poultry viscera in female mink (Neogale vison) diets: insights on the nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor

This study measured the digestibility of crude protein, crude fat, and dry matter in three protein sources: poultry by-product meal (PBPM), poultry viscera, and crushed mealworms using diatomaceous earth as an indicator. A control diet was made, and test diets were mixed in a 70:30 control diet:test ingredient ratio. Forty-four female mink housed in individual cages were fed experimental diets for 5 days, and fecal samples were collected and analyzed for nutrient residues compared to the diet composition to determine digestible nutrient levels. Mealworms had a greater dry matter digestibility ( P &lt; 0.01; 96.26%) than poultry viscera (77.29%) and PBPM (86.76%). PBPM had a lower fat digestibility ( P &lt; 0.01; 84.64%) than mealworms (94.78%) and poultry viscera (98.15%). There was no significant difference among treatments for protein digestibility. Using a standard nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor of 6.25, the crude protein content of the mealworms was 51.74%, although with an apparent digestibility coefficient of 0.77, this ingredient had an available crude protein composition of 39.70 ± 2.95. A nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor of 4.80 would be more accurate than 6.25 when using mealworms as a feed ingredient for monogastric animals.

Exploiting Soybean and Flaxseed Meal Byproducts as Safe Weed Management Approaches in Onion Field

The intensive and repeated use of chemical herbicides has led to the emergence of herbicide-resistant weeds, which, in addition to their environmental impacts, also pose significant threats to human and animal health. This study aimed to explore the potential of oilseed industrial wastes, specifically soybean and flaxseed meals, as safe and environmentally friendly bioherbicides for controlling weeds associated with onion crops. Two field experiments were conducted along two successive winter of 2020/21 and 2021/22. Treatments involved foliar spray of soybean and flaxseed meals in three different concentrations (15, 30 and 45%), mulching of seed meals, oxyfluorfen herbicide, two hand hoeing and untreated weedy check. The findings demonstrated that all weed control treatments significantly reduced weed density, biomass and nutrient uptake. Two hand hoeing, oxyfluorfen herbicide and the mulching of soybean and flaxseed meals alternated in the top rank for weed control, showing minimal significant differences among them. Following these effective treatments, soybean meal extracts at 45 and 30% exhibited notable weed control compared to the weedy check. The greatest enhancement in onion growth, yield characteristics and bulb quality was observed with the application of hand hoeing, soybean and flaxseed meal mulching treatments, with no significant differences between them. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) fractionation of both meals identified various phenolic acids at different concentrations. Practically, these safe efficient treatments proved progress on chemical herbicide. Hence, onion farmers are advised to apply soybean and flaxseed meals mulching safe treatments as alternative to harmful chemical herbicides under all experimental conditions.

Inclusion Effect of Various Levels of Jack Mackerel Meal in Olive Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) Diets Substituting 50% Fish Meal with Duck By-Product Meal on Growth and Feed Utilization.

This experiment was performed to evaluate the inclusion impact of various levels of jack mackerel meal (JMM) in olive flounder (P. olivaceus) feeds substituting 50% FM by duck by-product meal (DBM) on growth, feed availability, and economic efficiency. Seven experimental diets were prepared. The control (Con) diet contained 60% FM. Fifty percent FM in the Con diet was substituted with DBM, and then the graded levels (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%) of JMM were added instead of FM, named the DJ0, DJ10, DJ20, DJ30, DJ40, and DJ50 diets, respectively. All feeds were assigned to triplicate fish groups. At the end of 56 days' feeding, fish fed the DJ40 and DJ50 diets exhibited comparable weight gain and specific growth rate to fish fed the Con diet. Higher feed consumption was observed in fish fed the Con, DJ40, and DJ50 diets compared to fish fed the DJ0 and DJ10 diets. Lower feed conversion ratio was observed in fish fed the Con diet compared to fish fed the DJ0, DJ10, DJ20, and DJ30 diets. Furthermore, the DJ50 diet led to the highest economic profit index (EPI). In conclusion, inclusion of 50% JMM in the olive flounder diet replacing 50% FM with DBM seems to be the most recommendable dietary treatment based on growth and feed consumption of olive flounder and EPI.

Physicochemical characterization of flour based on waste shrimp exoskeleton obtained by dehydration processes

O Objective: To characterize the physicochemical and nutritional compounds of meal made from shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus L.) exoskeleton, obtained through hot air dehydration processes, in order to value new products and applications, according to their nutritional components. Design/Methodology/Approach: Shrimp producers from Alvarado, Veracruz, were interviewed using a quantitative approach with a descriptive scope. Likewise, shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus L.) shells were dehydrated and powdered to transform them into meal. The proximate chemical composition was analyzed to determine its nutritional composition and its macro and micronutrients, as well as to identify the deficiencies or excesses of certain nutrients. The general public and local ranchers were surveyed and interviewed to establish the opinions, preferences, and behaviors of consumers regarding meal by-products, in order to evaluate their market acceptance. Results: In Alvarado, Veracruz, 2.5 tons of shrimp shell are wasted. The meal obtained from these shells has a high protein (45.40%) and mineral content, which includes Ca (11.17%), Na (6.86%), Fe (237 mg/Kg-1), and Zn (77 mg/Kg-1). Therefore, this nutrient content guarantees the quality of the protein input that is acquired and the food that is provided. Study Limitations/Implications: Access to outdated statistical information, resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, hindered the collection of relevant data. Likewise, the lack of interest of the producers in monitoring the project and the limited participation and knowledge of the workers represented a significant challenge to the progress of the study. Findings/Conclusions: The meal under study contained nutritional elements, making it a product with high nutritional quality that could add value to shrimp waste and that has potential applications in the food industry, in the production of fertilizers, and in the formulation of balanced feed for animals. Consequently, it would contribute to the reduction of pollution in the Alvarado lagoon system.

Methionine sources and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CECT 5940 effects on growth, body composition, and nutrient metabolism of Penaeus vannamei fed reduced fishmeal diets

An eight-week feeding trial investigated the effects of fishmeal (FM) replacement by soybean meal (SBM) and poultry by-product meal (PBM) in diets supplemented with two methionine sources (DL-Met and AQUAVI®) and their combinations with ECOBIOL® (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CECT 5940) on growth performance, body composition, and nutrient metabolism of Penaeus vannamei. Four hundred shrimp (0.30 ± 0.04 g) randomly distributed into 20 tanks (20 shrimp tank-1) were fed with five experimental diets (four repetitions per diet). A control diet (CD; 20% FM) and four diets with 50% FM replacement supplemented with different methionine sources and ECOBIOL® combinations: D1 (0.13% DL-MET), D2 (0.06% AQUAVI®), D3 (0.13% DL-MET plus 0.10% ECOBIOL®), and D4 (0.06% AQUAVI® plus 0.10% ECOBIOL®). Shrimp fed D2 and D4 had better growth performance, nutrient utilization, and body composition. Shrimp fed D3 also had good growth performance but higher lipid body composition. Shrimp fed D1 had the worst growth performance, nutrient utilization, and body composition values. Nutrient metabolism-related genes were affected by dietary treatments. Protein synthesis-related genes decreased mostly in shrimp fed D1 and D2 while increased mostly in shrimp fed D3 and D4, lipolysis-related genes had a better transcriptional response in shrimp fed D4 and lipogenesis-related genes were mostly downregulated in shrimp fed D2 while were mostly upregulated in shrimp fed D3 and D4. Results suggested that FM could be partially replaced with SBM and PBM in shrimp feeds supplemented with 0.06% AQUAVI® alone or combined with 0.10% ECOBIOL® without adversely affecting the growth and nutrient metabolism of P. vannamei.

Dried porcine soluble augments dietary fishmeal replacement by poultry by-product meal for large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea

Two concurrent feeding trials was conducted to assess the effects of replacing fishmeal with poultry by-product meal (PBM) and supplementing dried porcine soluble (DPS) in large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea diets at the optimal dietary protein level. In trial I, the reference diet (F40) contained fishmeal at 400 g/kg, and 40%, 60% and 80% of the fishmeal was substituted with PBM (the diets were termed as F24, F16 and F8). In trial II, the control diet (F16D0) contained fishmeal at 160 g/kg, and DPS was added at 4, 8, 12 and 16 g/kg in F16D0 (the diets were termed as F16D4, F16D8, F16D12 and F16D16). Fish initially weighing 20.0 ± 0.2 g were fed the test diets for 10 weeks. Fishmeal replacement level significantly influenced final body weight (FBW), weight gain, feed conversion ratio, nitrogen and energy retention efficiencies, ratio of fish-in to fish-out (FIFO), feed cost, activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase in plasma and liver, activity of glutathione peroxidase in plasma, and malondialdehyde content in liver. However, neither fishmeal replacement level nor DPS supplementation level resulted in significant change in condition factor, hepatosomatic index and body composition. There were no significant differences in weight gain and FBW either between F40, F24 and F16 or between F40 and F16D0, F16D4, F16D8, F16D12 and F16D16. The FBW of F16 declined by 3.2% relative to F40, while the FBW of F16D12 increased by 10.1% relative to F16D0. This study reveals that dietary fishmeal level for large yellow croaker could be reduced to 160 g/kg by using PBM as a sole substitute, and DPS supplementation could augment dietary fishmeal replacement by PBM.

Dietary supplementation of protease and organic acid in poultry by-product meal-based diet in broilers.

This study investigated the impact of supplementation of protease and organic acid on growth performance and other biological parameters in broilers fed poultry byproduct meal (PBM) based diet. Five hundred 1-day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308) were distributed into five treatments with 5 replicates, each pen having 20 birds, and fed each group one of five isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets in two phases: stater phase (1 to 21 days) metabolizable energy (ME) 3000 kcal/kg; crude protein (CP) 22%, and a finisher phase (22 to 35 days) ME 3,200 kcal/kg; CP 19.5%. The dietary treatments were: i) standard broiler ration (Cont); ii) The control diet with 25% of the soybean meal replaced by PBM on an equivalent protein basis (PBM); iii) PBM diet supplemented with 0.5 g/kg of protease (PBMP); iv) PBM diet supplemented with 1 g/kg organic acid (PBMO); and v) PBM diet addition with 0.5 g/kg protease and 1 g/kg organic acid (PBMPO). The overall data showed that feed conversion ratio was improved (p<0.05) in the PBMP group. Apparent CP digestibility was higher (p<0.05) in both Cont and PBMP groups. Jejunal villus height increased (p<0.05) in PBMP and PBMPO groups, while only the PBMO group exhibited a higher (p<0.05) crypt depth. Lipase activity was increased (p<0.05) in the PBMP, PBMO, and PBMPO dietary treatments. However, trypsin activity showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in the PBMP and PBMO groups. Serum biochemistry increased (p<0.05) globulin and total protein levels in the PBMP group. PBM could partially replace the soybean meal with supplementation of either protease or organic acid in broiler diets without impairing overall growth performance. Furthermore, careful optimization must be considered when combining protease and organic acids.

Inclusion effect of jack mackerel meal in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) diet substituting blended fish meal with tuna by-product meal on growth, feed availability, and economic efficiency

The low fish meal (FM) diet commonly causes deteriorated palatability, and eventually leads to lowered feed consumption and growth performance of fish. This study was, therefore, designed to determine inclusion impact of the graded levels of jack mackerel meal (JMM) in olive flounder (P. olivaceus) diets replacing 50% FM with tuna by-product meal (TBM) on growth, feed availability, biochemical composition, blood chemistry, and economic efficiency. Six isonitrogenous (55.5%) and isolipidic (10.0%) diets were formulated. Sixty percent FM was incorporated in the control (Con) diet. In the Con diet, fifty percent of FM was replaced by TBM, and then 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% JMM were included at the cost of FM, referred as the TJ10, TJ20, TJ30, TJ40, and TJ50 diets, respectively. Three hundred and sixty juvenile fish (18.0 ± 0.01g; mean ± SD) were delivered into 18, 50-L flow-through tanks. All diets were randomly assigned to triplicate groups of fish. Fish were hand-fed to apparent satiation twice daily for 56 days. Weight gain, specific growth rate, and feed consumption of fish fed the TJ30, TJ40, and TJ50 diets were significantly (P &amp;lt; 0.001, P &amp;lt; 0.001, and P &amp;lt; 0.002, respectively) greater than those of fish fed the Con and TJ10 diets, but not significantly (P &amp;gt; 0.05) different from those of fish fed the TJ20 diet. Feed utilization, proximate composition, amino acid profiles, and blood chemistry of fish were not significantly (P &amp;gt; 0.05) altered by dietary treatments. However, the TJ30 diet was the most recommendable to farmers in terms of economic profit index (EPI). Conclusively, 30% inclusion of JMM is the most recommendable in the olive flounder diet substituting 50% FM with TBM based on growth performance, feed availability, and EPI.

Using poultry by-product meal to replace soybean meal in grower -finisher pig diets

This study investigated the effect of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with poultry by-product meal (PBM) in grower-finisher diets on pig feeding, growth performance, carcass yield and meat quality. The replacement levels were increased from no PBM (PBM0) to 37 g/kg PBM (PBM37), 85 g/kg PBM (PM85) and 111 g/kg PBM (PBM111). All diets met or exceeded nutrient requirements for pigs between 20 – 100 kg live weight (NRC, 2012). Sixty-four entire males (PIC 337 x PIC Camborough 42), at an average live weight (LW) of 27.60 ± 2.48 kg (mean ±SD) were blocked by LW and randomly assigned to 8 pens, with each diet replicated across 2 pens. Pigs had ad libitum access to diets via electronic feeders until they reached approximately 100 kg LW, at which time they were slaughtered. Results showed no significant effect of replacing SBM with PBM on pig feeding behavior parameters and the majority of pig growth performance, carcass yield, and meat quality traits, with the exception of higher feed conversion ratio (FCR) in pigs fed the PBM37 diet. Loin muscles from the group fed the PBM111 diet had significantly lower ultimate pH and a greater cooking loss than the other treatments (P < 0.05). Loin muscles from pigs fed high levels of PBM (PBM85 and PBM111) had greater ash content than those fed the PBM37 and control diets (P = 0.001). Overall, the present research indicated that PBM could be a viable primary protein source in diets for growing-finishing pigs, as it did not appear to have any adverse effects on pig feeding behavior, growth performance and meat quality. In addition, PBM is potentially a good source of calcium and phosphorus for growing–finishing pigs. However, due to the variation in quality and composition of available PBM, it is essential to measure nutritional composition before including PBM in diets for growing-finishing pigs.

Effects of single and twin thermal screw extrusion on protein quality of grain-free pet foods formulated with predominantly animal- or plant-based protein ingredients

With the diversification of the pet food industry and increasing market demand, the inclusion of plant protein in companion animal diets has become of interest. Pulses, commonly seen in grain-free diets, are high in protein and could serve as an alternative source of animal-based protein. There has been research on the ingredient about nutrient profiles and effects on canine health. However, little is known about the amino acid availability when pulses are incorporated into diets. In addition, there is lacking in knowledge about the effect of extrusion processing on protein quality and the possible interaction between processing and ingredients. Therefore, the study was conducted to determine the effect of extrusion and pulses on amino acid digestibility and protein quality. Eight grain-free diet formulations were designed: chicken byproduct meal diet (CON), chicken slurry diet (SLR), chicken slurry + yellow pea diet (SLR+YP), yellow pea diet (YP), green lentil diet (GL), garbanzo bean diet (GB), chicken slurry + taurine diet (SLR+TAU), and chicken slurry + yellow pea + taurine diet (SLR+YP+TAU). Two types of extruders were used: single screw and twin screw extruder. Diet samples were taken at 3 processing time points: raw ingredients, at the end of the preconditioner, and at the end of the extruder. The resulting 48 diet samples were analyzed for chemical composition and fed to cecectomized roosters (n=4/treatment) to determine standardized ileal amino acid digestibility and Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS)-like values. Even though the diets were mostly similar in chemical composition, methionine content was lower in diets containing yellow pea and green lentil. Extrusion processing did not have negative effect on natural or synthetic taurine in the diets. Preconditioning and extrusion also increased amino acid digestibility and DIAAS-like values in most diets, as processed diets could be considered well-digested and of good protein quality. According to reference protein sources, tryptophan and methionine were the most limiting amino acids in all treatment diet samples. In conclusion, grain-free diet formulation could result in good protein quality in canine diets and extrusion processing increased amino acid digestibility and protein quality.

Growth, Hepatic Enzymatic Activity, and Quality of European Seabass Fed on Hermetia illucens and Poultry By-Product Meal in a Commercial Farm.

Protein meals from insects in combination with poultry by-product meal appear to be promising ingredients for replacing conventional proteins in the diets of carnivorous fish. The present study explored the effects on growth performance, hepatic enzymatic activity, and fillet physical and nutritional characteristics during a 66-day feeding trial performed on European seabass. A total of 3000 fish were distributed into three tanks, where the control group was fed with a commercial diet (CG) and a second group was fed in duplicate with the experimental diet (SSH) containing 10% Hermetia illucens larva meal, 30% poultry by-product meal, and <5.5 g/100 g of feed of marine origin proteins. All fish showed good growth performance. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activities were higher in the SSH group than in the CG group. The fillet fatty acid profile was largely unaffected by diet, except for a few fatty acids. Fish fed the SSH diet had a lower C22:1n-11 content than CG, thus suggesting an increased β-oxidation. The oxidative status of muscle lipids was not affected by the diet. In conclusion, the present study showed that European seabass can be successfully fed the SSH diet for two months in a commercial setting.