Butylated Hydroxyl Toluene Research Articles

Antioxidant and cytotoxic effects of <i>Chrozophora rottleri</i> fruit ethanol extract

Liver cancer, particularly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), occurs from liver cell abnormalities, influenced by factors such viral hepatitis, obesity toxins and drugs. Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) exacerbates liver disorders globally, marked by fat accumulation, whereas liver fibrosis raises cancer risk in NAFLD and Alcohol-Induced Liver Disease (ALD). Herbal medicine gains attraction for liver health, offering hepatoprotective benefits. Medicinal plant metabolites, particularly polyphenols, display antioxidative effects, possibly suppressing cancer cell development. This work focuses on evaluating the possible antioxidant and cytotoxic effects of Chrozophora rottleri fruit ethanol extract (CRFEE) using in-vitro experiments. The antioxidant capacity of CRFEE was examined by hydroxyl radical and nitric oxide scavenging experiments. CRFEE revealed considerable scavenging efficacy against both radicals, suppressing hydroxyl radicals by 48.25% with an IC50 of 35.08±1.62 μg/ml and nitric oxide by 49.35% with an IC50 of 307.44±2.28 μg/ml. Notably, CRFEE displayed better antioxidant efficiency compared to the standard antioxidant, butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT), in neutralizing hydroxyl radicals. Additionally, the in-vitro cytotoxicity of Chrozophora rottleri fruit ethanol extract (CRFEE) was examined using the MTT test on HepG-2 cell line cultures. CRFEE had strong detrimental effects on HepG-2 cells, with higher dosages resulting to a major loss in cell viability. The IC50 value for CRFEE was determined 63±0.08μg/mL, suggesting its efficacy in reducing HepG-2 cell proliferation. The results demonstrate substantial antioxidant activity and cytotoxic effects against liver cancer cells (HepG-2 cell line). The bioactive chemicals contained in CRFEE show potential for future pharmaceutical applications, underscoring the relevance of natural-based research in cancer therapy and the necessity for further exploration in vivo.

Galvinol as ratiometric naked-eye colorimetric moisture sensor: Synthesis process development, applications and mechanistic studies

Moisture detection through a simple colorimetric approach using molecular materials has been a cost-effective and user-friendly technology of choice as high moisture and humidity conditions lead to serious issues across various fields. However, the poor availability of such efficient molecular systems is a serious concern, and hence the need is quite evident. In this regard, the galvinol (GALH) molecule has been explored as a highly responsive colorimetric moisture-sensing in liquid and gaseous systems. Notably, it has been synthesized in a multigram scale via an unexplored demethylative C-C coupling of butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT). The deprotonated form of GALH (GAL-) has been investigated as a reversible colorimetric moisture sensing platform with limits of detection (LOD) for water (H2O) in acetonitrile and tetrahydrofuran solvents as 0.0022 and 0.0031% v/v, respectively. The moisture sensing mechanism is based upon the competitive ion pairing of GALH with tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride and H2O during the protonation/deprotonation process. The developed moisture sensing probe has shown its universal applicability during the fabrication of polystyrene resin anchored solid medium device for relative humidity detection, color indicating moisture absorbing silica gel preparation, paper strip-based moisture detection in organic solvents and soil as real sample analysis, moisture erasable inkjet-printing and inkless writing.

Effect of Time of Harvest on the Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Potential of Leaf Essential Oil of Syzygium guineense Growing in North Central Nigeria (Willd.) Dc. Var.

Abstract. The use of synthetic antioxidants to ameliorate oxidative stress goes with side effects. Some plants are known to be sources of natural antioxidants and, hence, could be used as alternatives to synthetic antioxidants without side effects. Meanwhile, the presence of the phytochemicals that exhibit antioxidant activity in plants depends on environmental conditions that vary with the time of harvest of plant materials. This study, therefore, investigated the effect of time of harvest on the chemical composition and antioxidant potential of leaf essential oil of Syzygium guineense native to North central Nigeria. To accomplish these, pulverized (500 g) leaves of S. guineense harvested in the morning and afternoon were separately hydrodistilled and yielded 0.25 ± 0.002 % (w/w) and 0.27 ± 0.003 % (w/w) of essential oils. Characterization of the oils using GC-MS revealed the presence of twenty-two and twenty-three compounds in the oils from morning and afternoon harvests. The most abundant compound in the oils was β-bergamotene (30.1 % and 27.3 %). D-limonene (2.9 % and 5.6 %), β-ocimene (4.2 % and 10.2 %), α-santalene (7.4 % and 7.7 %), α-cedrene (8.6 % and 9.0 %), β-farnesene (9.1 % and 10.2 %) and calamenene (7.1 % and 5.2 %) were detected in significant quantities in the oils. DPPH radial scavenging assay was used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the oils with butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) as standard. The oils exhibited antioxidant activity with IC50 of 41.92 μg/mL and 33.12 μg/mL for the oils from morning and afternoon harvests. Although the oils exhibited lower antioxidant activity than the standard (IC50 of 28.63 μg/mL), but the oils could be used to ameliorate oxidative stress after clinical trials.

Spectroscopic studies on the antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities of anthraquinone derivatives

ObjectivesAnthraquinones (9,10-dioxoantracenes) with a wide range of applications constitute an important class of natural and synthetic compounds. Moreover, there is an increasing interest in developing new anthraquinone derivatives with biological activity. These findings suggested that due to the qualities of anthraquinone, it may be employed in the pharmaceutical and food industries. MethodsThe synthesis of anthraquinone derivatives (compound 1 and 2) was performed using the Mannich base reaction, and the compounds were characterised via FT-IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectra, and mass spectral analysis. Through the use of spectroscopic analytical techniques, the in vitro antioxidant capacity of anthraquinone was examined. These techniques included DPPH free radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging, ABTS•+ scavenging activity, ferrous ion (Fe2+). ResultsAt a concentration of 100 µg/mL, compound 2 shows that 65.2 % inhibited to DPPH assays compared with butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) at 45.7 % activity. Moreover, compound 2 shows that more potential of activity against DPPH, ABTS•+, hydrogen peroxide, ferric ion (Fe3+), and ferrous ion (Fe2+) chelating, reducing, and antioxidant properties when compared with compound 1 and standard BHT. The compounds 1 and 2 where checked for tyrosinase activity, the compound 2 shows that significant of activity compared with compound 1 and standard kojic acid. ConclusionKinetics studies were analysed compounds 1 and 2 through all antioxidant assays and activity of tyrosinase inhibition. The compound 2 was highly active against all the activities. Based on the aforementioned findings, it can be used to maintain nutritional quality, extend the shelf life of food and medicine, delay the development of hazardous oxidation products, and minimise or stop the oxidation of lipids in dietary items.

Antioxidant Activity of Banana Kepok Kuning (Musa paradisiaca L.) and Cavendish (Musa acuminata Colla, AAA) Peel Extracts and the Potential as Chicken Meat Preservative

Bananas are a type of fruit that is consumed, with the peel being discarded as waste. However, the peel contains phytochemical compounds, including phenolic and flavonoids, which act as natural antioxidants. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the antioxidant activity of banana peel of Kepok Kuning (KCE) (Musa paradisiaca L.) and Cavendish (CCE) (Musa acuminata Colla, AAA) extracts, as well as eluviate their preservative potency. The sample was extracted using 80% methanol, and the antioxidant activities of KCE and CCE were evaluated using DPPH and FRAP. The extracts and the control antioxidant butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) were tested for their preservatives potency on chicken meat at concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15%, respectively. After 8 days of incubation in the refrigerator, the color change was recorded and analyzed using ImageJ, while free fatty acid contents were determined by titration. The results showed that 15% KCE and 15% CCE exhibited higher antioxidant activities than 0.1% BHT. There was no significant difference in the L (lightness) and b (yellowness) values between the treatments, but variations were evident in the a (redness) values. FFA values were significantly different between treatments, with untreated control registering the highest value at 0.41%, and the KCE 15% and CCE 15% concentrations showing the lowest values at 0.12%. Considering these results, both extracts could be developed as preservatives for chicken meat.

Production of Gluten–Free Breakfast Cereals Based on Red Rice by Extrusion Process

Ready-to-eat breakfast cereals (RTE-BC) is either extruded product from flour (or) flaked corn, wheat (or) rice commonly used as breakfast in western countries. Cereal fortification helps to eliminate many nutritional deficiencies in various developed nations including United States. Recent techniques used to make bio-available vitamins and minerals in breakfast cereals to overcome the nutritional deficiencies such as iron, calcium etc. The main objective of this study was development of readt to eat foods from cereals for breakfast using extrusion. Trial no.6 because of its Good consistency and sensory properties. Among all other trials the red rice and quinoa 42% is found to be effective in nutritional facts and consistency. Typically, breakfast cereals include flaked, puffed, shredded, granula, extrude and baked product Oryzapunctata (red rice) and Chenopodium quinoa (quinoa seed), two gluten free food grains help to replace the wheat which contains gluten and used for the production of breakfast cereals. Quinoa is good example for the functional food that aims to lower the risk of various debilitating diseases and identify the presence of phyto-hormones of as several advantages for human nutrition over other plant foods. The Orzyapunctata (red rice) with high antioxidant content can be supplemented in the form of breakfast cereal so as to reduce the usage of artificial antioxidant BHT (butylated hydroxyl toluene).

Comparative Studies of Fatty Acid Methyl, Ethyl and i-Propyl Esters of Tamarindus indica Seed Oil as Biodiesel Base-Stock

The unsaturated fatty acids found in tamarind seed oil include oleic acid (16.0%), linoleic acid (56.0%), palmitic acid (8.0%) and stearic acid (4.0%). The free fatty acids (0.6%) present in the tamarind seed oil was converted to methyl, ethyl and isopropyl esters. Further, the base stocks were prepared by employing transesterification reaction catalyzed by a base. Biodiesel fuels thus prepared were evaluated for different parameters and methyl esters were found to show ester content (97.3%), density (0.86315 g/cm3), acid value (0.42), oxidation stability (1.49 h), flash point (137.2 °C) and kinematic viscosity (5.09 cSt), ethyl esters have shown a kinematic viscosity (5.54 cSt), density (0.87030 g/cm3), acid value (0.45), oxidation stability (2.16 h), flash point (141.2 ºC), ester content (97.7%) and isopropyl esters exhibited kinematic viscosity (20.05 cSt), density (0.9220 g/cm3), acid value (0.58), oxidation stability (0.05 h) and flash point (145.3 ºC). The study involved investigation of effectiveness of four different antioxidants namely, butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyl anisole (BHA), t-butyl hydroxyl quinone (TBHQ) and diphenylamine (DPA) in different concentrations to the prepared methyl and ethyl biodiesels. BHA and BHT were observed to exhibit enhanced oxidation stability of produced biodiesel. The physical and chemical properties of methyl and ethyl esters were found to lie within EN and ASTM specifications.

Attenuation of frozen storage-induced toxicity in beef via incorporation of culinary spices

The shelf-life of meat products in cold storage is primarily hampered by oxidative reactions. Thus, the effects of three proven antioxidant culinary spices, Rhaphiostylis beninensis, Piper guineense, and Xylopia aethiopica, and their combined extract formulations on the oxidative stability of beef samples were investigated. Raw beef samples were immersed in 5%, 10%, and 15% formulations of each of the said spice extracts, their combined extract formulations, distilled water devoid of any additive (negative control), and butylated hydroxyl toluene (standard) respectively, and frozen at − 18 °C for 28 days. The experimental, control, and standard groups were evaluated and compared at the start, and on storage days 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, and 28 for malondialdehyde, percentage metmyoglobin content, peroxide, and pH values as indices of protein-lipid oxidation. Results indicated that extracts of the spices exhibited varying degrees of inhibition of oxidation in the frozen beef samples comparable to that of the standard. However, beef samples exposed to 10% X. aethiopica fruit extract produced the lowest degree of oxidation. Activity-guided fractionation of antioxidants in X. aethiopica advocates using polar solvents to extract high levels of antioxidant phenolics from the spice. These findings reveal that the spices investigated are novel sources of natural antioxidants suitable for the cold preservation of beef and viable substitutes for synthetic antioxidants. In this respect, X. aethiopica was the most potent of the three spices studied.

Phytochemicals and Antidiabetic, Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Ethanol Flower Extract of Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry (Myrtaceae)

Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry is a spice that has been used traditionally for centuries to preserve food and treat for a number of ailments. This research was carried out to analyze phytochemicals and to determine antidiabetic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of 95 % ethanol flower extract from S. aromaticum (FESA). The GC-MS analysis demonstrated the presence of 17 bioactive compounds in FESA, with eugenol (56.17 %) the most active compound. Antidiabetic activity study revealed that the inhibitory activity of the FESA against α-glucosidase enzyme was stronger than the activity of Acarbose, an antidiabetic drug. In addition, the FESA exhibited potent antioxidant activity by inhibiting 2, 2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazylhydrate (DPPH) free radicals higher than butylated hydroxyltoluene (BHT), a synthetic antioxidant. Furthermore, the FESA potentially inhibited the nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells but less effective than Diclofenac, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. The activities of FESA are partly due to the presence of active compounds. The results obtained confirm the antidiabetic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and the traditional used of S. aromaticum for the treatment of diabetes and oxidative and inflammatory-related diseases. HIGHLIGHTS The most predominant bioactive compound in FESA is eugenol (56.17 %), analyzed by GC-MS FESA inhibits α-glucosidase activity significantly higher than acarbose, an antidiabetic drug. The FESA is therefore helpful to delay or possibly prevent the development of the diabetic complication The FESA exhibits DPPH radical scavenging activity is more potent than BHT, an antioxidant compound The FESA can provide a novel natural anti- inflammatory agent resource, as evidenced by the inhibitory effect of FESA on nitric oxide (NO) production GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Identification of polymer additives from multilayer milk packaging materials by liquid-solid extraction coupled with GC-MS

Polyethylene-based co-extruded multilayer films are exclusively used in India for packaging of processed dairy commodities, such as, milk, ghee, curd, etc. and large variety of chemical compounds, like: processing aids, additives, etc. are added during fabrication to enhance their functionality. Chemical migration of these additives from packaging materials into food could be a potential means of contamination which possess human health risks. In present study, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for identification of chemical compounds in milk packaging films. Samples were extracted with chloroform: methanol (1:1) and out of 65 detected compounds only 17 are listed in Commission Regulation (EU) No.10/2011. Further, frequently occurring compounds, viz., 2, 4-di-tert-butylphenol, butylated hydroxyl toluene, diethyl phthalate, acetyl tributylcitrate (ATBC), bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, bis (2-ethylhexyl)adipate, 13-docosenamide, Irgafos®168, tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate, Irganox®1076 were quantified in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. ATBC was the most detected compound in concentrations ranging 28.16–91.58 µg mL-1, followed by Irgafos®168 (32.54–60.68 µg mL-1).

Rapid screening of antioxidant activities components from yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius Poepp. and Endl.) leaves by variable selection based on weight analysis

ABSTRACT This study proposes a strategy for screening and validating of antioxidant compounds and components from leaves of yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius Poepp. and Endl.) by variable selection based on weight analysis. The theoretical basis of variable selection lies in that the varied quantity of variables will influence the activity results of samples. The ethyl acetate fraction (sample 0) with high DPPH scavenging activity was further separated using silica gel chromatographic column to obtain 17 subfractions (samples 1–17). The 18 samples contain different compounds exhibited different DPPH radical scavenging activities. Two components A and B with time range of 2.00–12.00 min and 53.00–64.00 min on the chromatogram were selected by variable selection, respectively. Simultaneously, a large number of compounds with different retention times (RTs) were screened out. Five predicted compounds, including chlorogenic acid, methyl caffeate, ethyl caffeate, homoeriodictyol, quercetin 3,7-dimethyl ether were isolated and verified by DPPH radical scavenging ability assay. The radical scavenging rates of those compounds were higher than that of ethyl acetate fraction and the positive control butylated hydroxyltoluene (BHT). Meanwhile, components A and B also show strong antioxidant activity. The radical scavenging activity of component A is higher than that of compounds which contained in component A, indicating the existence of synergistic antioxidant activity of compounds. The results of variable selection show that the proposed method is simple and reliable in screening the most active components and compounds. The method could be used for screening of compounds and components from other herbal plants with other activities.

POLYPHENOL CONTENT AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF THE SHOOTS EXTRACTS FROM Rubus idaeus L

Biomolecules are largely found at different parts in divers medicinal plants. This study aims to quantify polyphenols and some biological properties of the areal part of Rubus idaeus L. plant. The shoots of Rubus idaeus L. were extracted by a methanol-water mixture. The antioxidant capacity was estimated by different in vitro assays ; linoleic acid emulsion model system, ß-carotene-linoleate model system, DPPH reduction, free radical-scavenging activity, and reducing ability assay. The highest levels of polyphenolic compounds was observed in the ethyl acetate extract (EAE). In linoleic acid test, chloroform extract (CHE) had the strongest antioxidant in comparison with butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) (64. 549 ± 0. 007%). In b-carotene/linoleic acid bleaching assay, the crude extract (CE) had the highest antioxidant capacity. The results showed that EAE showed the strongest antioxidant activity as measured by radicals scavenging activities and reducing power.The present work provide evidence that the areal part extracts of R. idaeus has remarkable antioxidant activities.

Enhancement of shoot proliferation and evaluation of biotic elicitation effects on anatomical changes of pseudo stem and anti-lipid peroxidation activity of Curcuma mangga Val.

Mango turmeric (Curcuma mangga Val.) contains many bioactive compounds that are used for traditional treatment of various health problems and ailments. Slow propagation nature of C. mangga have resulted in short supply to meet the market demand. The longitudinally incised half shoot explants promote 100 % increased of shoot number compared with non-incised shoots with the formation of average 6.6 shoots/explant when they were cultured either vertically or horizontally on MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg l-1 BA and 0.5 mg l-1 NAA. Biotic elicitation with 3.5 mg l-1 or 5.0 mg l-1 yeast extract or combination of 150 mg l-1 chitosan and 3.5 mg l-1 yeast extract did not promote shoot proliferation but exhibited anti-lipid peroxidation activity slightly lower than quercetin, a potent plant antioxidant flavonoid and butyl hydroxyl toluene (BHT), a commercial preservative agent which is used as a positive control. While absolute ethanol which served as a negative control did not show any anti-lipid peroxidation activity. Biotic elicitation of C. mangga plantlets using similar elicitors resulted in anatomical changes of its pseudostem with reduced number of thin lignified xylem cells and the presence of druse suspected to be oxalate crystals inside the cortex cells with delicate cell wall.

A combined in vitro–in silico approach for the discovery of novel endogenous enzymatic and ctDNA sequence of bioactive molecules from aerial and root parts of Centaurea sulphurea as antioxidant’s agents

The excess free radicals not neutralized by the antioxidant defenses damage the essential macromolecules of our cells, causing abnormalities in the expression of genes and membrane receptors, cell proliferation or death, immune disorders, mutagenesis, deposits of proteins or lipofuschin in tissues. The first objective of this study was to elucidate the composition of the essential oil of the aerial and root part of Centaurea sulphurea during beginning of the vegetative cycle (March), beginning of the flowering stage (April) and full bloom (May/June) using GC/FID and GC/MS. The second aim was to describe the antioxidant activity using three methods (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), β-carotene bleaching assay) and bioinformatical study of ctDNA sequence and three endogenous enzymes inhibition. The essential oils obtained from the root during the full bloom period consisted mainly of caryophyllene oxide, aplotaxene and (Z)-phytol. While, the aerial parts were dominated by caryophyllene oxide, verridiflorol and humulene epoxide II. The results showed that essential oil presented an excellent antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 2.06 g/L and 1.29 g/L, for aerial and root parts, compared to butylated hydroxyltoluene (BHT) and Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) controls and the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) co-crystallized inhibitor. The results of the molecular docking revealed that (Z)-phytol (Ligand 39) has an affinity to interact with ctDNA sequence, and three targets Endogenous enzymes. The molecular dynamics study was conducted for the best inhibitors (Z)-phytol. A few key residues were identified at the binding site of receptors. The in-silico assessment of the ADME properties and BOILED-Egg plot reveals that compound (Z)-phytol (L39) is permeable to the blood brain barrier and have high lipophilicity and high coefficient of skin permeability in the intestines with good bioavailability. The ADMET analysis also showed that this oxygenated diterpene is safer to replace the synthetic drugs with side effects. Further testing is needed to assess its effectiveness in reducing oxidative stress for use in the pharmaceutical industry. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Glochidion wallichianum Leaf Extract as a Natural Antioxidant in Sausage Model System.

This study highlighted the role of an 80% ethanolic Mon-Pu (Glochidion wallichianum) leaf extract (MPE), a novel natural antioxidative ingredient, in controlling the oxidative stability and physicochemical properties of a cooked sausage model system (SMS). MPE had a total extractable phenolic content of 16 mg/100 g, with DPPH● scavenging activity, ABTS●+ scavenging activity, and ferric reducing antioxidant power of 2.3, 1.9, and 1.2 mmole Trolox equivalents (TE)/g, respectively. The effects of different concentrations of MPE (0.01–10%, w/w) formulated into SMS on lipid oxidation, protein oxidation, and discoloration were compared to synthetic butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT; 0.003%, w/w) and a control (without antioxidant). The peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and protein carbonyl contents of SMS tended to increase with increasing MPE concentration (p < 0.05), indicating that high MPE excipient has a pro-oxidative effect. The lowest lipid oxidation (PV and TBARS) and protein carbonyl contents were observed when 0.01% MPE was used to treat SMS (p < 0.05), which was comparable or even greater than BHT-treated SMS. High concentrations (1–10%) of MPE incorporation led to increases in the discoloration of SMS (p < 0.05) with a negligible change in pH of SMS. The water exudate was reduced when MPE was incorporated into SMS compared to control (p < 0.05). Furthermore, MPE at 0.01% significantly reduced lipid oxidation in cooked EMS during refrigerated storage. According to the findings, a low amount of MPE, particularly at 0.01%, in a formulation could potentially maintain the oxidative stability and physicochemical qualities of cooked SMS that are comparable to or better than synthetic BHT.

Antioxidant Activity Of Platelet Rich Plasma Wistar Rats With Dpph And Abts Test

Free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are the cause of diseases such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular and inflammatory. The presence of an increase in the number of free radicals and excess ROS production in the body can cause an imbalance of the immune system. Therefore, additional antioxidants are needed from outside the body. During this time there are several antioxidant synthesis drugs such as (Butyl Hydroxy Anisole) BHA and (Butyl Hydroxyl Toluene) BHT. But in its use, this drug causes side effects. Therefore, it is necessary to source antioxidants that have no side effects if consumed. PRP is a product produced from fresh whole blood that contains components of Red blood cells, White blood cells, Platelets, and Plasma. Plasma contains organic and inorganic molecules and ions wherein abundant conditions serve to transport other substances. To determine the ability of PRP as an antioxidant, fractionation, and bioactivity tests for free radical capture of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrilhydrazil (DPPH) and color decay tests at 2,2'-azino-bis-[3-ethylbenzotiazolin sulfonate] (ABTS) in vivo.. Based on the results of this study, PRP has antioxidant activity that increases along with the decrease in THE concentration of PRP with an antioxidant activity value of 10.57% with the DPPH test and 5.85% with the ABTS test at the lowest concentration (6.25 μg / mL). IC50 averages 190.29 μg/mL with DPPH test and 126.60 μg/mL with the ABTS test. The results of this study are an indication that PRP can be used as a treatment therapy related to the anti-oxidant activity

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Evaluation of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Piper methysticum

Piper methysticum G. Forst., commonly known as Kava, is a dioecious perennial herb which is traditionally an important medicinal plant. The plant is used to treat fever, respiratory diseases, seizures, and urogenital problems. The present study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant, cytotoxic, membrane stabilizing and analgesic potential of methanol extract of Piper methysticum leaf. Phytochemical screenings of the crude extract revealed the occurrence of acidic compounds, alkaloids, glycosides, reducing sugars, gums, flavonoids, and combined reducing sugars. During antioxidant activity test, the total phenolic content of methanol extract was 42.66 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g extract and it displayed the IC50 value of 6.59 μg/ml to remove DPPH free radicals as compared to the standard butylated hydroxyl toluene (IC50 = 6.38 μg/ml). The extract showed cytotoxicity against brine shrimp nauplii with an LC50 of 60.94 μg/ml. Moreover, the test extract was found to be effective for stabilizing erythrocyte membrane against hypotonic solution induced hemolysis. The extract exhibited dose-dependent pain-relieving activity in mice. At doses of 250- and 500-mg/kg body weight, the plant sample revealed 26.9 2% and 37.95 % of reduction in pain sensation induced by acetic acid, respectively when compared to the standard diclofenac-Na (54.81%). The above results suggest that the selected plant extract possesses antioxidant, cytotoxic, membrane stabilizing and analgesic activities. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 25(1): 73-79, 2022 (January)

Delta Traps with Pheromone Pellet Baits to Lure House Flies in Poultry Houses

The field efficacy of pheromone-food bait pellets to lure house flies was evaluated using delta traps in poultry houses. Different pellet baits with fish meal alone (FM), fish meal+(Z)-9-tricosene (FMP), and fish meal+(Z)-9-tricosene+butylated hydroxyl toluene (FMPB) were prepared and evaluated in a poultry house using delta traps to lure house flies. Out of the 30611 flies trapped, a maximum of 30.62% (9374 flies) were attracted to delta traps baited with FMPB pellets followed by 29.97% (9175 flies) with FMP pellets, 19.11% (5850 flies) with FM pellets, and 20.29% (6212 flies) in control without bait. Average number of flies trapped/trap/day (FTD) with FM, FMP, FMPB pellets and control were 119.38, 187.24, 191.30 and 126.77, respectively and averages of flies trapped/trap/week (FTW) respectively were 835.71, 1310.71, 1339.14 and 887.42. Fly attraction towards different pellet baits was statistically significant (ꭓ2 value = 1847.81** p<0.01HS). Overall trap catches were dominated by female flies irrespective of baits (17469 females, 57.00% vs. 13142 males, 42.93%). Male: female sex ratio with FM, FMP, FMPB and control was 5:7, 4:5, 4:5 and 5:8, respectively (ꭓ2 value = 1330.39** p<0.01HS for male flies and 668.75** (p<0.01)HS for female flies). Results revealed that pheromone-food lure- based pellet baits were effective house fly attractants in delta traps.

Ethoxyquin and Butylated Hydroxyl Toluene Induced Hepatotoxic Effect Via Apoptosis, Oxidative Stress in Rats: Tissue Injury-Related CYP1A1 Gene Expression

Ethoxyquin and Butylated Hydroxyl Toluene Induced Hepatotoxic Effect Via Apoptosis, Oxidative Stress in Rats: Tissue Injury-Related CYP1A1 Gene Expression

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperglycemic activity of aqueous and methanolic extract of Houttuynia cordata: an in vitro and in vivo study

Available synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyl anisole, butylated hydroxyl toluene, propyl gallate, and ascorbic acid exhibit several side effects. To curb these side effects, more effective, less toxic, and cost-effective drugs are required. Therefore, this study aims to screen and evaluate the antioxidant as well as the anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic potential of Houttuynia cordata collected from Mairang village, West Khasi Hills, Meghalaya, India using several standard methods. The aqueous and methanolic extracts of H. cordata were evaluated by screening their ability to scavenge 1,1-diphenyl-2-dipicrylhydrozyl, 2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide. Total phenol and flavonoid content was measured by Folin-Ciocalteau and by AlCl3 colorimetric method respectively. The anti-inflammatory activity of the plant was determined using the protein denaturation method. Methanolic and aqueous extracts of Houttuynia cordata exhibit varying free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory activity. Among the extracts used in the study, the methanolic extract of Houttuynia cordata elicited a higher activity than the aqueous extract. Houttuynia cordata also elicited a marked reduction in blood glucose level of normal and alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Flavonoids, which have been reported to possess anti-inflammatory, enzyme inhibition, antimicrobial, anticancer, antiallergy, and antioxidant properties may contribute towards the free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory effect of Houttuynia cordata.