Butylated Hydroxyl Toluene Research Articles

Health Risk Assessment on Hazardous Ingredients in Household Deodorizing Products.

The inhalation of a water aerosol from a humidifier containing disinfectants has led to serious lung injuries in Korea. To promote the safe use of products, the Korean government enacted regulations on the chemicals in various consumer products that could have adverse health effects. Given the concern over the potential health risks associated with the hazardous ingredients in deodorizing consumer products, 17 ingredients were analyzed and assessed according to their health risk on 3 groups by the application type in 47 deodorizing products. The risk assessment study followed a stepwise procedure (e.g., collecting toxicological information, hazard identification/exposure assessment, and screening and detailed assessment for inhalation and dermal routes). The worst-case scenario and maximum concentration determined by the product purpose and application type were used as the screening assessment. In a detailed assessment, the 75th exposure factor values were used to estimate the assumed reasonable exposure to ingredients. The exposed concentrations of seven ingredients were calculated. Due to limitation of toxicity information, butylated hydroxyl toluene for a consumer’s exposure via the dermal route only was conducted for a detailed assessment. This study showed that the assessed ingredients have no health risks at their maximum concentrations in deodorizing products. This approach can be used to establish guidelines for ingredients that may pose inhalation and dermal hazards.

Formulation of a novel biolubricant with enhanced properties using esterified rubber seed oil as a base stock

Biolubricants, though an answer to depleting mineral oil reserves and toxic pollutants seeping into the environment, have several drawbacks. They have a limited range of viscosities, poor low temperature properties, and reduced oxidative stability. Rubber seed oil, a nonedible oil extracted from rubber ( Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg) seeds, has been observed to serve as a good base stock for developing a novel biolubricant. This study aims at improving the properties of rubber seed oil, namely, its free fatty acid content, viscosity, cloud and pour point, tribological properties, and oxidative stability using suitable natural and synthetic additives to make it as good as commercial lubricants available in the market. A final formulation containing esterified rubber seed oil with (1% low-density polyethylene + 1.5% polypropylene as viscosity enhancers, 1.5% agarose to improve coefficient of friction, 1.5% butylated hydroxyl toluene as pour point depressant and (1% butylated hydroxyl anisole + 1.5% α-tocopherol + 1% ascorbic acid) as antioxidants has been found to have superior lubricant properties when compared to plain rubber seed oil. The biodegradability of the final formulated oil has also been studied.

Exhaust emission profiling of fatty acid methyl esters and NOx control studies using selective synthetic and natural additives

The present study was focused on the optimized biodiesel production using Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) and rice bran oils, characterization, and comparative evaluation of the exhaust emission profile using artificial and natural additives resulting from synthesized biodiesel. Furthermore, various biodiesel blends (B10, B20, B50, and B100) of Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) and rice bran oils were studied in a four-cylinder, direct injection engine at different engine speeds (1800–3000 rpm). The optimal yields (%) for both the M. oleifera and rice bran oil-based biodiesel were found to be 87 ± 2.0 and 93 ± 2.6%, respectively, using sodium methoxide as the catalyst. The optimized reaction parameters involved in the transesterification of the M. oleifera and rice bran oils were revealed to be catalyst concentration (1.25%), methanol-to-oil molar ratio (9:1), reaction temperature (60 °C), and reaction time (90 min). The fuel properties of the M. oleifera and rice bran oil-based biodiesel were found to be in compliance with ASTM D6751 and EN 14214. The exhaust emission levels of the synthesized biodiesel and its blends with conventional diesel showed a significant reduction in the particulate matter and carbon monoxide levels comparative to the fossil fuel-based diesel combustion, whereas an increasing trend was observed in case of the oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emission. The results of the engine performance test indicated that the brake power in all of the samples had approximately similar values for each load and the enriched blends showed a distinct improvement in brake-specific fuel consumption. The effect of antioxidants on the NOx emission levels resulting from the combustion of the biodiesel and its blends showed that the synthetic additives (butylated hydroxyl anisole (BHA), butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT), t-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ), and propyl gallate (PG)) were more effective than the natural methanolic antioxidant extracts (extract of P. pinnata (EPPL), extract of A. lebbeck (EPPL), extract of P. guajava (EPG), and extract of M. azedarcah (EMA) for reduction in the NOx emission level.

Evaluation of Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Antiurolithiatic Potential of Different Solvent Extracts of Aerva lanata Linn Flowers.

Introduction:Aerva lanata (Linn) of family Amaranthaceae is an important and commonly used plant for its medicinal and pharmacological properties and proving the traditional uses of flowers of A. lanata Linn.Objective:All extracts of A. lanata were further evaluated for antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiurolithiatic potential to scientifically prove the traditional uses.Materials and Methods:In the present investigation, different solvent extracts of flowers were obtained using a Soxhlet extractor. Microorganisms were obtained from IMTECH, Chandigarh. Antiurolithiatic study was carried out in Albino Research and Training Centre, Hyderabad.Results:Regardless of the antioxidant studied, the methanolic extract presented the highest antioxidant activity and the aqueous extracts offered the lowest, following the order: methanolic extract > ethyl acetate > chloroform > aqueous. The results of this antimicrobial study indicate that methanolic extract of A. lanata could be used as antimicrobial agents. Overall, the methanolic flower extract of A. lanata (Linn) was significantly more promising as antiurolithiatic spectrum. This result also suggested the potential usefulness of the methanolic extract as an antiurolithiatic agent.Conclusion:Henceforward, this research can be acknowledged as a prime new report that focuses on the application of A. lanata (Linn) as an antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiurolithiatic agent.SUMMARY Overall, methanolic flower extract of Aerva lanata Linn showed promising antioxidant activityAdditionally, methanolic flower extract of A. lanata Linn exhibited remarkable antimicrobial and antiurolithiatic potential. Abbreviations used: IMTECH Chandigarh: Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh; IMMT: Institute of Mineral and Material Technology; CSIR: Council of Scientific & Industrial Research; DPPH: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; MTCC: Microbial Type Culture Collection; BHT: Butylated Hydroxyl Toluene.

Variation in Antioxidant Activity of a Rattan Species, Plectocomia himalayana Griff. by DPPH assay based on two different methods of Methanol Extraction.

Antioxidant plays an important role in inhibiting and scavenging free radicals, which provides protection to human against infection and degenerative diseases. At present research is directed towards “natural antioxidants” from the plants due to safe therapeutic. Therefore, in the present paper we have investigated antioxidant activity by DPPH method from the shoot extracts of Plectocomia himalayana. The solvent extracts of its shoots were found to have free radical scavenging activity by DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay. Hot methanol and cold methanol extracts of the dried powder of the shoots of Plectocomia himalayana were used as sample for antioxidant profiling which was compared with two standards namely BHT (Butylated Hydroxyl Toluene) and Ascorbic acid. Studies suggested that the percentage inhibition at 100 μg/μl which was the lowest concentration was higher in cold extract and that of 800 μg/μl was slightly higher in case of hot extract. In general, shoot extracts of Plectocomia himalayana showed a relatively good free radical scavenging activity even when compared to BHT and ascorbic acid. Furthermore, the IC50 value, the half maximal inhibitory concentration, for cold methanol extract and hot methanol extract of the shoots of Plectocomia himalayana was found to be 117.73 (μg/μl) and 163.16 (μg/μl) respectively.

Quantitative Phytochemical Constituents and Antioxidant Activities of the Mistletoe, Phragmanthera capitata (Sprengel) Balle Extracted with Different Solvents.

Objective:The investigation aimed to evaluate the in vitro quantitative phytochemical compositions and antioxidant capacity of the dried leaves of Phragmanthera capitata extracted with different solvents.Methodology:Different phytochemical assays were used to evaluate the phenols, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidin contents of the acetone, methanol, ethanol, and aqueous extracts of the sample. Antioxidant activity was measured using 2,2diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), nitric oxide, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) assays.Results:Methanol had the highest extraction yield (21.50%) followed by aqueous (10.87%). Acetone and ethanol yielded 6.87% and 4.3%, respectively. However, acetone and ethanol extracts had more phenolic content (218.6 ± 3.38 and 214.8 ± 3.56 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g, respectively) that were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the methanol and aqueous extracts (203.8 ± 1.95 and 175.5 ± 0.32 mg GAE/mg, respectively). Acetone extract also had more flavonoid and proanthocyanidin contents (679.8 ± 6.26 mg quercetin equivalent/g and 645.7 ± 6.35 mg catechin equivalent/g, respectively) that were significantly higher than the other solvent extracts (P < 0.05). All the solvent fractions showed great antioxidant activities with the acetone fraction having the highest capacity based on ABTS, DPPH, and TAC assays (half maximal inhibitory concentration [IC50] = <5 μg/mL, 24.5 μg/mL, and 85 μg/mL respectively). The methanol extract however had FRAP and nitric oxide antioxidant activities (IC50 = 302 μg/mL and < 25 μg/mL respectively).Conclusion:The findings of this study provide evidence that P. capitata has potential as a natural source of antioxidant with acetone showing to be the best extractant of the polyphenolics with corresponding higher antioxidant activities.SUMMARY The study investigated the in vitro polyphenolic content and antioxidant activities of the mistletoe; Phragmanthera capitata, extracted with different solventsThe resultant outcome of the study showed that while methanol had more yield from the extraction, the highest polyphenolic contents was observed in the acetone extractThe acetone extract also showed the highest antioxidant activity in most of the assaysThere was a positive correlation between the polyphenolics and the antioxidant activities: Higher polyphenol content resulted in a better antioxidant activityIf extracting this plant for preparatory works only, methanol would be preferred, but if it were for bioassay screening, acetone will be the solvent of choice. Abbreviations Used: DPPH: 2, 2diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)ABTS: 2, 2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)FRAP: Ferric reducing antioxidant powerTAC: Total antioxidant capacityGAE: Gallic acid equivalentQE: Quercetin equivalentCE: Catechin equivalentBHT: Butylated hydroxyl toluene.

Antioxidant potential of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) byproducts extracts in raw beef patties during refrigerated storage

The present study was carried out to evaluate the antioxidant potential of artichoke byproducts extract (AE) and butylated hydroxyltoluene (BHT) in raw beef patties during refrigerated storage. Freshly minced beef was assigned to one of the following three treatments: (1) control (no antioxidant) (2) 27.3 mg AE phenolics/100 g meat (optimized by using response surface methodology), (3) 10 mg BHT/100 g meat. Total phenolic content, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity, color values, iron content, primary oxidation products, secondary oxidation products and protein oxidation were evaluated during storage. Results showed that AE is rich sources of phenolic compounds and these compounds showed high efficiency as antioxidant against lipid oxidation during the storage. The AE treatment substantially inhibited (P < 0.05) lipid and protein oxidation in raw beef patties to a much greater extent than BHT treatment. The amount of carbonyls from protein oxidation significantly (P < 0.05) increased during storage, and this increase was significantly higher in the control patties than in their treated counterparts. a* values of refrigerated beef patties decreased with storage. It was concluded that AE have potential to be used as natural antioxidant when compared to BHT in meat products.

Screening and evaluation of antioxidant activity of some 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]quinazoline derivatives.

The present study was carried out to assess a new series of triazoloquinazolines 1-40 for their antioxidant activities using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical scavenging, ferric reduction antioxidant power and reducing power capability assays. All triazoloquinazolines 1-40 exhibited antioxidant activity ranged from weak to moderate and high. The obtained findings revealed that the triazoloquinazolines 30, 36 and 38-40 have superiority among all compounds, demonstrating the highest capacity to deplete 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl and free radicals, in relation to butylated hydroxyl toluene, as a synthetic antioxidant agent. Chemical modifications together with density functional theory study on the targets supplied us with some valuable clarifications about the required properties needed for the target compounds to be more active against free radicals.

Protection of Apricot Biodiesel from Thermal Degradation by using Natural Antioxidants of Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn.

The present study aims to improve the oxidation stability of wild apricot kernel oil biodiesel (WAKOB) by using natural antioxidants of Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn). Biodiesel was synthesized at different catalyst (NaOH) concentrations, reaction temperatures, reaction time intervals and methanol-to-oil molar ratios. Thermal oxidative stability measurements were carried out according to EN14112 using a Rancimet instrument. Our results showed a high yield of biodiesel (97±1.092) at 65oC in the presence of 1% NaOH (%w/w oil) and methanol/oil molar ratio of 9:1 and for the time duration of 60 min. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) confirmed the conversion percentage of kernel oil into biodiesel, which was further evidenced by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and refractometer analyses. Methanolic fraction of Tartary buckwheat leaves (MTBWLF) was standardized to contain the highest amount of phenolics (209 mg gallic acid/100 g). In this study, the mixture of synthetic antioxidant butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) (0.25%) and methanolic extract of Tartary buckwheat leaves (0.5%) ensured high oxidation stability of biodiesel samples, leading to stabilizing factor of 4.86.

Evaluating Modern Techniques for the Extraction and Characterisation of Sunflower (Hellianthus annus L.) Seeds Phenolics.

Recently there is a great interest in using high energy techniques (HET) which involve microwave or ultrasound-assisted extraction (MAE and UAE) for isolation of natural bioactive compounds from plant foods. Such bioactive compounds are phenolics which were determined from sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) kernels and hulls (defatted) utilising two different high energy extraction techniques, ultrasound and microwave assisted solvent extraction. All samples were characterised by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS). The effect of parameters such as the nature of the solvent, volume of solvent, temperature and time is discussed. It is proved that the techniques applied had reduced solvent consumption and shorter extraction times, and extraction yields of the analytes were equal to or to some extent higher than those obtained with conventional techniques. Total Phenolic Composition (TPC) of samples examined was studied by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and results were presented in μg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g dry extract. Kernels proved to have the higher amount of TPC while the press residues had shown comparable TPC results. The antioxidant activity of samples was spectrophotometrically determined by 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay using Butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) as reference compound to compare with samples. Sunflower seeds (kernels) showed again the highest antiradical efficiency (AE) compared to hulls and press-residue extract. Afterwards, ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assays were used for measuring the antioxidant capacity of samples. Press residue, a by-product of sunflower oil extraction, contained phenolics as shown by UHPLC-ESI-MS analysis. Hence, later on these compounds can be possibly utilised by food or neutraceutical industries. Phenolic substances characterised in hulls, kernels, and press residue were phenolic acids, mainly chlorogenic, caffeic, cinnamic, 4-hydroxybenzoic and p-coumaric.

Antioxidant and hepatoprotective potentials of novel endophytic fungus Achaetomium sp., from Euphorbia hirta

To isolate, identify and evaluate the antioxidant, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective potentials, total phenolic content, flavonoid content, tannin content of ethyl acetate extract of endophytic fungus Achaetomium sp., isolated from Euphorbia hirta. Hepatoprotectivity of ethyl acetate extract of Achaetomium sp., was evaluated by CCl4 induced toxicity in HepG2 cells and subsequently analysed for cell viability using MTT assay. It also demonstrates antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials by DPPH radical scavenging assay and well diffusion assay respectively. Quantification of total phenolic content, tannin content and flavonoid content were assessed by spectroscopic methods. Phenols, flavonoids and tannins were the phytochemicals present in ethyl acetate extract of Achaetomium sp., with rich phenolic content exhibited potent hepatoprotective, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. The hepatoprotective activity was recorded as of 72.13%±2.948% of cell viability at a concentration of 150μg/mL, whereas the standard silymarin showed 93.260%±0.784%. It was observed to be dose dependent, when CCl4 exposed HepG2 cells were treated with different concentrations of ethyl acetate extract. Antibacterial activity showed significant inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The antioxidant activity ranged from 66.890%±1.385% to 87.340%±0.289% with (44.02±1.57) μg of total phenolics, (54.54±1.82) μg of flavonoid content and (18.790±1.018) μg of tannin content. Ascorbic acid, BHT (butylated hydroxyl toluene) Gallic acid and Pyrogallol were used as standards which showed 98.370%±0.763%; 97.080%±0.636%; 94.890%±1.103% and 96.980%±0.098% reducing potential respectively. The results reveal that the metabolites produced by endophytic fungi isolated from Euphorbia hirta could be novel natural products that could lead to new drug discovery.

Effect of adding nanosilica particulate filler on the wear behavior of dental composite

The aim of this study was to fabricate BisGMA based nanosilica filled dental composites and to study the effect of varying nanosilica filler content on their wear characteristics. The composites were developed by varying filler content of silane treated nanosilica from 0 to 9 wt%, into the resin matrix consisting of 51 wt% Bisphenol‐A glycidyl methacrylate, 46.5 wt% Tri‐ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, 0.24 wt% Camphorquinone, 1.5 wt% Butyl hydroxyl toluene and 0.76 wt% Dimethylamino ethyl methacrylate. The hardness was determined using Vickers's micro hardness tester. The two body abrasive wear experiments were performed in the artificial saliva medium as per Taguchi Orthogonal Array and steady state condition by varying parameters such as filler content, normal load, and chewing speed. The finding of results indicated that the wear resistance and hardness were improved with increase in filler fraction. The dental composite filled with 9 wt% of nanosilica filler exhibited maximum hardness (31.4 HV), maximum compression strength (360.5 MPa) and flexural strength (120.5 MPa) and minimum volumetric wear rate. Also, the wear volume increased with the increase in normal load, chewing speed and number of cycles but decreased with the increase in filler content. Statistical significance of each factor as per generalized linear model of Analysis of Variance showed that filler content was the most influencing factor followed by applied normal load, numbers of cycle and chewing speed. Worn surfaces were studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to give an insight into the wear mechanisms. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:E332–E341, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers

Synthesis and characterization of mixed Amides-Imines and Amides-Azo Compound derived from Chrysanthemic acid and trimethoprim and study their biological activities

Chrysanthemic acid, Trimethoprim, amides, Imines and azo compound : all found to have enormous biological activities in different directions such as medical , pharmaceutical pesticidal …etc. Accordingly combination of these functional in on compound expected to enhances their activities. Therefore mixed amides – imines and amides – diazo derived from trimethoprim and chrysanthemic acid, have been prepared by reaction of equimolar amount of these compound to form the corresponding mono amides , which on treatment of the remaining amino group of the trimethoprim with some aromatic aldehydes give the corresponding imines ; or diazo compounds on reaction with nitrous acid followed by reaction with aromatic phenols and naphthols . The structures of these derivatives were confirmed by their physical properties and spectroscopic techniques such as FT-IR ; 1Hnmr and mass spectrometry for selected compound. In addition the biological evaluation of the synthesized compound have been studied through the investigation of its capacity to scavenge the free radical (DPPH.) to give an inhibition at 50% concentration (IC50) , using the butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) as a control. This study reveals the highest scavenging for the azo derivatives .

Vitamin Fortification of Fluid Milk.

Vitamin concentrates with vitamins A and D are used for fortification of fluid milk. Although many of the degradation components of vitamins A and D have an important role in flavor/fragrance applications, they may also be source(s) of off-flavor(s) in vitamin fortified milk due to their heat, oxygen, and the light sensitivity. It is very important for the dairy industry to understand how vitamin concentrates can impact flavor and flavor stability of fluid milk. Currently, little research on vitamin degradation products can be found with respect to flavor contributions. In this review, the history, regulations, processing, and storage stability of vitamins in fluid milk are addressed along with some hypotheses for the role of vitamin A and D fortification on flavor and stability of fluid milk.

Simultaneous determination of pesticide residues and antioxidants in blended oil using a liquid-liquid extraction combined with dispersive solid phase extraction method.

This article developed a method to detect two antioxidants (butylated hydroxyl anisole (BHA), butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT)) and twelve pesticides (dichlorvos, pirimicarb, prothiofos, fenitrothion, ethoprophos, malathion, beta-Cypermethrin, profenofos, diazinon, propoxur, procymidon, captan) in blended oil samples after their extraction simultaneously. The establishment of the method was based on two-step process of screening and optimization experiment design. With a Plackett-Burman (PB) design, significant parameters were found by screening experiment and single factor experiment accompanied by a central composite design (CCD) experiment were used to make important parameters optimal. The coefficients of determination (r2) was between 0.9931 and 0.9996 while the limits of quantification (LOQs) and limits of detection (LODs) were found in scope of 0.002-0.04mg·kg-1 and 0.0006-0.0012mg·kg-1. Recovery values of analytes were above 74%, at the same time the relative standard deviations (RSDs) under 10% at the concentrations ranging from 0.05mg·kg-1 to 0.20mg·kg-1. To sum up, this method with shorter time and fewer consumption of reagents could be employed in various occasions to detect antioxidants and pesticides.

멜라토닌 및 관련 인돌 화합물의 산화방지능과 들기름 산화에 대한 억제 효과

Melatonin, known as a powerful wide-spectrum antioxidant, is consumed as a food supplement in some countries, but its applicability as an antioxidant additive was not yet studied. Therefore, we evaluated the antioxidant activity of melatonin by DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and ORAC assays as well as its ability to inhibit perilla oil oxidation. The activities of four other related indoles were also compared. Melatonin showed the highest antioxidant activity (mmol trolox equivalent per mol indole, mmol TE) in ORAC (2,159) assay, but a low antioxidant activity in DPPH (0.63), ABTS (91), and FRAP (764) assays, whereas serotonin showed an opposite result. Addition of 1% (w/w) melatonin to perilla oil extended the induction period of oxidation up to about 2 times (2.93±0.47 h) compared to that of control (1.43±0.26 h) in the Rancimat assay, corresponding to almost 50% of the ability of butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT). Tryptamine was the most effective indole that inhibited perilla oil oxidation (9.53±1.43 h).

Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Activity of Wood Vinegar from Litchi chinensis.

The antioxidant and antibacterial activities of wood vinegar from Litchi chinensis, and its components have been studied. The chemical compositions of wood vinegar were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 17 chemical compounds were identified, representing 83.96% of the compositions in the wood vinegar. Three major components, included 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (syringol, 29.54%), 2-methoxyphenol (guaiacol, 12.36%), and 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxytoluene (11.07%), were found in the wood vinegar. Antioxidant activities of the acids were investigated from the aspects of 1,1-Diphyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals scavenging capacity, superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity, and reducing power. The pyroligneous acid exhibited high antioxidant activity which was comparable to the reference standards (vitamin C and butylated hydroxyl toluene) at the same dose with IC50 values of 36.5 ppm calculated by the DPPH radical scavenging assay, 38.38 g Trolox equivalent/100 g DW by the trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay, and 67.9 by the reducing power analysis. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using the disc diffusion and microdilution methods against a group of clinically antibiotic resistant isolates. The major components exhibited broad spectrum inhibition against all the bacterial strains with a range of disc inhibition zoon between 15–19 mm. The minimum inhibition concentration and minimum bactericide concentration against the test strains was ranging in 0.95–3.80 μL/100 μL and 1.90–3.80 μL/100 μL, respectively. Most of the antibiotic resistant strains were more susceptible to the wood vinegar than the non-antibiotic resistant strain except the strain of ornithine resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Based on the chemical profile, it was considered that the strongest antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Litchi chinensis wood vinegar was due to its highly phenolic compositions. This study revealed that the Litchi chinensis wood vinegar is valuable to develop as alternative food antioxidant and antibiotics.

Effects of different levels of sanguinarine on antioxidant indices, immunological responses, ileal microbial counts and jejunal morphology of laying hens fed diets with different levels of crude protein.

This study was carried out to assess the effects of different levels of sanguinarine on antioxidant indices, immunological responses, serum biochemical parameters, ileal microbial counts and jejunal morphology of laying hens fed on diets with different levels of crude protein (CP). A total of 180 laying hens were subjected into nine dietary treatments with four cages of five birds each. Experimental treatments consisted of three levels of CP (85.0, 92.5 and 100% of Hy-Line W36 manual recommendation) and three levels of sanguinarine (0.00, 3.75 and 7.50mg/kg) as a 3×3 factorial arrangement of laying hens which fed during a 70-day feeding trial. The invitro study showed that sanguinarine exhibited sevenfold and threefold decreased antioxidant activities to inhibit 2-2-diphenyl-1-picric hydrazyl free radical as well as ferric ion reducing rather than butylated hydroxyl toluene. Although using the decremental levels of CP caused the increase in heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (p<0.01), dietary administration of sanguinarine could suppress the serum cholesterol and malondialdehyde concentrations as well as heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (p<0.05). Additionally, decreasing CP content resulted in the decreased percentage of albumin (p<0.05); however, it had no negative effects on humoral immunity. Nonetheless, feeding of at least 3.75mg/kg sanguinarine led to the remarkable increases in serum gamma globulin concentration (p<0.01) and secondary (p<0.05) antibody titres against sheep red blood cells. Moreover, a decline in dietary CP content led to higher villi height and crypt depth (p<0.05; p<0.001) and consequently decreased villi height-to-crypt depth ratio (p<0.001) than the optimum level (100% CP). In spite of the effects of sanguinarine on the suppression of Escherichia coli and Salmonella counts (p<0.05), it markedly enhanced villi height-to-crypt depth ratio as well as lamina propria lymphatic follicles extent, simultaneously (p<0.001). Therefore, in spite of the detrimental effects of feeding low-CP diets on lymphocytes and serum albumin percentages, and villi height-to-crypt depth ratio, the administration of incremental levels of sanguinarine could improve cellular and humoral immunity, decrease ileal microbial counts and in turn improve the intestinal health indices in laying hens.

Antioxidant and antimutagenic potential of Psidium guajava leaf extracts

Fruits, vegetables and medicinal herbs rich in phenolics antioxidants contribute toward reduced risk of age-related diseases and cancer. In this study, Psidium guajava leaf extract was fractionated in various organic solvents viz. petroleum ether, benzene, ethyl acetate, ethanl and methanol and tested for their antioxidant and antimutagenic properties. Methanolic fraction showed maximum antioxidant activity comparable to ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) as tested by DPPH free radical scavenging, phosphomolybdenum, FRAP (Fe3 + reducing power) and CUPRAC (cupric ions (Cu2+) reducing ability) assays. The fraction was analyzed for antimutagenic activities against sodium azide (NaN3), methylmethane sulfonate (MMS), 2-aminofluorene (2AF) and benzo(a)pyrene (BP) in Ames Salmonella tester strains. The methanol extracted fraction at 80 μg/ml concentration inhibited above 70% mutagenicity. Further, phytochemical analysis of methanol fraction that was found to be most active revealed the presence of nine major compounds by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). This data suggests that guava contains high amount of phenolics responsible for broad-spectrum antimutagenic and antioxidant properties in vitro and could be potential candidates to be explored as modern phytomedicine.

Antioxidant Efficacy of Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) Pericarp Extract in Sheep Meat Nuggets.

In the present study, the efficacy of litchi fruit pericarp (LFP) extract (0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% concentration) in retarding lipid oxidation of cooked sheep meat nuggets was evaluated and compared to butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT, 100 ppm). The total phenolic content and antioxidant potential of LFP extracts were determined. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) values were evaluated to assess the potential of LFP extracts as natural antioxidants for oxidative stability of cooked nuggets during 12 days of refrigerated storage. Results show that total phenolics content in 10 mg LFP powder was comparable to 100 ppm BHT, but 15 mg LFP powder had significantly higher (p < 0.05) total phenolics content and reducing power than the synthetic antioxidant. LFP extract did not affect pH, cooking yield and the sensory attributes of cooked nuggets. Non-treated control and nuggets with 1.0% LFP extract had significantly lower total phenolics than nuggets with 1.5% extract and BHT. TBARS values were significantly lower (p < 0.05) throughout the storage period in cooked meat nuggets containing either LFP extract or BHT than in non-treated control. Results indicate that LFP extracts are promising sources of natural antioxidants and can potentially be used as functional food additives in meat products at 1.5% without affecting products’ acceptability.