Types Of Buyers Research Articles

Marketing channel of pineapple in Isabela, Philippines

Purpose - The study determined the key production area, farming practices, average production volume, marketing channels, and marketing practices of pineapple farmers in Isabela, Philippines. Methodology- Primary and secondary data were used. Through multistage sampling, eighty -four pineapple farmers were chosen to be the respondents as they answered closed and open- ended questions. Findings- Municipalities with pineapple farms are Echague, San Guillermo, Sto. Tomas, Jones, and Angadanan. Pineapple farmers fertilized their farm and covered the fruit with hay to protect it from the sun. Their average production volume was about 23,588 pieces per cropping. The four intermediaries in the channel were canvassers, traders, processors, and retailers. Their marketing practices involved their reasons for choosing the type of buyers, basis in determining the quality of fruit, reasons for product rejection, price monitoring, and negotiation. Conclusion- Most farmers did not have the capacity of marketing their produce. They just waited for their buyers to come in their area. Keywords: Farmers, Farm activities, Marketing channel, Marketing practices, Pineapple JEL Codes: M19, M30, M39

Search and resale frictions in a two-sided online platform: A case of multi-use assets

How large are two-sided transaction costs in online platform trades, and who are the major beneficiaries of friction cost reductions? Using a dataset of a multi-use train ticket resale market, we analyze the welfare structure with buyer-seller matching frictions on an online platform. Our model shows that competitive online resale market prices work as a conductor of transaction cost externalities, clarifying what types of buyers bear what friction costs. The estimation results show that individual-level welfare losses, which could be considered an online resale market dead-weight loss, are non-negligibly large and heterogeneous across buyers, ranging from 3% to 21% of the new good price. Welfare losses are particularly disadvantageous to users who demand small degrees of usage, as they are more likely to be excluded from trading opportunities. Our model also suggests that, when competitive resale markets experience friction cost reductions, welfare gains are larger among small degree users of resalable goods, providing an explanation for the recent expansion of high-turnover online trades.

Information Asymmetry with Heterogeneous Buyers and Sellers in the Housing Market

This study examines how heterogeneous traders on both sides of transactions behave in the housing market under information asymmetry. Two types of buyers, namely, informed and uninformed buyers, correspond to local and non-local buyers in the empirical tests. Non-local housing buyers in Hong Kong pay a 2.8% premium over local buyers in the second-hand market for housing units with similar observable attributes. We distinguish real estate developers from sellers in the second-hand market. The former has an incentive and ability to reduce information asymmetry by providing a quality guarantee on the building structure and signaling with brand name, none of which can be fulfilled by sellers in the second-hand market. Empirical results show that developers’ efforts to reduce information asymmetry allow them to fetch a higher price than sellers in the second-hand market, holding property characteristics constant. Such efforts are particularly valued by uninformed buyers as non-local buyers prefer to purchase in the first-hand market rather than in the second-hand market, especially when the problem of information asymmetry is serious.

Una Mirada a los Sistemas de Salud Mexicano y Argentino

In this work we describe the Mexican and Argentinian health systems, focusing on their organizational structure. Thus, type of users, funding, suppliers and buyers (health institutions) are described according to system organization in each country. The study is made up of four sections: the first one presents historical background, the second describes public health systems and the Health Secretary of Mexico and the Ministry of Health of Argentina are mentioned; the third section refers to social security; and the fourth describes the private sector in both countries. In each section there is a short reflection and the conclusion is that in spite of the similarities in the economic systems of both countries; there is a great difference regarding the organization of health systems.

The Effect of Fuel Price Changes on Fleet Demand for New Vehicle Fuel Economy

New vehicle purchases by private companies and government agencies, or ‘fleet’ buyers, represent a significant percentage of overall new vehicle sales in the United States. Yet little is known about fleet demand for new vehicle fuel economy including how it responds to fuel price changes. Using unique disaggregated data on fleet and household registrations of new vehicles from 2009 to 2016, we estimate how fleet demand for new vehicle fuel economy responds to fuel price changes. We find that fleet purchases of low fuel economy vehicles fall relative to high fuel economy vehicles when gasoline prices increase, a finding that is consistent with fleet buyers’ taking into account capitalization of fuel costs in the second‐hand market. Our estimates imply that raising gasoline prices by one dollar would increase fuel economy of new vehicles acquired by fleet buyers by 0.33 miles per gallon. We estimate a similar response for household buyers during the same period. This result justifies basing fuel economy responses to fuel cost changes on household data alone, an assumption widely used in the vehicle demand literature and the fuel economy valuation literature. We also find, however, that the response to fuel price changes varies across the types of fleet buyers: rental companies respond strongly to fuel price changes, whereas commercial and government buyers are insensitive. Our estimates imply that an increase in the federal gasoline tax would modestly increase fuel economy of vehicles bought by households and rental companies but would have little to no impact on fuel economy of vehicles bought by non‐rental companies and governments.

Pre-Match Investment Competition with Bounded Transfers

This paper studies pre-match investment competition with upper and lower bounds on feasible transfers to sellers in a general signaling environment, where the types of buyers and sellers are private information and the surplus may depend on both types and investments. Bounded transfers create methodological challenges - e.g., externalities in the bottom match, limits of a separate investment reward (or market utility) schedule for each side - that would be present even in a large market. To overcome such challenges, this paper proposes a notion of equilibrium that incorporates strategic behavior of a continuum of agents. Given our notion of equilibrium with bounded transfers, our model explains remarkably well why sellers and buyers in the bottom tail of the match distribution are stuck in a vicious cycle of a rat race, and how stars who stand out from the rest endogenously arise through pre-match investment competition.

Selling with evidence

We study the informed‐principal problem in a bilateral asymmetric information trading setting with interdependent values and quasi‐linear utilities. The informed seller proposes a mechanism and voluntarily certifies information about the good's characteristics. When the set of certifiable statements is sufficiently rich, we show that there is an ex ante profit‐maximizing selling procedure that is an equilibrium of the mechanism proposal game. In contrast to posted price settings, the allocation obtained when product characteristics are commonly known (the unravelling outcome) may not be an equilibrium allocation, even when all buyer types agree on the ranking of product quality. Our analysis relies on the concept of strong Pareto optimal allocation, which was originally introduced by Maskin and Tirole (1990) in private value environments.

Optimal Sales Mechanism with Outside Options

This paper studies the optimal design of sales mechanisms when a buyer can quit the negotiation for an outside option at any time. The main results show that the profit-maximizing mechanism reduces price over time, and thus a set of buyer types delay purchasing the good. Moreover, to prevent the buyer from quitting the negotiation, the profit- maximizing mechanism also features an upfront payment, which is compensated later by an additional price discount. The seller can implement the profit-maximizing mechanism by offering a menu of European options.

Short‐Term Trading Skills of Individuals, Institutions, and Foreigners: A New Approach Based on Relative Performance

AbstractThis paper evaluates the short‐term trading skills of three types of investor: individuals, institutions, and foreigners. Based on a dataset that identifies the types of sellers and buyers for all trades, we examine (i) how stock prices move contemporaneously with trading activities between investor types, and (ii) whether, given such price movements, one type of investor has superior skills in timing purchases (sales) of stocks over another type of investor. Using tests based on daily and weekly horizons, we find evidence that individuals have poor trading skills and provide liquidity to both institutions and foreigners. When domestic institutions trade with foreigners, we find that foreigners generally show superior trading skills.

Robust pooling for contracting models with asymmetric information

We consider a principal-agent contracting model between a seller and a buyer with single-dimensional private information. The buyer’s type follows a continuous distribution on a bounded interval. We present a new modelling approach where the seller offers a menu of finitely many contracts to the buyer. The approach distinguishes itself from existing methods by pooling the buyer types using a partition. That is, the seller first chooses the number of contracts offered and then partitions the set of buyer types into subintervals. All types in a subinterval are pooled and offered the same contract by the design of our menu.We call this approach robust pooling and apply it to a utility maximisation problem adapted from the literature. For this problem we are able to express structural results as a function of a single new parameter, which remarkably does not depend on all instance parameters. We determine the optimal partition and the corresponding optimal menu of contracts. This results in new insights into the (sub)optimality of the equidistant partition. For example, the equidistant partition is optimal for a family of instances. Finally, we derive performance guarantees for the equidistant and optimal partitions for a given number of contracts. For the considered problem the robust pooling approach has good performances when using only a few contracts.

CAN TRADITIONAL RETAILERS USE STRATEGY TO FIGHT AGAINST MODERN ATTACKS?

<p>Despite rapid growth in online type, the majority Indonesian retail market is offline shopping because of households disperse across thousand cities and islands. However, the threat comes from corporatized modern retailers. Typically, attacks from modern retailers in the form of franchised minimarkets endangered the existence of traditional retailers which generally are small sized and independently owned by individual or household. This research investigates how traditional retailers can deliver a strategic response to the presence of modern retailers, and to examine whether there are differences in performance among business entities that use different strategic responses. We also investigate if there are differences, which strategic response would give the best result in performance. Questionnaires were distributed to 109 respondents using convenience sampling. An ANOVA was done at respective types of retailers' buyers. There is no significant evidence that the strategic response developed by traditional retailers differed from one another. Furthermore, we found that the performance of traditional retailers are below modern retailers, except for those that belong to a higher tier of performance. Higher tier traditional retailers are the best strategic group in traditional retailers and their performance statistically could equate to the performance of modern retail.</p><p> </p><p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong>: Indonesian retail market, small-scale retailer strategy, strategic group, strategic response</p>

CAN TRADITIONAL RETAILERS USE STRATEGY TO FIGHT AGAINST MODERN ATTACKS?

<p>Despite rapid growth in online type, the majority Indonesian retail market is offline shopping because of households disperse across thousand cities and islands. However, the threat comes from corporatized modern retailers. Typically, attacks from modern retailers in the form of franchised minimarkets endangered the existence of traditional retailers which generally are small sized and independently owned by individual or household. This research investigates how traditional retailers can deliver a strategic response to the presence of modern retailers, and to examine whether there are differences in performance among business entities that use different strategic responses. We also investigate if there are differences, which strategic response would give the best result in performance. Questionnaires were distributed to 109 respondents using convenience sampling. An ANOVA was done at respective types of retailers' buyers. There is no significant evidence that the strategic response developed by traditional retailers differed from one another. Furthermore, we found that the performance of traditional retailers are below modern retailers, except for those that belong to a higher tier of performance. Higher tier traditional retailers are the best strategic group in traditional retailers and their performance statistically could equate to the performance of modern retail.</p><p> </p><p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong>: Indonesian retail market, small-scale retailer strategy, strategic group, strategic response</p>

An investigation of B-to-B brand value: evidence from manufacturing SMEs in Taiwan

ABSTRACTPurpose: The importance of brand value has been increasingly recognized in business-to-business (B-to-B) marketing settings. Leek and Christodoulides (2012) proposed a comprehensive B-to-B brand value framework based on qualitative examination, which has yet to be quantitatively examined. As such, the objectives of this study are twofold: first, to quantitatively investigate Leek and Christodoulides’ (2012) B-to-B brand value framework and reveal the relative importance of the various attributes/elements; second, to explore whether the attribute/element priority in Leek and Christodoulides’ (2012) value framework differs for various types of buyers with respect to supplier characteristics, environmental factors, and situational factors. The research context is small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Taiwan. For industrial marketers, a better understanding of attribute/element priority pertaining to brand value is helpful in terms of marketing efficiency and success probability.Methodology/Approach: Based on data from 22 SME buyers in Taiwan, a cluster analysis was performed to classify SME buyers into different buyer groups based on supplier characteristics, environmental factors, and situational factors, while an analytic hierarchy process was used to indicate the preference structure under different buyer groups.Findings: The results reveal that the functional value items outperformed emotional value ones; further, quality, technology, and after-sales service were the top three elements of brand value. However, the attribute/element priority varied across different buyer groups. In general, the importance of functional value items was greater than that of emotional value items for most SME types. Top attributes/elements that exceeded 10% importance weight were almost all function-related, aside from emotion-related credibility—the primary concern (20.3%) of forced SMEs that held pessimistic perceptions regarding the economic environment, and procured within a highly concentrated market structure.Originality/Value: This research study contributes by indicating the relative importance of brand value attributes/elements in the SME context and examining whether the attribute/element priority varies for distinct types of buyers. Based on the results, a target marketing strategy is provided for B-to-B marketers to effectively design marketing offerings and create brand value for their business buyers.

Comparison of Two Buyer-Vendor Coordination Models

This paper develops and compares two mathematical models for describing situation in coordination of buyer and vendor. In this case the vendor which is an Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMS) of automotive parts, are supplying different type of buyers, i.e. automotive industry, repair shop and automotive dealers. It is well known that automotive industries are operated in Just in Time (JIT) Production Environment, so that the demand behaviour from this buyer has different characteristics than the demand behaviour from other buyers. Two mathematical models are developed in order to depict two different manufacturing strategies as the vendor response dealing with different type of buyers. These strategies are dividing production lot size for each type of buyer and consolidating all buyer’s demand in to single production lot size.

Detecting buyer's role effects to achieve collaborative business relationships in the agriculture business, using electroencephalogram (EEG)

The relationships between suppliers and buyers in agricultural sector are crucial to the acquisition of resources for achieving competitive advantage. This paper examines several agricultural buyer and supplier relationships by testing the effects of different types of agriculture buyers on farmer's perceived value, trust, performance, and commitment using neuroscience method. This provided objective information about farmers' sensory, cognitive and emotional reactions based on cortical brain activity (electroencephalogram) in different brain regions. The pattern of brain activity was obtained in the Alpha (8–12 Hz) and Beta (13–30 Hz) frequency bands of the frontal (AF3 and AF4), parietal (Pz), and temporal (T7 and T8) brain areas. There are differences in farmers' emotional responses towards each buyer type. Most farmers demonstrated the highest interest response in relation to perceived value, and demonstrated an engagement response indicating trust towards the farmers' group, while the highest excitement response arose in relation to tengkulak performance.

Detecting buyer's role effects to achieve collaborative business relationships in the agriculture business, using electroencephalogram (EEG)

The relationships between suppliers and buyers in agricultural sector are crucial to the acquisition of resources for achieving competitive advantage. This paper examines several agricultural buyer and supplier relationships by testing the effects of different types of agriculture buyers on farmer's perceived value, trust, performance, and commitment using neuroscience method. This provided objective information about farmers' sensory, cognitive and emotional reactions based on cortical brain activity (electroencephalogram) in different brain regions. The pattern of brain activity was obtained in the Alpha (8–12 Hz) and Beta (13–30 Hz) frequency bands of the frontal (AF3 and AF4), parietal (Pz), and temporal (T7 and T8) brain areas. There are differences in farmers' emotional responses towards each buyer type. Most farmers demonstrated the highest interest response in relation to perceived value, and demonstrated an engagement response indicating trust towards the farmers' group, while the highest excitement response arose in relation to tengkulak performance.

La Innovación en el área comercial a través de la gestión de las experiencias

El presente ensayo tiene como objetivo presentar una propuesta para la gestión del área comercial a través de la elaboración y la generación de experiencias con la creación de valor en los mercados que las organizaciones sirven. Se hace un análisis de la función de la gerencia comercial describiendo el tipo de cultura de innovación que prima en las empresas que gestionan las experiencias. Se plantean las estructuras ambidiestras en las organizaciones, y la influencia e impacto de las funciones de exploración en la gerencia comercial cuando crean y gestionan distintos tipos de experiencias. Se incluye la temática dentro del modelo de negocio. Se describen las capacidades dinámicas necesarias de las gerencias comerciales que gestionan experiencias.Observamos la importancia del análisis y gestión de las emociones en la cocreación de valor. Se aportan nuevos tipos de experiencias híbridas aplicadas en el mundo por importantes empresas. Se presentan los resultados de la primera investigación sobre experiencias del visitante a los museos argentinos y una descripción del tipo de comprador llamado “experiencial” de la industria del retail latinoamericana.

Engineering a Separating Equilibrium

In a large online market, buyers were given the opportunity to signal their relative preferences over price and quality—first experimentally, then later as the default experience in the market. The possibility of signaling caused substantial sorting by sellers to buyers of the right “type.” However, sellers clearly tailored their bids to the type of buyer they faced, bidding up against buyers with a high revealed willingness to pay. Despite this markup, a separating equilibrium was sustained over time, post-experiment, suggesting buyers found revelation incen- tive compatible. We find evidence that informative signaling improved both matching efficiency and match quality.

Selling Complementary Goods: Information and Products

This paper studies optimal mechanisms for selling complementary goods sequentially. The seller starts with private information, has limited commitment and offers in the first period a menu of information structures on the value of the second-period product. Fully revealing the seller type in the first period makes the second period a standard adverse selection problem, and fully revealing the buyer type in the first period makes the second period an information design problem. Among properties of equilibria, all types of seller must pool in every equilibrium if certain first-order stochastic dominance and independence conditions are satisfied.

The effect of natural disasters on the timber market

Abstract The aim of the study was to determine the impact an increased wood supply from the Beskid forests after natural disasters on the timber economy of the Węgierska Górka Forest District and its surroundings in the years 2004–2010. The analysis was based on the wood raw material sales recorded in the database of the State Forestry Information System (SILP). Information on the buyers'location and their main use for the raw material were obtained through the Central Statistical Office. Furthermore, wood material buyers were classified according to the Polish Classification of Activities (PCA) based on the year 2007, using only a subjective analysis designed for enterprises and other economic units in the national economy. Changes in sales of wood material to the selected buyer groups were investigated using statistical analyses of linear trends. A Pearson's correlation analysis verified the relationships between the buyer groups and the supply of timber assortments by the Węgierska Górka Forest District. Other studies have also shown that an increased supply of raw material in the context of natural disasters affects the types of wood buyers and their location. In addition, they have shown an increase in interest towards the purchase of raw materials among buyers engaged in the wholesale trade of wood and other non-wood producers which in turn decrease the share purchased by sawmills.