Button Selection Research Articles

Localisation of a Text-based App for Arabic Assistive Technology Users

Ensuring the successful adaptation of Predictable, a text-based Alternative and Augmentative Communication (AAC) app for users in the Gulf region, required not only text translation and integration of an Arabic keyboard. Key considerations encompass design and user experience, particularly regarding button selection and arrangement to accommodate right-to-left orientation and address cultural and linguistic nuances. The localisation of Predictable Arabic for AAC users in the Gulf region is further enhanced by leveraging an existing symbol set while incorporating new symbols optimised for the app.

Preliminary Study on the Carbide Button Selection of a Button Cutter for Beishan Granite Using Indentation Tests

Preliminary Study on the Carbide Button Selection of a Button Cutter for Beishan Granite Using Indentation Tests

Effects of Interaction Method, Size, and Distance to Object on Augmented Reality Interfaces

ABSTRACT Augmented reality (AR) technologies are becoming increasingly popular. However, studies regarding the usability of AR interfaces are scarce. This study aims to derive the optimal usability design of the AR interface by analyzing the performance of 12 interface conditions (2 button sizes × 3 distances × 2 interaction types). An experiment was conducted using Microsoft HoloLens, in which participants performed button selection tasks with an array of 3 × 3 virtual buttons. The task completion time and the number of errors were measured along with a subjective satisfaction score. The results showed that a clicker-based interaction was more effective in task completion time, the number of errors and user satisfaction than a hand gesture. Furthermore, large buttons required a significantly shorter task completion time than small buttons. There was no significant difference in the number of errors between the two sizes. A distance of at least 80 cm from the eye to the virtual object is most favorable for a good performance. There was a significant difference in the task completion times between 40 cm and 80 cm and between 40 cm and 120 cm. These results can aid the interface designs for AR applications and devices.

Effects of button colour and background on augmented reality interfaces

ABSTRACT This study aims to understand the usability of common button colours and background choices in the existing augmented reality (AR) interface. AR is increasingly used in dynamic situations, such as driving using an AR head-up display. However, studies regarding the usability of AR interfaces, especially about the colours, are scarce. Twenty-four participants performed button selection tasks in an experiment using Microsoft HoloLens. Three measures (task completion time, the number of errors, and button colour visibility were collected for the 12 experimental conditions (3 backgrounds by 4 button colours). Significant differences were found in completion time between backgrounds and blue button visibility. On a moving background, the most effective button colour is orange, and the most minor effective button colour is blue. The results of this study can be used for colour choices in designing AR applications and devices.

Interacting with Virtual Reality with a Controller Instead of the Body Benefits Performance and Perceptions

Methods of interaction within virtual environments, such as virtual reality (VR), typically include hand-held controllers, but recent advances in technology are making body-based interactions possible, such as eye and hand tracking. These modern interaction methods may prove to be more natural and intuitive for users and improve their experience by reducing the mental effort associated with learning a new interaction. In this within-subjects experiment, we compared users’ performance on a speeded button selection task and ratings of their experience in five different interaction methods: controller-based (Trigger, Push, and Raycasting) and body-based (Eyetracking and Handtracking). We found that participants performed best with controller-based interactions and rated their experiences more favorably than the body-based interactions. Participants reported higher mental and physical effort in the body-based conditions than the controller-based conditions. Implications for VR system design and future research are discussed.

Development of a semi-structured, multifaceted, computer-aided questionnaire for outbreak investigation: e-Outbreak Platform

Aggressive tracing of contacts of confirmed cases is crucial to Taiwan's successful control of the early spread of COVID-19. As the pandemic lingers, an epidemiological investigation that can be conducted efficiently in a timely manner can help decrease the burden on the health personnel and increase the usefulness of such information in decision making. To develop a new tool that can improve the current practice of epidemiological investigation by incorporating new technologies in digital platform and knowledge graphs. To meet the various needs of the epidemiological investigation, we decided to develop an e-Outbreak Platform that provides a semi-structured, multifaceted, computer-aided questionnaire for outbreak investigation. There are three major parts of the platform: (1) a graphic portal that allows users to have an at-glance grasp of the functions provided by the platform and then choose the one they need; (2) disease-specific questionnaires that can accommodate different formats of the information, including text typing, button selection, and pull-down menu; and (3) functions to utilize the stored information, including report generation, statistical analyses, and knowledge graphs displaying contact tracing. When the number of outbreak investigation increases, the knowledge graphs can be extended to encompass other persons appearing in the same location at the same time, i.e., constituting a potential contact cluster. The information extracted can also be used to display the tracing on a map in animation. Overall, this system can provide a basis for further refinement that can be generalized to a variety of outbreak investigations.

Usability of the size, spacing, and operation method of virtual buttons with virtual hand on head-mounted displays

Virtual reality (VR) allows users to see and manipulate virtual scenes and items through input devices, like head-mounted displays. In this study, the effects of button size, spacing, and operation method on the usability of virtual buttons in VR environments were investigated. Task completion time, number of errors, and subjective preferences were collected to test different levels of the button size, spacing, and operation method. The experiment was conducted in a desktop setting with Oculus Rift and Leap motion. A total of 18 subjects performed a button selection task. The optimal levels of button size and spacing within the experimental conditions are 25 mm and between 5 mm and 9 mm, respectively. Button sizes of 15 mm with 1-mm spacing were too small to be used in VR environments. A trend of decreasing task completion time and the number of errors was observed as button size and spacing increased. However, large size and spacing may cause fatigue, due to continuous extension of the arms. For operation method, the touch method took a shorter task completion time. However, the push method recorded a smaller number of errors, owing to the visual push-feedback. In this paper, we discuss advantages and disadvantages in detail. The results can be applied to many different application areas with VR HMD using virtual hand interaction.

EEG- and EOG-Based Asynchronous Hybrid BCI: A System Integrating a Speller, a Web Browser, an E-Mail Client, and a File Explorer.

This paper presents a new asynchronous hybrid brain-computer interface (BCI) system that integrates a speller, a web browser, an e-mail client, and a file explorer using electroencephalographic (EEG) and electrooculography (EOG) signals. More specifically, an EOG-based button selection method, which requires the user to blink his/her eyes synchronously with the target button's flashes during button selection, is first presented. Next, we propose a mouse control method by combining EEG and EOG signals, in which the left-/right-hand motor imagery (MI)-related EEG is used to control the horizontal movement of the mouse and the blink-related EOG is used to control the vertical movement of the mouse and to select/reject a target. These two methods are further combined to develop the integrated hybrid BCI system. With the hybrid BCI, users can input text, access the internet, communicate with others via e-mail, and manage files in their computer using only EEG and EOG without any body movements. Ten healthy subjects participated in a comprehensive online experiment, and superior performance was achieved compared with our previously developed P300- and MI-based BCI and some other asynchronous BCIs, therefore demonstrating the system's effectiveness.

Emergency department personnel's individual preferences should not be neglected when an IT-technology is to be introduced

There is an increasing demand and importance for quick clinical assessment of patients by experienced front-line physician, and for efficient patientflow in emergency department without delay. That requires application of new technologies, including IT-solutions. From the other side, healthpersonnel, as a human factor applying technology, should accept it and not be neglected. Purpose: preliminary qualitative assessment of physicians' individual preferences related to introduction of conceptual tablet-device based documentation technology in emergency department.
 We used ”Presurvey” solution developed for the emergency department in order to speed-up documentation process by front-line physicians, which is mobile device based web-app system allowing data input via button selection and visualising standardised autotext (front-line doctor's clinical assessment note) based on the ABCDE clinical algorithm. Author had participated in the concept development. ”Presurvey” was used at Emergency department, Regional Hospital Horsens, during 100-days period, from October 2017, working days, between 7.30-18.00. Mini-iPad was used as mobile device. “Presurvey” was introduced to doctors individually. 9 experienced emergency doctors were invited, they were completely free to apply the concept or not on a case to case basis. There was gathered feedback and undertaken audit.
 ”Presurvey” was applied by 8 (89%) doctors in 528 patient-cases (12,5%) out of 4.215 admitted patients of medical and surgical profiles. 1 (11%) physician wouldn't use ”Presurvey”, 3 (33%) doctors have tried, but preferred the conventional documentation way. 5 (55%) users, including author, had positive attitude. 4 (44%) of them (without author) were active users, based on criteria of repeated use of ”Presurvey”. Audit revealed personal preferences, mostly addressed to autotext. The concept was evaluated as making sense by 7 (78%) doctors, however there was different level of unsatisfaction related to the text formulations. 4 (50%) participating doctors accepted autotext concept with minor adjustments, while the other 50% would prefer flexibility of ”alive” language as communication tool for documentation.
 Small-population observational study demonstrates that for implementation of a new IT-based technology related to the medical documentation in emergency department it is important to consider as choice flexibility for specialists as their individual variables and preferences, which should be carefully studied when introduced bigger scale solutions.

2G2-2 Study on the antistrophic haptic texture for more accurate button selection

2G2-2 Study on the antistrophic haptic texture for more accurate button selection

Overlap and Segregation in Predorsal Premotor Cortex Activations Related to Free Selection of Self-Referenced and Target-Based Finger Movements

In reaching movements, parietal contributions can be distinguished that are based on representations of external space and body scheme. By functional magnetic resonance imaging, we examined 16 healthy subjects to see whether such segregation similarly exists in the frontal lobes when visuomotor actions are not specified but when free choices are allowed. Free selection was button based (target based) or finger based (self-referenced), with invariant instructions as control. To avoid a visual attention bias, instructions were auditory presented. Statistical parametric mapping revealed that free button selection with the same finger was associated with increased activations in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), right posterodorsal prefrontal cortex (PFC) including the rostral extension of the dorsal premotor cortex (pre-PMd), and the anterodorsal PFC. Prefrontal activation related to free finger selection (pressing the same button) was restricted to an anteromedial segment of the posterodorsal PFC/pre-PMd. Bilateral inferior parietal activations were present in both free-choice conditions. Pre-PMd and parietal contributions to free selection support concepts on early-stage action selection in dorsal visuomotor pathways. The rostral-caudal segregation in pre-PMd activations reflected that in anterior direction, frontal processing is gradually less involved in selection of environmental information but increasingly committed to self-referenced selection. ACC particularly contributes to free selection between external goals.

PDA 화면 내 버튼 선택을 위한 입력지원방식의 사용성 평가

The primary objective of this study is to design input methods for assisting button selection tasks on a PDA screen. Familiar methods in the existing computing environments were investigated to develop aiding methods. Factors manipulated in the experiment included aiding method, button size, and users' prior experience with PDAs. A total of sixteen participants examined the usability of button selection tasks. Two types of button selection tasks were used as experimental tasks; one was selecting a target button, and the other was selecting multiple target buttons consecutively. The results showed that the aiding method and the button size had significant effects on the subjective satisfaction as well as the performance. In addition, users' prior experience with PDAs affected the performance significantly. The interaction between the aiding method and the button size was found to have significant effects on the performance. However, the interaction effect between the button size and the PDA experience was significant on the task performance time only for the multiple button selection tasks. Design considerations were proposed based on the experimental results. These can be applied to the PDA interaction design to make the PDAs more usable.

Intention and preference in a 3-year-old girl with Rett syndrome

The loss of instrumental reaching and diminished social engagement are primary symptoms of Rett syndrome. Stereotypic rhythmicities replace flexible behavior, diminishing potential evidence for clear attribution of the mental states of desire, preference, and especially intention. As part of an experimental home intervention program, a 3-year-old girl with Rett syndrome was exposed to a computer-controlled video image of a face that responded differentially to two buttons as a function of position and time. The specific contingency changed from minute to minute requiring a change in button selection in order to obtain a consistent (“equifinal”) outcome. Over the course of 8 months, 150 5-min sessions were recorded. The girl's performance on this task provides strong evidence of a retained capacity to use both arms in a differentiated manner and to attentively modulate behavior in response to a varying contingency. The data also support the claim that this child was capable of displaying a simplified example of Heider's formal criteria for the mental states of “preference” and “intention”.

Preliminary results of fumarase structure determination by application of HVEM

Glaeser and others have suggested that low-dose microscopy of thick, crystalline macromolecules might be more advantageously carried out at higher voltages. To investigate this, the HVEM has been constantly improved by redesign and modification of existing components in order to improve its reliability, stability, versatility, and ease of operation. This has been achieved by improvements in the camera, vacuum system, vibration reduction and installation of an image intensified TV camera with digital image memory; online PDP 11/23 computer for real time 2D FFT computations ; minimal exposure system ; digital fine control of focus, push button selection of five magnifications with independent control of C2; and design of a new cold stage for imaging of protein crystals. Further, a set of programs which provide for image analysis and processing, and synthesis of protein structures from electron micrographs of protein crystal arrays developed at Donner Laboratory, UC Berkeley, has now been implemented on a VAX 11/780 computer associated with the Astronony department at Madison.