Agaricus Bisporus Research Articles

Tyrosinases: a family of copper-containing metalloenzymes

Tyrosinases (TYRs) are a family of copper-containing metalloenzymes that are present in all domains of life. TYRs catalyze the reactions that start the biosynthesis of melanin, the main pigment of the animal kingdom, and are also involved in the formation of the bright colors seen on the caps of mushrooms and in the petals of flowers. TYRs catalyze the ortho-hydroxylation and oxidation of phenols and the oxidation of catechols to the respective o-quinones. They only need molecular oxygen to do that, and the products of TYRs—o-quinones—are highly reactive and will usually react with the next available nucleophile. This reactivity can be harnessed for pharmaceutical applications as well as in environmental and food biotechnology. The majority of both basic and applied research on TYRs utilizes “mushroom tyrosinase”, a crude enzyme preparation derived from button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) fruiting bodies. Access to pure TYR preparations comes almost exclusively from the production of recombinant TYRs as the purification of these enzymes from the natural source is usually very laborious and plagued by low yields. In this text an introduction into the biochemistry of the enzyme TYR will be given, followed by an overview of available structural data of TYRs, the current model for the catalytic mechanism, a survey of reports on the recombinant production of this important metalloenzyme family, and a review of the applications of TYRs for the synthesis of catechols, as biosensors, in bioremediation, for the cross-linking of proteins and medical hydrogels as well as for melanoma treatment.Graphical

Determination of Haptoglobin, Serum Amyloid A, Some Other Acute Phase Proteins, and Biochemical Parameters in Cattle with Hydatid Cysts

The aim of this study is to determine some acute phase proteins and biochemical parameter levels in cattle infected with the hydatid cysts. In the study, a total of 30, Brown Swiss cattle including 15 infected with the hydatid cysts in the study group and 15 in the control group were used. Haptoglobin, serum amyloid A (SAA), ceruloplasmin, interleukin (IL)-6, total protein, albumin, aspartate amino transferase (AST), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, urea, creatinine, iron (Fe) levels were determined colorimetrically. When the animals infected with hydatid cysts and control group were compared, it was determined that haptoglobin, SAA, IL-6, AST, ALP, GGT activity, urea, creatinine levels and acute phase protein index values increased, while albumin levels decreased. In addition, it was determined that the ceruloplasmin and total protein levels increased, globulin, albumin/globulin and Fe levels decreased, but they were statistically insignificant. In conclusion, it was determined that there were significant changes in the biochemical parameters and increased haptoglobin and SAA synthesis in the animals infected with the hydatid cysts, and it is thought that these parameters may contribute to the pathogenesis and diagnosis of the disease.

Bacteria antagonistic to Pseudomonas tolaasii and their control of brown blotch of the cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus

Bacteria antagonistic to Pseudomonas tolaasii and their control of brown blotch of the cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus

Carvacrol Effectively Inhibits Pseudomonas tolaasii In Vitro and Induces Resistance to Brown Blotch Disease in Postharvest Agaricus bisporus.

Carvacrol (CAR), a naturally occurring phenolic monoterpene compound, has recently received attention for its potential use in food preservation. However, whether it is effective in controlling brown blotch disease caused by Pseudomonas tolaasii in edible mushrooms is unknown. The results of this study showed that CAR effectively inhibits and kills P. tolaasii in vitro by disrupting cell membrane integrity and causing the leakage of cellular components. Intracellular proteins and the DNA of P. tolaasii may not be the targets of CAR. CAR fumigation at a concentration as low as 20 μmol L-1 CAR effectively inhibited P. tolaasii-caused brown blotch disease in Agaricus bisporus, accompanied by a decrease in polyphenol oxidase activation, melanin production, and malondialdehyde accumulation. CAR treatment also significantly increased the activities of β-1,4-N-acetyl-glucosaminnidase, three antioxidant enzymes, and phenylpropanoid pathway-related enzymes, as well as promoting the accumulation of phenolic, flavonoid, and lignin substances in mushrooms, thereby inducing the resistance of mushrooms to the disease. These results demonstrate the potential application of carvacrol to control bacterial disease in A. bisporus mushrooms.

Preventing mislabeling of organic white button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) combining NMR-based foodomics, statistical, and machine learning approach

Organic foods are among the most susceptible to fraud and mislabeling since the differentiation between organic and conventionally grown food relies on a paper-trail-based system. This study aimed to develop a differentiation model that combines nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), statistical approach (principal component analysis – PCA and partial least square discriminant analysis – PLS-DA), and classification artificial neural network (cANN). The model was tested for hydrophilic and lipophilic extracts of Agaricus bisporus. As linear techniques, the PCA and PLS-DA analyses and cANN as a non-linear classification tool successfully discriminated organic from conventional samples regarding their NMR data. PLS-DA revealed higher similarity among the hydrophilic samples within the organic class and among the lipophilic samples within the conventional class. Both applied approaches demonstrated high statistical quality, but a higher level of classification confidence in the case of lipophilic extracts. The metabolites responsible for discrimination and observed (dis)similarities between classes were considered according to cultivation specificities.

The Potential of Agaricus bisporus in Mitigating Pesticide-Induced Oxidative Stress in Honey Bees Infected with Nosema ceranae.

Global climate change, environmental pollution, and frequent pesticide use severely reduce bee populations, greatly challenging beekeeping. Pesticides such as deltamethrin, a pyrethroid insecticide commonly used to control mosquitoes, can kill individual bees and entire colonies, depending on the exposure. Due to mosquito resistance to pyrethroid insecticides, components that enhance their effect are commonly used. This study explores the potential of Agaricus bisporus mushroom extract in mitigating oxidative stress in bees triggered by pesticides and Nosema ceranae infection. Our findings indicate that A. bisporus extract significantly reduced mortality rates of bees and spore counts of N. ceranae. Furthermore, the extract demonstrated antioxidant properties that lower enzyme activity related to oxidative stress (CAT, SOD, and GST) and MDA concentration, which is linked to lipid peroxidation. These results indicate that natural extracts like A. bisporus can aid bee health by mitigating the effects of pesticides and pathogens on honey bees, thus improving biodiversity.

Mushroom production on digestate: Mineral composition of cultivation compost, mushrooms, spent mushroom compost and spent casing

Produced in the process of anaerobic digestion, the effluent called digestate is rich in nutrients and can be used as a growing media for mushrooms. However, it can also be rich in non-essential and trace elements, heavy metals, various organic pollutants, pharmaceuticals, and other unwanted compounds with potential negative effects. Therefore, two button mushroom species, Agaricus bisporus (brown cultivar) and Agaricus subrufescens, were cultivated on digestate based substrate. The mineral composition of the experimental mushroom compost (EMC), mushrooms (M), spent mushroom compost (SMC) and spent casing (SC) was evaluated by means of ICP OES. Mineral distribution and quantity were substrate dependent, digestate origin was determined for most of investigated elements, excluding Ca, Mo, Pb, Ce and Nd, where the source was straw. However, content of elements with high mobility such as Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn for EMC was low. Short composting method for mushroom compost preparation used in this study could be suitable method for reducing available Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn and total As. For the casing material, bark was richer in major essential elements (MEE's) and essential trace elements (ETE's), besides Ca, where peat indicated higher content (1490 mg kg-1). From the trace elements with detrimental health effects (TEWDHE) group, bark was richer in Ba and Pb, but peat contained significant content of As (3.92 mg kg-1). The results clearly indicated both the studied mushrooms are valuable source of K, Na and Se, while A. subrufescens provided higher amounts of Cu and Zn. No threat for human consumption for Ni, Pb, As, and Cd, their content is under the limits and decreases with each subsequent mushroom yield. SMC and SC were nutrient rich especially for Fe, Mg, Mn, Si and Zn, giving them added value as biobased product for boosting vegetable crop yield. However, Cr and Ni, ETS's for plants in lower amounts, were elevated in SMC/SC, therefore the mineral composition should be monitored. Low concentration of hazardous elements in the spent substrates allows for subsequent use.

Fungal Chitin Nanofibrils Improve Mechanical Performance and UV-Light Resistance in Carboxymethylcellulose and Polyvinylpyrrolidone Films.

Materials from renewable carbon feedstock can limit our dependence on fossil carbon and facilitate the transition from linear carbon-intensive economies to sustainable, circular economies. Chitin nanofibrils (ChNFs) isolated from white mushrooms offer remarkable environmental benefits over conventional crustacean-derived nanochitin. Herein, ChNFs are utilized to reinforce polymers of natural and fossil origin, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), respectively. Incorporation of 5 wt % ChNFs increases the Young's modulus from 1217 ± 11 to 1509 ± 22 MPa for PVP and from 1979 ± 48 to 2216 ± 102 MPa for CMC. ChNFs increase surface hydrophobicity and retard the scission of the C-H bond as a result of UV-light irradiation in both polymers under investigation. The yellowing from chain scission is reduced, while long-lasting retention of ductility is ensured. Given these results, we propose the utilization of ChNFs in sustainable polymeric materials from renewable carbon with competitive performance against fossil-based benchmark plastics.

Development of Plant-Based Burgers with Partial Replacement of Texturized Soy Protein by Agaricus bisporus: Effects on Physicochemical and Sensory Properties.

This study aims to develop plant-based burgers with partial replacement of texturized soy protein (TSP) by Agaricus bisporus mushrooms at proportions of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. The substitution was evaluated regarding its impact on the burgers' chemical composition, texture, color, cooking performance, and sensory properties. Chemical analyses showed a significant increase in moisture content starting from the 10% substitution level, contributing to improved juiciness. Protein content remained similar to the control until the 15% substitution level, while the fat content showed no significant variation among treatments. The texture profile indicated reduced hardness in burgers with mushroom enrichment, particularly at 5% and 10%, leading to a more tender product. Color analysis revealed a reduction in lightness (L*) and red intensity (a*) with increased mushroom levels. Sensory analysis showed that burgers with up to a 15% substitution level maintained consumer acceptance comparable to the control, with attributes such as "softness", "pleasant color", and "good appearance" positively correlated with consumer acceptance. The findings indicate that Agaricus bisporus mushrooms can be effectively used as a partial substitute for TSP in plant-based burgers, enhancing sensory properties without compromising quality. This substitution offers a promising approach to diversifying ingredients in plant-based products while maintaining desirable characteristics for consumers.

STUDIES ON THE ROLE OF DRIED ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF AGARICUS BISPORUS IN THE TREATMENT OF DEPRESSION IN MICE

Objectives: Depression is a widespread mental illness with an estimated 322+million people worldwide and one of the most frequent reasons for medical and physical disability. However, the standard treatments available are having side effects such as addiction, physical dependence, and to overcome the lacuna researchers are looking for natural remedies Thus our study aimed to investigate the anti-depressant effect of Agaricus bisporus (White button mushroom) in mice. Methods: The anti-depressant action of dried ethanolic extract of A. bisporus (EEAB) was evaluated in the Swiss albino mice by various models. After extraction and standardization of the white button mushroom the dose-dependent anti-depressant effect of the white button mushroom was determined. Further, with the best chosen dose, the chronic anti-depressant effect of the white button mushroom was carried out, and also to further substantiate the data brain bioamine estimation was done. Results and Discussion: Statistical analysis with EEAB 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg showed marked anti-depressant action in dose-dependent manner. The calibration of EEAB extract by high-performance liquid chromatography guided a determination that the presence stigmasterol. Brain estimation of the EEAB with 400 mg/kg dose displayed upregulation of Serotonin in the treated mice. Since Serotonin is a major neurotransmitter which is key role anti-depressant activity. Hence, the upregulation of Serotonin suggests that EEAB is having profound anti-depressant activity.

Physical and Mechanical Properties of Indian Oyster Mushroom Mycelium/Sawdust Composites for Biodegradable Packaging Materials

Mycelium-based composite (MBC) offers an excellent sustainable alternative to hydrocarbon-based materials, especially styrofoam for packaging, due to its abundance of fungal mycelium that grows quickly on agricultural substrates, its biodegradable and its lightweight. The mycelium of a commercial mushroom species, Pleurotus ostreatus (PO), is used to fabricate MBC for packaging materials. Another species, Pleurotus pulmonarius (PP), prefers warmer weather, making it more common in tropical countries. Nevertheless, there is a lack of studies of PP mycelium-based composites and their mechanical and physical properties. This study investigated the physical and mechanical properties of PP mycelium/sawdust composite and compared to PO mycelium/sawdust composite. The results showed that the average density of PP/sawdust and PO/sawdust composites were 292.14 and 272.17 kg/m3, respectively, which fell within the range of low-density polyurethane foam. The final mass gain due to water absorption into PO/sawdust specimens was 144.04%, 1.41 times lower than PP/sawdust specimens. Furthermore, PP/sawdust composite exhibited 7.5 times faster water absorption rate than PO/sawdust composite, indicating that PO/sawdust had better water resistance. The PP/sawdust composite produced an equivalent compressive modulus to the PO/sawdust composite under compression up to 1.34 MPa of maximum value. Thus, the PP/sawdust composite showed excellent potential for substitution of biodegradable packages made from PO/sawdust composite as they contributed the equivalent strength; however, the PO/sawdust composite exhibited superior water resistance to the PP/sawdust composite. Consequently, PO/sawdust should be more advantageous if the biodegradable packaging is required to be of strength as high as the low-density polyurethane foam and of compatible water resistance.

Manipulating button mushroom casing affects the disease dynamics of blotch and green mold disease

Productive cultivation of the button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) relies on the use of selective substrates and effective disease management. In extending our previous work on manipulating the developmental microbiome (devome), this study employs the strategy of substrate passaging to explore its effects on crop outcomes and disease dynamics. Here we subjected the casing substrate to ten cycles of passaging. This manipulated substrate stimulated early pinning (primordia formation) by at least three days. Passaged casing also altered disease dynamics when challenged with two commercially important A. bisporus pathogens, Pseudomonas tolaasii (causing bacterial blotch) and Trichoderma aggressivum f. aggressivum (responsible for green mold). Passaged casing had a suppressive effect on blotch disease and a conducive effect on green mold disease. Blotch suppression resulted in a significantly higher yield of asymptomatic mushrooms in all three mushroom harvests (flushes) and in the overall crop yield. Blotch severity was also significantly reduced in passaged casing compared to standard casing due to a lower yield of mushrooms with the highest degree of blotch disease expression. Green mold disease expression was markedly higher in passaged casing, leading to lower numbers of asymptomatic mushrooms. Zones where no growth of hyphae or mushrooms were also observed in passaged casing due to green mold disease pressure. The stimulating effect of passaged casing on mushroom development and the dynamic outcomes for disease challenge from two distinct, commercially damaging diseases, demonstrates the potential for passaged casing to be used as material to study more sustainable mushroom production and disease management practices.

Polysaccharide with anticancer activity from Grifola frondosa cultured in industrial wastewater of Agaricus bisporus.

Culture conditions for Grifola frondosa using Agaricus bisporus industrial wastewater as a medium were optimized using Plackett-Burman and Box-Behnken methodologies. Plackett-Burman screening identified culture temperature, shaking speed, and wastewater solubility as the key factors influencing G. frondosa biomass. The Box-Behnken design then established optimal fermentation conditions: 23.7 °C, 202 rpm shaking speed, 10.4 % wastewater solubility, pH 6, 150 mL culture volume in a 250 mL flask, 9-day culture duration, and 10 % inoculation volume. Polysaccharides were isolated and purified from both the mycelia and the culture medium. UV and molecular weight analysis determined that the polysaccharides AIPGF01, NEPGF01, AEPGF01, and NIPGF01 were homogeneous, with molecular weights of 234.7 kDa, 125.2 kDa, 80.0 kDa, and 48.6 kDa, respectively. GC revealed that NIPGF01 and AIPGF01 contained only glucose, while NEPGF01 and AEPGF01 comprised both mannose and glucose in ratios of 12.37:83.69 and 10.06:85.78, respectively. FT-IR confirmed the presence of β-glycosidic linkages in all polysaccharides. NIPGF01 exhibited strong anticancer activity, significantly inhibiting human gastric cancer (MGC80-3) and liver cancer (Hep G2) cells. Apoptosis rates at 50 μg/mL, 200 μg/mL, and 800 μg/mL of NIPGF01 were 38.5 ± 3.5 %, 61.4 ± 4.3 %, and 79.2 ± 5.5 %, respectively. Flow cytometry indicated that NIPGF01 induced apoptosis in MGC80-3 cells by arresting them in the S and G2 phases, leading to a marked reduction in G1 phase cells.

Genome-wide association study for milking speed in Fleckvieh cattle

Milking speed is an important trait influencing udder health of dairy cows as well as labor efficiency. Yet, it has received little attention in genomic association studies. The main objective of this study was to determine regions and genes on the genome with a potential effect on milking speed in Fleckvieh (dual purpose Simmental) cattle. Genome-wide association studies were conducted using de-regressed breeding values of bulls as phenotypes. Six SNP on 4 autosomes were significantly associated with milking speed for additive effects. Significant regions on BTA4 and BTA19 correspond with findings for other dairy cattle breeds. Based on the observation of Fleckvieh breed managers, variation of milking speed in batches of daughters of some bulls is much higher than in daughter groups of other bulls. This difference in within family variation may be caused by transmission of alternative alleles of bulls being heterozygous for a gene affecting milking speed. To check on this, we considered standard deviation of yield deviations in milking speed of half-sib daughters as a new trait and performed GWAS for dominance effects. One signal on BTA5 passed the genome wide Bonferroni threshold that corresponded to the significant signal from standard GWAS on de-regressed breeding values. The key conclusion of this study is that several strong genomic signals were found for milking speed in Fleckvieh cattle and that the strongest of them are supported by similar findings in Brown Swiss and Holstein Friesian cattle. Milking speed is a complex trait whose sub-processes have not yet been elucidated in detail. Hence, it remains a challenge to link the associated regions on the genome with causal genes and their functions.

Effects of Chlorine Dioxide on the Postharvest Storage Quality of Fresh-Cut Button Mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus)

The application of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) in microbial safety and quality maintenance of fresh produce has received extensive attention. Fresh-cut button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) are prone to spoilage, resulting in a short shelf-life. In this study, ClO2 treatment was used to preserve fresh-cut button mushrooms, and its effect on maintaining the postharvest quality was investigated using sensory evaluation, weight loss, color, firmness, respiration rate, electronic-nose (E-nose) analysis and microbial analysis. During the 8 d storage, both the 50 and 100 mg·L−1 ClO2 treatment reduced the aerobic bacteria count on the surface of fresh-cut button mushrooms. However, the results showed that the 50 mg·L−1 ClO2 treatment but not the 100 mg·L−1 ClO2 treatment significantly inhibited the deterioration of comprehensive quality. The 50 mg·L−1 ClO2 treatment maintained the high sensory evaluation and pleasant volatile odor of fresh-cut button mushrooms as well as reduced the decreasing of fresh weight and firmness. Contrary to expectations, the application of ClO2 treatment showed worse appearances in color (lower L*, higher a*, b* and browning index) of fresh-cut button mushrooms. Significant differences were observed between CK and ClO2-treated groups from day 0 to day 6, while there were no significant differences of a*, b* and browning index between CK and the 50 mg·L−1 ClO2 treatment at the end of storage (on day 8). In conclusion, the 50 mg·L−1 ClO2 can maintain the good quality of fresh-cut button mushrooms.

Effect of High CO2 Controlled Atmosphere Storage on Postharvest Quality of Button Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus).

The Agaricus bisporus (Button mushroom) stands out as one of the most prolific edible fungi which offers robust flavor and nutrition. Nonetheless, this mushroom contains high moisture levels and intense respiration. Without appropriate postharvest preservation techniques, the button mushroom readily experiences browning and senescence. To ensure optimum quality, prompt cooling and appropriate storage conditions are essential. This present research investigated the postharvest quality of button mushrooms stored in a controlled atmosphere (CA) with different initial gas compositions. The findings revealed that button mushrooms in the CA group demonstrated considerable enhancements in appearance and overall quality, effectively delaying browning and senescence compared to those in the control group. The optimal gas composition is 1-3% O2 and 15-17% CO2 (CAII), which effectively inhibited the expression of polyphenol oxidase (PPO)- and lactase (LAC)-related genes in the button mushroom, maintaining a high L* value. Furthermore, the application of 1-3% O2 and 15-17% CO2 (CAII) not only preserved visual quality but also extended the postharvest shelf life of the button mushroom by minimizing metabolic activities that contribute to senescence. Moreover, 1-3% O2 and 15-17% CO2 (CAII) storage also reduced the expression levels of genes associated with ethylene synthesis, which is reflected in the gradual decrease in cell membrane permeability. Consequently, this research underscores the critical importance of controlled atmosphere storage in improving the marketability and sustainability of this widely consumed mushroom.

Preparation and characterization of Pummelo essential oil microcapsules and their application to preservation of <i>Agricus bisporus</i> (white mushrooms)

Pummelo essential oil is a natural plant oil with antioxidant and antibacterial properties; however, it is poorly stabilized and volatile, which limits its application in food preservation research. In the present work, pummelo essential oil microcapsules were prepared using the complex coalescence method, with pummelo essential oil as the core material and glutenin as the wall material. Pummelo essential oil was successfully encapsulated by glutenin, forming a stable microcapsule structure with enhanced thermal stability. Microcapsules (GH-4) with the addition of 4 mL of pummelo essential oil exhibited the best embedding effect, achieving an encapsulation efficiency of 91%. Compared with GH-0, white mushrooms preserved with GH-4 effectively maintained the hardness of the fruiting body (about 7.5 N), delayed browning (the L* value was about 80), inhibited respiration (about 18×103 mL kg-1 h-1), and slowed the quality deterioration of the white mushrooms. In conclusion, GH-4 microcapsules can be used not only for the preservation of fruits and vegetables but also provide a theoretical basis for sustainable food preservation.

Impact of Button Mushroom Stem Residue as a Functional Ingredient for Improving Nutritional Characteristics of Pizza Dough.

In this study, the formulation of doughs was investigated using varying percentages of Agaricus bisporus flour, with the aim of utilizing mushroom stem fragments, typically considered production waste. The stem residues were collected from a mushroom cultivation facility, cleaned, and washed to remove impurities. The material was then subjected to two different drying methods: conventional dehydration and freeze-drying. After drying, the material was ground to produce mushroom flour. Doughs were formulated with different proportions of this flour and analyzed for texture profile, color, nutritional value, phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and sensory characteristics. The inclusion of mushroom flour resulted in darker doughs, particularly when the flour was obtained through conventional dehydration due to oxidation processes. This substitution also affected texture parameters, leading to increased hardness and reduced elasticity in most treatments compared to the control sample. In addition, cohesiveness progressively decreased from 0.35 in the control to 0.14 in the sample made with 100% dehydrated flour and 0.20 in the sample made with 100% freeze-dried flour, resulting in brittle doughs. The most significant impact on nutritional value was an increase in protein, fat, and dietary fiber levels, reaching values over 5% of crude fiber in the sample to which 50% of dehydrated mushroom flour was added. Additionally, mushroom flours exhibited a high proportion of phenolic compounds, reaching values near 700 mg gallic acid/100 g in the flour from freeze-dried samples and 320 mg gallic acid/100 g in the flour from dehydrated samples. These values reflect a higher content of phenolic compounds in products made with mushroom flours and an increased antioxidant capacity compared to the control sample. Sensory evaluation showed that the texture remained unaffected; however, flavor perception was altered at a 50% mushroom flour substitution. In terms of external appearance, only the 25% freeze-dried mushroom flour formulation was statistically similar to the control, while all other treatments were rated lower.

Optimization of aloe vera‐sodium alginate composite coating using L16 orthogonal design for extension of shelf life of mushroom

AbstractWhite button mushrooms are highly nutritive, rich in various macro and micro nutrients, however, have a short shelf life with weight loss (WL), enzymatic browning, and loss in firmness as the major quality defects. The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of aloe vera‐sodium alginate (AV‐SA) composite coating on the quality attributes of mushroom. The development of coating formulations containing 2% sodium alginate along with varying concentration of aloe vera gel 20%–80% and storage time 4–16 days was planned using a 2‐factor 4‐level orthogonal array (L16) design of Taguchi technique. The influence of both the process parameters on the WL, total soluble solids (TSS), respiration rate (RR), browning index (BI), firmness, electrolyte leakage rate (EL), malondialdehyde (MDA), ascorbic acid (AA), total phenolic content (TPC), enzymes activity (polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase), and yeast and mold count (YMC) were evaluated and the optimized level of parameters was determined on the basis of the highest S/N ratios of the responses. The results indicated that 60% AV‐SA composite coating could extend the shelf life of white button mushrooms for up to 8 days with retarded loss in weight, firmness, AA, and TPC and reduced increase in TSS, BI, EL, MDA with controlled enzymatic activity, RR, and YMC.

Structure-property relationship of ultrasound-assisted nanoemulsion-impregnated bioactive polysaccharide films for enhanced shelf life of mushrooms

This study aimed to develop bioactive nanoemulsion (NE)-impregnated polysaccharide films to extend the shelf life of mushrooms. A stable and well-dispersed NE was prepared using 5 wt% soy protein (SP) and 10 % (v/v) lavender essential oil (LEO) through 10 min of ultrasound treatment, resulting in a droplet size of 152.3 nm, a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.17, and a ζ-potential of −43.4 mV. Two types of films were prepared by incorporating 5 % and 10 % (v/v) SP/LEO NE into a curdlan (CD) and chitosan (CS) composite matrix, forming CD-CS-NE1 and CD-CS-NE2 films, respectively. The CD-CS-NE2 films possessed the highest tensile strength (14.5 MPa) and elongation at break (140 %). FTIR and molecular docking studies confirmed strong intermolecular interactions between the CD, CS, and NE components. The antibacterial activity of the NE-impregnated CD-CS films was significantly enhanced, with inhibition zones of 22 mm and 26 mm for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively, in the CD-CS-NE2 film. Growth curve and colony-forming unit (CFU) analyses further supported the superior antibacterial performance of the CD-CS-NE2 film. In mushroom storage tests, the CD-CS-NE2 film extended the shelf life of button mushrooms to 12 days and straw mushrooms to 4 days. Additionally, it reduced weight loss to 3 % and 4 % in button and straw mushrooms after 12 and 4 days, respectively. Mushrooms treated with CD-CS-NE2 film maintained higher firmness, with values of 18 N for button mushrooms and 6 N for straw mushrooms. The films effectively suppressed polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity and browning. Overall, these findings suggest that SP/LEO NE-impregnated CD-CS films have strong potential for improving food preservation and reducing spoilage, particularly in fresh produce like mushrooms.