Butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate Research Articles

Parabens, triclosan, and triclocarban in aquatic products from Shenzhen, China and the relative health risk.

The consumption of contaminated aquatic products may expose humans to residues of parabens, triclosan (TCS), and triclocarban (TCC). Despite its significance, empirical research on this issue remains limited. In this study, we employed high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) to analyze extracts from 245 aquatic product samples collected randomly from local markets in Shenzhen, Guangdong Province. Our analysis detected at least one of the five parabens-methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (MeP), ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (EtP), propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (PrP), butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (BuP), and benzyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (BeP)-in 88 samples (35.9%). TCS and TCC were found in 50.6% and 51.4% of the samples, respectively, with MeP being the most frequently detected paraben. Significant negative correlations were observed between TCS and MeP (r=-0.129, p<0.05) and between TCC and MeP (r=-0.176, p<0.05), indicating potential different sources for these contaminants. Residue levels varied among different types of aquatic products, with TCS and TCC concentrations being higher in fish compared to crustaceans and bivalves. The health risk associated with consuming these contaminants was found to be minimal for both males and females. This study provides valuable insights into the dietary risks associated with exposure to parabens, TCS, and TCC.

Activation of peroxymonosulfate by Cu–Ni–Fe layered double oxides for degradation of butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate: Synergistic effect of oxygen vacancy and Cu(I)

In this study, Cu hybridization coupling oxygen defect engineering was adopted to synthesis of CuNiFe layered double oxides (CuNiFe-LDOs) in peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation for degradation of methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate. The morphology and crystal structure of CuNiFe-LDOs was characterized in detail, which exhibited regular layered-structure at a Cu:Ni doping ratio of 1:1 and annealing temperature of 400 °C, and presented the crystal of CuxO@Fe3O4–NiO. Besides, the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) results demonstrated that abundant oxygen vacancies (OVs) and low oxidation state Cu species were composed in CuNiFe-LDOs400. The Cu1·5Ni1·5Fe1-LDOs400/PMS system showed excellent catalytic performance toward the degradation of butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (BuP), and resistant to the effect of pH value and background inorganic anions. Based on quenching experiments and EPR measurements, singlet oxygen (1O2) was identified as the dominant active species during the heterogeneous catalytic process, which was generated by the synergistic interaction between OVs-Cu(I) site and PMS. In this process, the electron-drawing property of OVs promoted the adsorption of PMS molecule on Cu(I) site, followed by the accumulation of electron and cleavage of O–O bond to generate intermediate oxygen radical species, which donated one electron to eventually generate singlet oxygen.

Influence of chromatographic column selection on the determination of 23 preservatives

以化妆品中23种防腐剂检测方法为例,探讨色谱柱选择对液相色谱方法测定结果的影响。参照《化妆品安全技术规范》甲基异噻唑啉酮等23个组分的检验方法,在2台不同的高效液相色谱仪上用15款不同品牌、型号的C18色谱柱检测23种防腐剂,计算色谱峰的理论塔板数和分离度,对23种组分的分离效果进行分析,并应用USP (United States Pharmacopeia)数据库和PQRI (Product Quality Research Institute)数据库等2种等效色谱柱选择方法,对不同色谱柱的分离效果及等效性进行评价和预测。实验结果表明,15款色谱柱对23种防腐剂的分离效果差异显著,仅有2款色谱柱可以实现23种组分的完全分离。USP和PQRI数据库中2种等效色谱柱选择方法均无法预测出合适的等效色谱柱,对23种防腐剂的液相色谱分析参考价值均较小。色谱柱是影响23种防腐剂液相色谱法测定结果准确性的关键因素,有关实验室在应用该方法时,应考虑色谱柱选择性差异。化妆品基质复杂,如何在现有研究成果的基础上,开发色谱柱的筛选和预测评价体系,进而指导实际样品的分离是下一步研究的重点、难点。建议有关部门在制修订检测方法时,注重色谱柱的耐用性考察,完善系统适应性指标,细化色谱柱分类和增加描述信息,指导色谱柱的合理选择,从而规避由于色谱柱使用过程中选择依据缺失而导致测定结果不准确的风险。

The migration of NIAS from ethylene-vinyl acetate corks and their identification using gas chromatography mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography ion mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry

An exhaustive migration study of eight corks, made of ethylene–vinyl acetate, was carried out to identify any non-volatile and volatile compounds using an untargeted approach. The challenge associated with the structural elucidation of unknowns was undertaken using both ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to an ion-mobility separation quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometer and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. A total of fifty compounds were observed to migrate from the corks, and among these additives such as antioxidants (Butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, Irganox 1010, Irganox 1075, Irgafos 168 and BHT) or lubricants (EBO and octadecanamide, N,N'-1,2-ethanediylbis-) were identified. A high proportion (84%) of the detected compounds was non-intentionally added substances (NIAS), and included several cyclic oligomers with different chain sequences. NIAS, such as 2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-ethyl and 7,9-ditert-butyl-1-oxaspiro[4.5]deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione, break-down products, including hexa-, hepta- and nonadecanamide, N,N'-1,2-ethanediylbis-, and oxidation products were also identified. One cork was found to be unsuitable for use as a food contact material.

Chemometric evaluation of repeatability of internal standard methods in high-performance liquid chromatography with a Japanese pharmacopoeia assay for indomethacin as an example

The purpose of this study is to elucidate uncertainty structures of internal standard (IS) methods as compared with absolute calibration methods in liquid chromatography. A quantitative test of indomethacin with butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate as an IS in high-performance liquid chromatography with ultra-violet detection is taken here as an example. The repeatability is evaluated by both a usual statistical method of repetition and a theoretical approach, called the function of mutual information (FUMI) theory. The latter predicts the precision from noise and signals of instrumental output. Plots of relative standard deviations (RSDs) of measurements against analyte amounts, called precision profiles, are compared between the IS methods for indomethacin and their corresponding absolute calibration methods over a wide range of amount. Sample injection errors are observed to be effectively eliminated at high amounts by the IS methods, but at low amounts where background random noise dominates over the other error, the superiority of the IS methods is overshadowed and the precision of both the methods is almost comparable. The smallest possible amount of IS material without spoiling the integrity of analysis is estimated from the precision profiles.

Potential Genotoxic Effects of Butylparaben (Butyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate) in Lymphocytes and Liver Samples at the Pubertal Stage of Male Rats

Potential Genotoxic Effects of Butylparaben (Butyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate) in Lymphocytes and Liver Samples at the Pubertal Stage of Male Rats

Photodegradation of Butyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate in the Presence of Peroxides and Mediated by Dissolved Organic Matter

Dissolved organic matter can be a photosensitizer in photodegradation processes. It can produce hydroxyl radicals, singlet oxygen, and triplet-state dissolved organic matter, which promote pollutan...

Effects of butylparaben on antioxidant enzyme activities and histopathological changes in rat tissues.

Butyl p-hydroxybenzoic acid, also known as butylparaben (BP), is one of the most common parabens absorbed by the skin and gastrointestinal tract and metabolised in the liver and kidney. Recent in vivo and in vitro studies have raised concern that BP causes reproductive, development, and teratogenic toxicity. However, BP-induced oxidative stress and its relation to tissue damage has not been widely investigated before. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effects of butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate on enzyme activities related to the pentose phosphate pathway and on glutathione-dependent enzymes such as glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in kidney, liver, brain, and testis tissues. Male rats were randomly divided into four groups to orally receive corn oil (control) or 200, 400, or 800 mg/kg/day of BP for 14 days. Then we measured G6PD, GR, GST, 6-PGD, and GPx enzyme activities in these tissues and studied histopathological changes. BP treatment caused imbalance in antioxidant enzyme activities and tissue damage in the liver, kidney, brain, and testis. These findings are the first to show the degenerative role of BP on the cellular level. The observed impairment of equivalent homeostasis and antioxidant defence points to oxidative stress as a mechanism behind tissue damage caused by BP.

Nanocrystalline ferrihydrite activated peroxymonosulfate for butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate oxidation: Performance and mechanism.

Heterogeneous catalysts activated peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for degradation of refractory organic contaminants has been recognized as a promising removal technology for the environmental remediation. In this study, nanocrystalline ferrihydrite (NFH) was prepared to activate PMS for the degradation of butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate (BHB). XPS analysis indicates that calcination process played a key role in regulating the surface oxygen species of NFH, thus control its activation ability toward PMS. NFH exhibits excellent stability (the released concentration of Fe ions < 0.13 mg/L) and desirable reusability. Increasing solution temperature and NFH dosage exerted a positive role in PMS activation for BHB removal, while such positive correlation was not found in the case of increasing initial pH. Increasing the static solution dissolved oxygen remarkably enhanced BHB oxidation kinetics. However, continuous N2 and air blowing caused a significant decline in BHB removal. Reaction mechanism study showed that SO4‒, OH, O2‒, and 1O2 were the main reactive oxygen species for degrading BHB by NFH/PMS. LC/MS analysis indicated BHB was degraded by the pathways of hydroxylation, carboxylation, decarboxylation, dehydrogenation, ring cleavage and chain cleavage reaction. This work suggests the ferrihydrite might be a promising catalyst to activate PMS to destroy refractory organic pollutants in the environmental remediation.

A new aliphatic ester of hydroxysalicylic acid from fermented Carica papaya L. preparation with a potential hair growth stimulating activity

An aliphatic ester of hydroxysalicylic acid (6), reported for the first time from a natural source in addition to five known compounds were isolated from the fermented Carica papaya L. preparation, a commercialized functional food. The known compounds were identified as 5-hydroxymethylfurfuraldehyde (1), trans-caffeic acid (2), butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (butylparaben) (3), lycopene (4), benzyl isothiocyanate (5). Compounds 1 and 3 were reported for the first time from Papaya fruits through this study. The new compound showed a moderate antioxidant activity and a potent hair growth stimulating activity in vitro.

A comprehensive study of a new versatile microchip device based liquid phase microextraction for stopped-flow and double-flow conditions

A new geometry for a versatile microfluidic-chip device based liquid phase microextraction was developed in order to enhance the preconcentration in microfluidic chips and also to enable double-flow and stopped-flow working modes. The microchip device was combined with a HPLC procedure for the simultaneous determination of two different families as model analytes, which were parabens and non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs): Ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (Et-P), Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (Pr-P), Butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (Bu-P), IsoButyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (iBu-P), salycilic acid (SAC), ketoprofen (KET), naproxen (NAX), diclofenac (DIC) and ibuprofen (IBU) in urine samples. The new miniaturized microchip proposed in this work allows not only the possibility of working in double-flow conditions, but also under stagnant conditions (stopped-flow) (SF-μLPME). The sample (pH 1.5) was delivered to the SF-μLPME at 20 μL min−1 while keeping the acceptor phase (pH 11.75) under stagnant conditions during 20 min. The highest enrichment factors (between 16 and 47) were obtained under stopped-flow conditions at 20 μL min−1 (sample flow rate) after 20 min extraction; whereas the extraction efficiencies were within the range of 27–81% for all compounds. The procedure provided very low detection limits between 0.7 and 8.5 μg L−1 with a sample volume consumption of 400 μL. Parabens and NSAIDs have successfully been extracted from urine samples with excellent clean up and recoveries over 90% for all compounds. In parallel, the new device was also tested under double flow conditions, obtaining good but lower enrichment factors (between 9 and 20) and higher extraction efficiencies (between 45 and 95) after 7 min extraction, consuming a volume sample of 140 μL.The versatile device offered very high extraction efficiencies and good enrichment factor for double flow and stopped-flow conditions, respectively. In addition, this new miniaturized SF-μLPME device significantly reduced costs compared to the existing analytical techniques for sample preparation since this microchip require few microliters of sample and reagents and it is reusable.

DNA interaction analysis of fluorenylidene double bridged cyclotriphosphazene derivatives

Abstract DNA is a target molecule for anticancer drug development, and investigation on DNA interactions with synthesized potential drugs has great importance in order to discover new drug candidates, hence in this study an electrochemical biosensor has been used to perform quantitative analysis of DNA/compound interactions. In this study, full paraben substituted fluorenylidene double bridged cyclotriphosphazene compounds (9–13) were synthesized for the first time and their effect on DNA were investigated using an automated biosensor device MiSens®. The reaction of fluorenylidene double bridged cyclotriphospazene (FDBC) compound (3) with parabens: methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, (4); ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, (5); propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, (6); butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (7), benzyl paraben (8) were performed, respectively. Compounds 9–13 were obtained and fully characterizated by mass spectrometry, 31P NMR and 1H spectroscopy. Biosensor based screening tests were used to investigate DNA interaction properties of the newly synthesised compounds by measuring DNA hybridization efficiency on the biochip surface. The effect of the compounds to the plasmid DNA structure were analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis, in addition the antimicrobial activities of the compounds have been investigated. The biosensor assay and the agarose gel electrophoresis investigation indicated DNA/compound interaction for the compounds 12 and 13 none of the compounds has shown antimicrobial activity.

A simple and fast Double-Flow microfluidic device based liquid-phase microextraction (DF-µLPME) for the determination of parabens in water samples

A fast double-flow microfluidic based liquid phase microextraction (DF-µLPME) combined with a HPLC-UV procedure using diode array detection has been developed for the determination of the four most widely used parabens: Ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (EtP), Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (PrP), Butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (BuP) and IsoButyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (iBuP) in water samples. Parabens have successfully been determined in environmental (lake and river water) samples with excellent clean up, high extraction efficiency and good enrichment factor using double-flow conditions. The microfluidic device consists of two micro-channels, which contain the acceptor and sample solution separated by a flat membrane (support liquid membrane). The sample (0.32mM HCl) and acceptor phase (5.6mM NaOH) are delivered to the µLPME at 10µLmin−1 and 1µLmin−1 flow rate, respectively. The extraction efficiencies are over 84% for all compounds in water samples with enrichment factors within the range of 9–11 and recoveries over 80%. The procedure provides very low detection limits between 1.6 and 3.5µgL−1. The extraction time and the volume required for the extraction are 5min and 50µL, respectively; which are greatly lower compared to any previous extraction procedure for parabens analysis. In addition, this miniaturized DF- µLPME procedure significantly reduces costs compared to not only the existing methods for paraben detection, but also to the existing analytical techniques for sample preparation.

Growth and characterization of butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate single crystal by vertical Bridgman technique for third order nonlinear optical applications

The butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate single crystal has been grown by vertical Bridgman technique using single wall ampoule. The cell parameters of the grown crystal are verified by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The functional groups of the grown crystal were identified by Fourier transform infrared analysis. The melting, decomposition and crystallization point of the compound are determined by thermo gravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetric analysis. The mechanical properties of the grown crystal has been analyzed by Vickers microhardness method. The optical behavior of the grown crystal has been observed by UV–vis–NIR transmission spectroscopic analysis which shows that the lower cut-off wavelength lying at 293nm and found that the energy band gap value is 4.05eV. The blue light emission of the crystal was identified by photoluminescence studies. The positive third order nonlinear optical parameters like nonlinear refractive index (n2), nonlinear absorption co-efficient (β) and third order nonlinear susceptibility (χ3) of the grown crystal was calculated by Z-scan studies. The positive sign of nonlinear refractive index (n2) indicates that the crystal exhibits self focusing optical nonlinearity. The crystal exhibits good optical power limiting behavior.

Investigation of genotoxic effects of butylparaben (butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate) on pubertal male rats

Investigation of genotoxic effects of butylparaben (butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate) on pubertal male rats

Electromembrane extraction for the determination of parabens in water samples.

To our knowledge, for the first time an electromembrane extraction combined with a high-performance liquid chromatography procedure using diode-array detection has been developed for the determination of five of the most widely used parabens: ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, isobutyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, and benzyl 4-hydroxybenzoate. Parabens were extracted from pH 4 aqueous sample solutions with use of an Accurel® S6/2 polypropylene hollow fiber that supports a liquid membrane of 1-octanol to a pH 12 aqueous acceptor solution placed inside the lumen of the hollow fiber. An electric current of 30 V was applied over the supported liquid membrane by means of platinum wires placed in the donor and acceptor phases. Parabens were extracted in 40 min with enrichment factors in the 30-49 range. The procedure has detection limits between 0.98 and 1.43 μg L(-1). The method was applied to the determination of parabens in surface environmental waters with excellent results.

Improved desorption/ionization and ion transmission in surface scanning by direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry.

Modifications to the Direct Analysis in Real Time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) interface, its source cap and transfer tube were necessary to obtain highest efficiency in desorption and ionization from the sampling surface and in ion transmission into the MS system. These issues are crucial for the trace analysis of any surface and the hyphenation of high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) with DART-MS. The ion source mounting was modified to enable short source caps to be utilized in combination with a short transfer tube. The grid voltage contact section was readjusted to increase the intensity of the metastable gas stream towards the substrate. Eighteen different cap and two transfer tube geometries (including gas-stream focusing), along with the influence of their distance from the mass spectrometer glass capillary, were investigated for best signal intensity. Using shortened source caps with staged inner bore, a transfer tube with gas-stream focusing and an optimized mounting geometry for DART-MS scanning along five identical deposited bands (600 ng each) of butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, an average signal precision of 3.6% was obtained and the signal intensity was increased by a factor of 34. The width of the gas impact area did not exceed 1.5 mm and the smallest FWHM was determined to be 0.9 mm. The desorption strength, ionization efficacy and ion transmission were improved significantly giving increased detectability using this further modified DART-MS interface with reduced cap length and optimum transfer tube geometry. The resolution was comparable with state-of-the-art densitometry. With this setup, reliable HPTLC surface scanning is possible, even for substance amounts in the low-nanogram range.

Characterization of in vitro antifungal activities of small and American cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccos L. and V. macrocarpon Aiton) and lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) concentrates in sugar reduced fruit spreads

In this study, cranberry and lingonberry concentrates were added to commercial sugar-reduced fruit spreads (raspberry–Aloe vera, strawberry–guava, and strawberry–lime), and tested for their antifungal activities. Selected strains of the species Absidia glauca, Penicillium brevicompactum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Zygosaccharomyces bailii, as well as xerophilic environmental isolates of the genera Penicillium and Eurotium were used for challenge testing. Initially, varying concentrations of synthetic antifungal agents, such as sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate and butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate were tested against these fungi on wort agar containing 31% fructose at different pH values. Subsequently, the experiments were conducted in fruit spreads containing different concentrations of cranberry and lingonberry concentrates. The results of this study demonstrate that these concentrates were able to inhibit growth of visible colonies of xerophilic and non-xerophilic fungi. Cranberry and lingonberry concentrates are interesting candidates for natural preservation against fungal growth in sugar reduced fruit spreads.

Heat Capacities and Standard Molar Enthalpy of Formation of Butyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate (C&lt;sub&gt;11&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;14&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)

Low-temperature heat capacities of butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate have been measured by a high precision automated adiabatic calorimeter over the temperature range from 79 to 399 K. The melting temperature, the molar enthalpy and entropy of the phase transition were determined to be (342.227 ± 0.054) K, (26.122 ± 0.192) kJmol-1and (76.33 ± 0.55) JK-1mol-1.The thermodynamic functions (HT-H298.15K) and (ST-S298.15K) were calculated in the range from 80 to 400 K with the interval of 5 K. The constant-volume energy and standard molar enthalpy of combustion have been determined,cU (C11H14O3,s) =-(5760.30 ± 2.70) kJmol-1andcHm0(C11H14O3, s) =-(5765.26 ± 2.70) kJmol-1, by means of a precision oxygen-bomb combustion calorimeter atT= 298.15 K. The standard molar enthalpy of formation has been derived,fHm0(C11H14O3, s) =-( 564.16 ± 4.41) kJmol-1, from the standard molar enthalpy of combustion in combination with other auxiliary thermodynamic quantities through a Hess thermochemical cycle.

Ampholine-functionalized hybrid organic–inorganic silica material as sorbent for solid-phase extraction of acidic and basic compounds

A novel sorbent for solid-phase extraction (SPE) was synthesized by chemical immobilization of ampholine on hybrid organic–inorganic silica material. The ampholine-functionalized hybrid organic–inorganic silica sorbent is consisted of aliphatic amine groups, carboxyl groups and long carbon chains, allowing for extraction of both acidic and basic compounds. The retention properties of the developed sorbent were evaluated for 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (HNA), 1-naphthoic acid (NA), 3-hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA), benzoic acid (BA), sorbic acid (SA), vanillic aldehyde (VA), butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (BHB), propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (PHB), ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (EHB), and methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (MHB). The results show that such a sorbent has three types of interaction, i.e., electrostatic interaction, hydrophobic interaction, and hydrogen bonding, exhibiting high extraction efficiency towards the compounds tested. The adsorption capacities of the analytes ranged from 0.61 to 6.54μgmg−1. The reproducibility of the sorbent preparation was evaluated at three spiking concentration levels, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 1.0–10.5%. The recoveries of ten acidic and basic compounds spiked in beverage Coca-Cola® sample ranged from 82.5% to 98.2% with RSDs less than 5.8%. Under optimum conditions, the ampholine-functionalized hybrid organic–inorganic silica sorbent rendered higher extraction efficiency for acidic compounds than that of the commercially available ampholine-functionalized silica particles, and was comparable to that of the commercial Oasis WAX and Oasis WCX.