Button Type Research Articles

Analytical and numerical models for impedance of a button SOFC anode

We report a physics–based model for the impedance of a button–type anode–supported SOFC. The model includes ion and electron charge conservation equations and a Fick’s diffusion transport equation for hydrogen in the anode support layer. In the limit of small overpotentials, an analytical solution for the anode impedance is derived. For typical SOFC anode parameters, this solution is valid from open–circuit voltage (OCV) up to the cell current density of about 5 mA cm−2. Fast least–squares fitting of the model impedance to an experimental spectrum measured at OCV is demonstrated and the resulting fitting parameters are compared with literature data. A high–current numerical version of the model is also suitable for fast fitting of experimental impedance spectra.

Exploring the Affordance Effect of Visual Properties Associated with Virtual Keyboard Buttons on Smartphones

Digital affordances exist on the touchscreen, but the affordance of virtual buttons on smartphones is unknown. Therefore, this study investigated the on-screen affordances by examining whether the visual properties of virtual keyboard buttons could afford possible clicking actions and affect the entry performance. This study employed a three-way within-subject design: 2 (Symbol Position: standard mode vs. corrective mode) × 2 (Button Border: bordered button vs. borderless button) × 26 (Button Position: 26 positions). In the serial tapping task, 30 university students tapped virtual keyboard buttons with four button types. The results confirmed that the symbol-position and button-border variables influenced clicking actions. When employing offset-correcting symbols, the entry accuracy of virtual keyboard buttons increased without the speed-accuracy tradeoff. Additionally, button borders improved the perceived usability of virtual keyboard buttons despite failing to enhance the entry accuracy and speed. However, the button position moderated the effects of the symbol-position and button-border variables.

Design and Performance Research of a New Type of Spherical Force-Measuring Bearing of Bridges Based on Button Type Microsensor

Design and Performance Research of a New Type of Spherical Force-Measuring Bearing of Bridges Based on Button Type Microsensor

Modeling homologous chromosome recognition via nonspecific interactions

In many organisms, most notably Drosophila, homologous chromosomes associate in somatic cells, a phenomenon known as somatic pairing, which takes place without double strand breaks or strand invasion, thus requiring some other mechanism for homologs to recognize each other. Several studies have suggested a "specific button" model, in which a series of distinct regions in the genome, known as buttons, can associate with each other, mediated by different proteins that bind to these different regions. Here, we use computational modeling to evaluate an alternative "button barcode" model, in which there is only one type of recognition site or adhesion button, present in many copies in the genome, each of which can associate with any of the others with equal affinity. In this model, buttons are nonuniformly distributed, such that alignment of a chromosome with its correct homolog, compared with a nonhomolog, is energetically favored; since to achieve nonhomologous alignment, chromosomes would be required to mechanically deform in order to bring their buttons into mutual register. By simulating randomly generated nonuniform button distributions, many highly effective button barcodes can be easily found, some of which achieve virtually perfect pairing fidelity. This model is consistent with existing literature on the effect of translocations of different sizes on homolog pairing. We conclude that a button barcode model can attain highly specific homolog recognition, comparable to that seen in actual cells undergoing somatic homolog pairing, without the need for specific interactions. This model may have implications for how meiotic pairing is achieved.

Substitute Buttons: Exploring Tactile Perception of Physical Buttons for Use as Haptic Proxies

Buttons are everywhere and are one of the most common interaction elements in both physical and digital interfaces. While virtual buttons offer versatility, enhancing them with realistic haptic feedback is challenging. Achieving this requires a comprehensive understanding of the tactile perception of physical buttons and their transferability to virtual counterparts. This research investigates tactile perception concerning button attributes such as shape, size, and roundness and their potential generalization across diverse button types. In our study, participants interacted with each of the 36 buttons in our search space and provided a response to which one they thought they were touching. The findings were used to establish six substitute buttons capable of effectively emulating tactile experiences across various buttons. In a second study, these substitute buttons were validated against virtual buttons in VR. Highlighting the potential use of the substitute buttons as haptic proxies for applications such as encountered-type haptics.

Utilizing waste pomelo peel to develop activated-doped porous biomass carbon as electrode materials: Study of activation mechanism, evaluation of electrochemical properties and assembly of symmetric supercapacitors

To prepare electrode materials with excellent comprehensive properties for supercapacitor applications, and to promote the reuse of waste fruit peels. This work used waste pomelo peel as a carbon source for high-temperature carbonization, and a series of porous biomass carbon materials (YB-K) was prepared using a combination of freeze-drying and activation pore-making. The relationship between the structure of YB-K materials and the amount of activator was investigated by characterization. The results show that the YB-K materials (YB-K5) with the mass ratio of raw materials to activator of 1:5 have the best overall properties, and their specific surface area is as high as 1277.14 m2/g. Notably, the YB-K5 materials can be doped with nitrogen to prepare electrode materials (YB-K5-N) with excellent electrochemical properties. The specific capacitance of YB-K5-N electrode materials reaches 247.26 F/g at 0.5 A/g current density. Importantly, the YB-K5-N symmetric (button type) supercapacitor assembled with YB-K5-N materials showed good cycling stability with 87.58% specific capacitance retention after 3000 cycles. The YB-K5-N electrode materials prepared in this work have potential applications in energy conversion, energy storage and electrochemistry, which provide a new idea for utilizing waste fruit peels.

Diversity of Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora T.) Varieties under Open Field Condition in Prayagraj

The field experiment entitled “Varietal evaluation of Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora T.) under open field condition in Prayagraj” was carried out during September 2022 to January 2023, in Horticulture Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, Naini Agriculture Institute, SHUATS. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications. The experiment comprised of fifteen varieties of chrysanthemum viz. Kanadee, Flood, Winter Queen, Basanti, White Bonsai, Local Yellow, Ravi Kiran, Button Type, Rani, UBC 12, Wall Street, Bidhan Rajat, Bidhan Antara, British gold and Vijay. It is clear from the experimental analysis that all characters were significantly affected by different varietal treatments. From the experimental findings, it was found that maximum height was found in the variety Bidhan Antara (40.79 cm),plant spread (30.55 cm), primary branches (6), whereas earliness in flowering was found in the variety Bidhan Rajat, flower yield per plant (176.76 g) was found maximum in the variety Bidhan Rajat, average flower weight was recorded more in the variety Rani (7.19 g),duration of flowering (71.2 days) and benefit-cost ratio(4.32:1) was found maximum in the variety Bidhan Rajat.

Design of The Mechanism for Auto Release Seat Belt in End-Button Release Buckle

This project revolves around the buckle of a seat belt, mainly push end release button type, where a feature was created to make it into an auto release seat belt through designing the mechanism within the buckle. The aim of the project is to design the mechanism part of a convertible end button release seat belt buckle, to simulate the designed mechanism part of the convertible auto release seat belt for vehicle cars and to analyze the designed mechanism regarding the effectiveness when installed. 3 different models of solenoid-triggered-parts were designed where Model 1 has no support on its side, presence of fillet and smallest surface area for the base. As for Model 2 and 3, there were no fillet used, presence of support of the side and Model 2 has larger surface area for the base, but Model 3 has the largest amongst the three models. The parameter of this project was the material used when running the simulation which is Polyphenylene Ether (PPE). Through the simulation results, a final model was designed consists of features such as, having support on the side, largest surface area for the base and presence of fillet as these features has shown the best results through the simulation. As for the conclusion, the study managed to achieve all of the objectives which are, the auto release mechanism was designed and simulated successfully using SolidWorks, and it was simulated through simulation within the software.

Influence of Electrolytic Cell System on Graphite Electrode Interface Properties

Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests are used to investigate the performance of different cell systems. For two electrode button type cell, as the lack of reference electrode and its large contact resistance, it does not have the conditions on study the electrode/electrolyte interface performance effectively. Although the three-electrode button type cell shows some improvement on potential detection of the system which can partially eliminate the adverse effects caused by electrode polarization and reduce the contact resistance, there are some limitation on the investigation of the resistance of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film and charge transfer process. However, it can show the variation of kinetic parameters well in the three-electrode glass type cell, which is the premise on studying the reaction mechanism, failure mechanism and electrode interface characteristics of electrode materials.

SYSTEMIC REVIEW ON VOICE ACTUATED SMART HOPITAL BED

During the 20th century, medical beds underwent technological advancements, especially making them smarter in patient care. The past fifteen years have brought various changes in the concept of smart bed technology, but no definitive evidence of the project's existence has been presented. These and previous systems typically use at least one push button or pressure-sensitive type switch to implement various control and articulation capabilities. Smart beds are designed to assist patients with mobility issue as it will allow them to control bed movement by themself and help them return to normal movement more quickly, with the presence of a monitoring system that alerts nursing staff when patients move and leave the bed with side rails. This type of high-end bed contributes greatly to the recovery of the patient's physical condition, health and activity because it is the main factor in achieving this goal, according to studies that have confirmed that the patient's movement during hospital stay as contributed to his quick recovery and early discharge from the hospital.

A Study on the Strength Properties of Various Buttons Used in Garments

Auxiliary materials are as important as the fabric, which is the main material of a garment. One of the most important auxiliary materials is the button. There are different types of buttons, made of different materials, with different numbers of holes in different sizes. The breaking strength of the button determines the performance characteristics of the buttons during use. 
 In this study, commonly used types of buttons were investigated and the breaking strength values of different buttons were measured. The results show that the breaking strength of buttons is related to the number of holes in the button, the size of the sewing thread, and the fabric type. However, the effects of button size and button material were found to be statistically insignificant.

MENINGKATKAN KEAKTIFAN BELAJAR PENDIDIKAN AGAMA KATOLIK MELALUI METODE KOOPERATIF TIPE KANCING GEMERINCING BAGI SISWA KELAS X SOSIAL 1 SMAN 1 MALAKA TIMUR TAHUN AJARAN 2022/2021

This research was conducted to determine the quality of the process of implementing the rattling button type cooperative method which can increase learning activity in Class This research includes classroom action research (PTK) which consists of cycle I and cycle II, each of which has four stages, namely: planning stage, implementation stage, observation stage and reflection stage. The techniques used in data collection are observation, tests and research documentation. The results of the research show that the application of the rattling button type cooperative method can increase learning activity in Catholic religious education, where in cycle I student activity was 75.53% with fairly good criteria, and in cycle II student activity increased 95.92% with very good criteria. Based on the research results obtained, the researchers concluded that through the cooperative method of the jingling button type can increase the learning activity of Class X Social 1 students at SMAN 1 East Malaka for the 2022/2023 academic year.

Electrochemical Performances of NMC811 Lithium-Ion Pouch Cells under Dynamic Conditions

Lithium-ion batteries have a wide range of usage areas, from transportation to the defense industry, from daily usage to space applications. The widespread use of consumer electronics day by day also increases the need for this critical strategic technology, which allows us to live at almost every point of our lives without binding factors such as cables. But this technology also has many limitations, which dominate our lives so much that it needs to be overcome. Low cycle life due to poor electrochemical efficiency of electrode materials is one of these limitations. At the same time, energy density constraints are also an obstacle to many technological developments. Therefore, finding new materials with higher capacity and higher cycle life has become inevitable to meet the demands. Moreover, developing novel production techniques suitable for the materials used in the battery is also critical. Cylindrical cells are mostly used commercially in the market due to their easy and fast production technics and relatively safe components. However, the energy density and capacity limit of this architecture pushes the market to use alternative cell designs. There are different cell structures in the lithium-ion battery industry apart from cylindrical cells, such as button type, pouch type, and prismatic type. Among them, pouch cells have rising star geometry due to their unique properties and flexible production style. But many parameters still need to be overcome in pouch cells. In this study, the NMC811 cathode has been selected to investigate some critical parameters in lithium-ion pouch cells. The effects of dynamic conditions such as electrode film thickness, variable temperatures, and current rates on electrochemical performance were analyzed. Finally, a cycle life test was performed on the cell with optimum parameters.

Comparative analysis of selected performance parameters of capacitive touch sensors

In the article, various types of touch buttons are presented and compared, including standardself-capacitance buttons and Metal over Cap Technology (MoCT) buttons which work through thedeflection of the additional covering conductive layer.Two types of touch buttons have been simulated. Standard self-capacitance buttons have been simulatedusing built-in CapExt software standard capacitive sensors models while for MoCT buttons, a speciallydesigned simulation model has been developed, which has made a simulation of phenomena occurringin the sensors manufactured in this technology possible. Furthermore, two physical models of capacitivebuttons have been designed and constructed. The parameters of both buttons have been tested andcompared with the simulated results. There is a presentation of a specifically designed and constructedtool which allows simulating a touch event with high accuracy and repeatability. Test results of thetouch force required to activate the sensor, created in the MoCT technology, are presented and theresults are compared against the parameters of classic mechanical buttons.The research has shown that MoCT touch sensors have a high resistance to false detection. Theresearch described in the article allows selecting the effective construction materials for MoCT buttons,depending on the required user parameters such as pressing force and construction parameters suchas required panel thickness (strength). A comparative analysis of the empirical data and the results ofsimulations, conducted with commercially available software, allows accelerating the design processof such buttons and introducing appropriate corrections to the simulation results in the process ofdesigning the final device.Keywords: capacitive touch sensor, parallel plate type capacitive pressure sensor, capacitive pressorsensors, sensing performance

Risk Factors for Femoral Cortical Button Malposition in Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.

Background:Femoral cortical button suspension fixation is a popular and reliable technique for posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (PCLR). Button malposition during graft fixation can lead to postoperative graft loosening.Purpose:To determine the risk factors of femoral cortical button malposition in PCLR when neither direct visualization nor intraoperative fluoroscopy is used.Study Design:Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:Of the 206 consecutive patients who underwent PCLR without direct visualization or intraoperative radiographs in 2019 at a single institution, 182 met the selection criteria and were included in the study. The distance from the suspension button to the femoral cortex was measured on postoperative computed tomography scans. The button was considered malpositioned if its distance to the femoral cortex was ≥2 mm. We evaluated patient-related and surgery-related variables, including age, sex, concomitant ligament reconstruction, button type, and surgeon experience. Multivariate logistic regression was conducted to evaluate the risk factors for button malposition.Results:The overall prevalence of button malposition was approximately 17.0% (31/182), and the mean distance from the button to the femoral cortex was 6.11 ± 5.82 mm in the malposition group. Male sex was the most significant risk factor for button malposition (odds ratio [OR], 13.86; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.73-111.17; P = .013). Other independent risk factors were low surgical volume (completing ≤3 procedures; OR, 6.41; 95% CI, 1.89-21.72; P = .003), concomitant ligament reconstruction (OR, 5.56; 95% CI, 2.12-14.58; P < .001), and fixed-loop button (OR, 3.96; 95% CI, 1.11-14.18; P = .034).Conclusion:Male sex, low surgical volume, concomitant ligament reconstruction, and fixed-loop button were independent risk factors for femoral cortical button malposition during PCLR.

Elektrik direnç punta kaynağı ile birleştirilen TBF/DP600 çeliklerinin mikroyapı ve mekanik özelliklerinin incelenmesi

In the study, the effects of welding parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties of electrical resistance spot welded TBF/DP600 steel sheets of 1.2 mm thickness were investigated. TBF steel used in the study was welded both with and without electro-galvanized. Microhardness measurements and tensile shear tests were taken as basis in determining the mechanical properties, while optical microscope was used for microstructural characterization. The nugget size of the spot-welded samples was determined by image processing technique, while the indentation depths at the electrode pressure points of the samples were measured by ultrasonic technique. It was observed from the fusion zone microstructure images that the two steels did not mix completely. Increasing the welding current and welding time increased the mixing ratio in fusion zone, expanded the heat affected zone and increased the nugget size, indentation depth and load bearing capacity. TBF steel was more affected by the thermal cycle during welding than DP600 steel. At high heat input, liquid metal embrittlement based microcrack formations initiating from the surface in the heat affected zone of galvanized TBF steels were observed, while corrosion started rapidly in the welding region of ungalvanized TBF steels. The highest hardness values were observed in ITAB on the TBF steel side. However, a significant softening occurred in the transition zone between the ITAB and base metal on the TBF steel side. The nugget size, indentation depth and load bearing capacity were found to be relatively higher in the galvanized TBF steel group. In dissimilar electrical resistance spot welded TBF/DP600 steel sheets having the same thickness, DP600 steel with lower strength has determined the welding strength. In high heat input during welding process, fractures are of the fusion zone button type with higher welding strength, while fractures are of partial fusion zone button type with lower welding strength in low heat input. If TBF steel is galvanized, relatively higher welding strength was obtained in the welding parameters that provide relatively lower heat input.

Bond strength of orthodontic buttons on clear aligner materials

ABSTRACT Purpose To evaluate the shear bond strength of orthodontic buttons bonded on various clear aligner materials using orthodontic plastic adhesive. Materials and methods Three types of thermoplastic materials: 1) Duran (Polyethylene terephthalate glycol), 2) Essix A+ (Polyethylene terephthalate glycol), and 3) Zendura (Polyurethane) were bonded with either metal or plastic buttons using orthodontic plastic adhesive (Bond aligner®). Six experimental groups with 15 specimens per group were prepared. Bond strength testing was done according to the Lap Shear Test Method (ASTM D3163) using the universal testing machine. Bond failure mode (modified from ASTM D5573) was examined with a stereoscope. Kruskal-Wallis and post hoc tests were used to analyse the differences in shear bond strength among the six groups. Results Mean bond strengths were as follows: 1) Duran-metal (DM) (7.04 MPa); 2) Duran-plastic (DP) (5.37 MPa); 3) Essix-metal (EM) (5.55 MPa); 4) Essix-plastic (EP) (4.62 MPa); 5) Zendura-metal (ZM) (1.17 MPa); and 6) Zendura-plastic (ZP) (1.40 MPa). Shear bond strength among the three thermoplastic materials were significantly different (p < .05). For the bond failure mode, regardless of button type, Duran and Essix A+ showed substrate failure of the thermoplastic sheet, while Zendura showed adhesive failure at the thermoplastic sheet interface. Conclusion Orthodontic buttons bonded on Duran and Essix A+ using orthodontic plastic adhesive could achieve very high bond strength that the thermoplastic sheets would tear before button detachment occurred. Buttons bonded to Zendura resulted in significantly greater bond failure rates.

Life Skills in a Minute: Sewing on a Button

Even though sewing a button back on is quite a simple task, many people refuse to try it simply because it seems too daunting. This publication will help you to understand the difference in button types and share the methods to be utilized in sewing a button on. Written by Heather Janney and published by the UF/IFAS 4-H Youth Development program; 3 pages.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/4h414

DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF SEAT BELT ACTIVATED HAND BREAK

Seat belt is implemented in car to ensure drivers safety. The increase in number of loss of life in accidents is due to driver’s negligence to wear seat belt though it is strictly enforced by law. The aim of our paper is to make seat belt wearing compulsory for vehicle propulsion. We can achieve it by using pneumatic setup along with handbrake. The modification to be done ensures that the driver wears seat belt during driving. Here the seat belt of the car activates the hand brake (parking brake) through a pneumatic cylinder. When the seat belt activates the push button type DC valve an outward stroke is been obtained in the pneumatic cylinder through an air compressor which is used to release the hand brake. Similarly, during the retracing stroke of the piston the hand brake is been engaged.

Modeling acoustic metamaterials based on reused buttons using data fitting with neural network.

Metamaterials are designed by arranging artificial structural elements according to periodic geometries to obtain advantageous and unusual properties when they are hit by waves. Initially designed to interact with electromagnetic waves, their use naturally extended to sound waves, proving to be particularly useful for the construction of containment and soundproofing systems in buildings. In this work, a new metamaterial has been developed with the use of a polyvinyl chloride membrane on which buttons have been glued. Two types of buttons were used, with different weights, placing them on the membrane according to a radial geometry. Each sample of metamaterial was subjected to sound absorption coefficient measurements using the impedance tube. Measurements were made using the samples by setting three configurations, creating a cavity with different thicknesses. The results of the measurements were subsequently used as input for training a simulation model based on artificial neural networks. The model showed an excellent generalization capacity, returning estimates of the acoustic absorption coefficient of the metamaterial very similar to the measured value. Subsequently, the model was used to perform a sensitivity analysis to evaluate the contribution of the various input variables on the returned output.