Identity Of Buyers Research Articles

The Role of Heritage Connection in Consumer Valuation

Owners value heritage goods, items that connect them to a shared past, whether through their alma mater or their family history. This research considers the impact of heritage on owners who wish to sell such goods. In five studies, the authors demonstrate that sellers have a lower willingness to accept when selling heritage goods to buyers with a shared heritage connection relative to buyers without this connection (i.e., a heritage discount). This heritage discount cannot be explained by ingroup favoritism, sentimental value, or appropriateness of buyer usage and persists even when sellers perceive that the buyer has a higher willingness to pay. The authors provide process evidence that the effect of the buyer's identity on the seller's willingness to accept is driven by concerns about heritage loss. The findings contribute to literatures on sharing, sentimental goods, psychological ownership, and the endowment effect and have marketing implications for consumer goods (e.g., collectibles) that derive product value by connecting consumers to meaningful history and traditions.

Strategi Periklanan Online Shop Garasi Barokah di Media Sosial Instagram

Abstract - This study discusses the online shop advertising strategy of Garasi Barokah on social media Instagram. The research method used is qualitative research with the format of field research. The data source in this study consists of two data sets, namely field data and written data. The results showed that the advertising strategy in the diecast manager's perspective, namely the selection of social media Instagram as a means of advertising communication because of the advantages of its social system, namely the Comment and DM features (Direct Message) where the system creates a personal interaction and communication space for business people to exchange messages intensive between traders and traders with buyers. Three aspects in presenting online shop advertising strategies Garasi Barokah on social media Instagram, First, the visual aspect of presenting photos of products is original diecast. Second, the communication aspect, namely the ad text that contains messages about diecast product specifications or specifications, the advantages of diecast products, the price of diecast products, where advertising sentences are made more persuasive which aims to influence consumers. Third, the interactive aspect seeks the service of the purchase or transaction process, contact number and address of the buyer that allows direct interaction between the merchant and the buyer, commonly called Cash On Delivery (COD). The inhibiting factors for the product advertising process are diecast, which is related to incompleteness of identity or found false accounts that are misused by certain individuals. The conclusion of this study recommends that the online shop manager of Garasi Barokah should implement strict rules regarding the identity of buyers (consumers), more effective use of the latest features from Instagram, and implement advertising communication strategies across other social media such as Facebook, Line, Whatsapp and Twitter accounts.Keywords: Advertising Strategy, Garasi Barokah, Instagram

Spatial differentiation of activity of nonresident buyers in the housing market in the Moscow region

Housing construction in the Moscow agglomeration is closely linked with the migration of the population to the capital region. The acquisition of real estate by nonresident buyers in the primary market of the Moscow capital region (MСR) in the amount of 2.5 mln m2 provides housing for about 100 000 migrants per year, or about 40 % of the net migration inflow. Buyers from other regions account for 17 % of transactions in Moscow and 23 % in Moscow Oblast. The activity of buyers in the real estate market of the MCR has a spatial differentiation by the Russian regions, which is determined by the factors of natural resource rents, agglomeration effect, the status rents in the large cities, the distance from the MCR. Regional identity of buyers was determined by the addresses of their initial registration. Factor of natural resource rents is evident in the high share (6.4 %) of housing buyers in Moscow from Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs that is almost four times higher than their share in the population. The factor of distance leads to exceeding 2.1 times the share of housing buyers in Moscow from the neighboring regions of the first order over their shares in the population. The greatest activity in the housing market of Moscow is characteristic for residents of cities with the 250 000-500 000 population, of Moscow Oblast - with the 100 000-250 000 population. The share of buyers from the million-plus cities (17.7 %) is slightly greater than their share in the population. Small towns and rural areas have weak buying activity in the housing market. Thus, the development of alternative to Moscow centers of attraction at the national level is associated with a change in migration incentives for residents of cities with 100 000-500 000 population.

Misvaluation and Financial Constraints: Method of Payment and Buyer Identity in Mergers & Acquisitions

The paper studies how stock price misvaluation and financial frictions affect whether an acquisition occurs between or within industries and whether the acquirer pays in cash or stocks. I set up a model where stock market misvaluation correlates within industries and across industries and assume that managers have private information regarding their own firm and firms similar to it. The model yields predictions regarding which firm acquires which firm, and the method of payment used in transactions.

The geographical and social reach of the Eszterháza gardens: consumption of nursery plants in Hungary in the 1820s

Although the famous Baroque gardens of Prince Nicolas Esterházy ‘the Magnificent’ (1714–90) at Eszterháza were abandoned by his immediate successors and later given a more natural but rather modest appearance, the new pleasure ground was kept in good order to please the many tourists who were still interested in the so-called Hungarian Versailles. The Eszterháza gardens continued to play an important role in providing ornamental plants for other princely estates including the much-famed Eisenstadt, and also acted as a ‘garden centre’ for local society, distributing a wide range of fruit tree varieties and other garden products. During his leadership between 1821 and 1825, Court Gardener Anton Pölt (c. 1770–1836) kept a series of ledgers that reveal the entire trading business of the Eszterháza gardens. This exceptionally rare source recorded not only the species and cultivars of the nursery stock but the identity of buyers and their purchases as well. Analysis of the data sheds light on consumption habits, distribution range and social differences in the customs, and also provides information on high and low tides in the business and the reliability of the garden products in terms of revenue.

Efficiency in decentralized oligopolistic markets

The paper analyzes quantity competition in economies in which a network describes the set of feasible trades. A model is presented in which the identity of buyers, of sellers, and of intermediaries is endogenously determined by the trade flows in the economy. The analysis first considers small economies, and provides sufficient conditions for equilibrium existence, a characterization of prices and flows, and some negative results relating welfare to network structure. The second and central part of the analysis considers behavior in large markets, and presents necessary and sufficient conditions on the network structure for equilibria to be approximately efficient when the number of players is large.

Local-Only Land and Female-Only Compartment Policies

In attempt to lower the housing price, the Hong Kong government recently introduces the Local-only land policy, which restricts the identity of buyers, and subsequent buyers, of apartments developed on particular lands to only local people, for a period of 30 years from the date of the land sale. This paper shows that, if the policy can ever have an effect on lowering the housing price, the condition is that the ratio of the Local-only to Non-local-only apartments exceeds the ratio of local to non-local owners/buyers of apartments. I simulate that, for the policy to emerge an effect on the housing price, at least 85,000 Local-only apartments should be provided in each of the coming 30 years.

Relational aspects of decisions to sell

Mental accounting has been identified as an important source of non-fungibility in household and individual decision making. Ostensibly uniform assets, including cash, are perceived differently according to their originating source. In this study we examine assumptions of fungibility by using scenarios within a factorial survey to compare the effects of four specific factors on individuals’ willingness to trade a specified possession that varies according to its relational source, dollar value, uniqueness and the potential buyer's identity. Two measures of willingness to trade are used; a composite distress measure and the minimum price that the participant is willing to accept in exchange for the possession. In addition, data are analyzed to explore relationships between willingness to sell, the four defined characteristics of the possession and participant's characteristics including age, gender, education and income. The possession's source and the buyer's identity dominate effects over the possession's value and uniqueness. The strength of the effects varies significantly depending on how distress is measured and between identifiable population groups.

A Provably Secure Anonymous Buyer–Seller Watermarking Protocol

Buyer-seller watermarking (BSW) protocols allow copyright protection of digital content. The protocol is anonymous when the identity of buyers is not revealed if they do not release pirated copies. Existing BSW protocols are not provided with a formal analysis of their security properties. We employ the ideal-world/real-world paradigm to propose a formal security definition for copyright protection protocols, and we analyze an anonymous BSW protocol and prove that it fulfills our definition. Additionally, we implement the protocol and measure its efficiency.

Anonymous Fingerprinting with Robust QIM Watermarking Techniques

Fingerprinting is an essential tool to shun legal buyers of digital content from illegal redistribution. In fingerprinting schemes, the merchant embeds the buyer's identity as a watermark into the content so that the merchant can retrieve the buyer's identity when he encounters a redistributed copy. To prevent the merchant from dishonestly embedding the buyer's identity multiple times, it is essential for the fingerprinting scheme to be anonymous. Kuribayashi and Tanaka, 2005, proposed an anonymous fingerprinting scheme based on a homomorphic additive encryption scheme, which uses basic quantization index modulation (QIM) for embedding. In order, for this scheme, to provide sufficient security to the merchant, the buyer must be unable to remove the fingerprint without significantly degrading the purchased digital content. Unfortunately, QIM watermarks can be removed by simple attacks like amplitude scaling. Furthermore, the embedding positions can be retrieved by a single buyer, allowing for a locally targeted attack. In this paper, we use robust watermarking techniques within the anonymous fingerprinting approach proposed by Kuribayashi and Tanaka. We show that the properties of an additive homomorphic cryptosystem allow for creating anonymous fingerprinting schemes based on distortion compensated QIM (DC-QIM) and rational dither modulation (RDM), improving the robustness of the embedded fingerprints. We evaluate the performance of the proposed anonymous fingerprinting schemes under additive-noise and amplitude-scaling attacks.

Fingerprinting Protocol for On-Line Trade Using Information Gap between Buyer and Merchant

The homomorphic property of the public key cryptosystem has been exploited in order to achieve asymmetric fingerprinting such that only a buyer can obtain fingerprinted content. However, this requires many computations and a wide-band network channel because the entire uncompressed content must be encrypted based on the public key cryptosystem. In this paper, instead of the homomorphic property, we introduce the management of the enciphering keys for the symmetric cryptosystem. Based on a buyer's identity, a trusted center issues the buyer a partial sequence which is one of the two elements in the entire sequence. Although a merchant shares the entire sequence with the center, he cannot extract the buyer's key sequence from it. Such an information gap enables our protocol to be asymmetric and efficient. For each packet of content, the merchant produces two marked packets that contains a 0 or 1 information bit, and they are enciphered using the two elements from the entire sequence. Subsequently, the buyer obtains the two ciphertexts (the encrypted marked packets) containing the information bits of his identity. Since the merchant does not know the ciphertext decrypted by the buyer, an asymmetric property is achieved. In our protocol, before trade between a buyer and a merchant, the merchant can produce and compress the marked packets; this enables the reduction of both the computational costs for the encryption and the amount of data for transmission. Since only the enciphering operation is performed by a merchant in the on-line protocol, real-time operation may be possible.

Conducting E-Business Anonymously

In our society today, conducting business anonymously verges on the Herculean or even Sisyphean.1 If a transaction is not barter or cash, keeping the buyer anonymous poses challenges even without the additional elements inherent in electronic commerce. The conduct of business electronically (“E-business”) generally requires the participation of four parties (or roles): buyer, seller (e.g., merchant), fiduciary (e.g., bank), and transport (e.g., delivery service). The buyer's computer — particularly the browser software — provides the interface for the buyer in a business- to-consumer transaction. The merchant's computer — particularly the Web site software — provides the interface for the merchant to prospective buyers. When the transaction involves the sale of software or data (e.g., music, visual art, text, or even telemetry), the means connecting the buyer to seller (e.g., the Internet) can also serve in the role of transport. If the seller is trusted to accept payment by representation of the buyer's identity and authorization (as is the case with a standard credit card transaction), then the fiduciary becomes the credit card transaction system (e.g., American Express or Discover Card). Exhibit 1 describes the important zones or domains of control.

Contracts. Rescission. Misrepresentation of Buyer's Identity

Contracts. Rescission. Misrepresentation of Buyer's Identity