Butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea), also known as Asian pigeonwings is a perennial herbaceous plant belongs to the Fabaceae family has a great source of natural food colorants and antioxidants (Suarna et al., 2021). It is a multipurpose forage that produces bioactive compounds, acts as a cover crop and improves soil fertility through nitrogen fixation (Gomez et al, 2003). Rhynchosia Yellow Mosaic Virus (RhYMV) which is transmitted by the whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) was first reported from Pakistan in leguminous weed least snoutbean, Rhynchosia minima (Illias et al., 2009). There is no record on the infection of RhYMV in butterfly pea in India or anywhere in the world. In 2022 and 2023, 250 whole butterfly pea plants were collected from few home stead gardens from ten districts (Alipurduar, Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, Cooch Behar, Malda, Nadia, Birbhum, Hoogly, Purulia and East Midnapore) within the West Bengal province in India, showed extensive yellow mosaic symptoms and distorted flower with bleaching of blue color of petals (Supplementary file 1). The detection of the virus was carried out in the Advanced Plant Virus Diagnostic Centre, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, West Bengal, India. DNA extraction was conducted by using plant genomic DNA isolation kit (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, USA). The concentration and purity of DNA samples were determined by DeNovix-DS11 spectrophotometer. The presence of the virus was confirmed through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using begomovirus-specific degenerated primer (Li et al., 2004) followed by RhYMV specific primer (Ilyas et al., 2009). Out of total 250 test samples, 241 were positive for begomovirus specific degenerated primer (96.40%) and out of 241 positive samples, 178 plants were positive to RhYMV specific primer which confirmed 73.85% samples infected to RhYMV. After confirmation of the virus whole genome obtained through Rolling Circle Amplification (RCA) (TempliPhi 100 Amplification Kit, Cytiva) followed by sequencing. After assembled and analyzing the data in CLC Genomics version Workbench 21.0.5 (Matvienko, 2015) whole genome of DNA-A sequence was depositd in the NCBI GenBank database (accession number- PP735226). The BLASTn analyses of the sequence indicated that the isolate from West Bengal, had the 95.44% identity (2616 bp out of 2741 bp) with a RhYMV isolate from snoutbean (Rhyncosia minima) from Pakistan (FM208847). For pathogenecity test (Supplementary file 2), whiteflies reared under polyhouse conditions, acquired the virus from infected plants over 24 hrs (AAP) then allowed viruliferous whiteflies to inoculate the healthy plants for 24 hrs (IAP) and symptoms were monitored under an insect-proof cage. Around two weeks of post- inoculation, all Clitoria plants exhibited mild yellow mosaic symptoms. At 28 dpi, bright yellow to green mosaic appearance, downward curling, and wrinkling of the leaves accompanied with thin tendril with severely distorted flowers were seen which was similar to the samples collected from the different districts. For further confirmation, the infected samples tested positive for RhYMV specific primer were subjected to RCA and whole genome sequencing and found same lineage of RhYMV (accession number- PQ360900). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the incidence of RhYMV in butter fly pea which is to be considered as a new host of RhYMV in India could also act as a reservoir of the virus for further spread to other leguminous plants.

Gardens and parks play significant and major role from ecological and environmental point of view. The presence of trees, plants and greenery in public gardens and resorts helps to cool the surrounding environment, reduce air pollution and improve air quality. They can also support pollinators and wild life like bees, butter flies and birds by providing a diverse range of flowering plants and habitats for urban wildlife. Despite of the ornamental plants were very limited, and the workers and specialists in this field were very rare, the municipality of Benghazi tried to provide the horticultural structures like plant nurseries, training programs and investing in employees and providing opportunities for their development. During years from 1990 to 2023, the number of gardens and parks was jumped to more than 127. Recently, more horticultural care was noticed not only in the governmental sector but also in the private one while the number of ornamental nurseries increased, private agricultural companies established, and more plants were imported and introduced to the city. Because of lack of information, we tried to analyzed and assayed the gardens and parks situation from horticultural and ecological point of view at Benghazi city from 1973 to the present using available information with focusing on the development of this sector to provide more data base for the authorities, interests and researchers.

ASIC Design of Butterfly Unit Based on Non-Redundant and Redundant Algorithm

A module in which students generate and test hypotheses about butterfly species’ response to climate change in the Central Valley and Sierra Nevada Mountains of northern California using publicly available data.

Rare pediatric tumors are heterogeneous group containing a variety of histopathological diseases, they represent approximately 10% of all childhood cancers. These rare tumors had a diversity of histology and clinical behaviors that pose different challenges to the investigators. Exploring different pediatric rare tumors. The data were reviewed, retrospectively, through the medical records of seven rare pediatric diseases between 2012 and 2019. Giant cell fibroblastoma (GCF) presented as painless swelling in the trunk, positive for CD34 with PTEN gene mutation. Neuroglial heterotopic tissue presented in 7 days old girl with facial asymmetry and bulging in the oral cavity, maximal de-bulking was done, histopathology was positive for GFAP and S100p. Left side neck mass, surgically excised revealed non-metastatic salivary grand mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Follow up without any chemotherapy or radiotherapy for 5 years with complete remission. Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma (MCS) presented in maxillofacial bones by persistent nasal bleeding, HEY1-NCOA2 fusion gene confirmed the diagnosis. Extra-osseous Ewing sarcoma (EES) presented as rubbery painless swelling in the scalp with fusion transcript involving EWSR1-FL11. Juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG) presented by butter fly like skin patch in the face with foamy histiocytes in upper dermis with few Touton giant cells, extensive systemic involvement of lung and bone marrow. Metastatic ovarian choriocarcinoma with choriocarcinoma syndrome received induction two different lines of chemotherapy and consolidated with autologous stem cell transplant. Seven pediatric rare tumors, with different aspects of challenges in diagnosis and management, despite the absence of formal protocols and rarity of other center experiences.

호랑나비 유래 항균 펩타이드 파필리오신 3의 항염증 활성

Yi Ji-young Gayageum Compilation—Silk Butterfly. 2018. AkdangEban, Inc. ADCD012–017. Mastered by Min Ji-Yeon (Studio Paju). Design by Min Hye-jung (designtuesday). Manufactured by JungMin Printech. 75-page booklet with notes in Korean and English. 6 CDs. - Volume 52

Oak-pine barrens ecosystems provide critical habitat for the federally endangered Karner blue butterfly (Lycaeides melissa samuelis). Wild lupine (Lupinus perennis), an herbaceous perennial in this ecosystem is the only food source for the butterfly's larvae. The range and quality of these ecosystems have declined significantly. Restoration in private lands can be key to expanding these habitats, but often there is limited or no follow-up to assess the recovery of the site following restoration treatments. We conducted a case study in a private property in Newaygo County, Michigan for which prescribed fire had been implemented every 2 y from 2007 through 2011 to promote recruitment of key understory vegetation, but there had been no follow-up recovery assessment. The burn treatment consisted of a section that was not burned, one that was burned twice, and one that was burned three times. We collected data on vegetation groups and site related factors along this fire gradient to examine differences as a function of fire frequency, as well as delineate factors driving patterns of understory plant recruitment. Results show little tree recruitment from seedlings, but high densities of tree saplings recruited via resprouting. Estimated cover of lupine was low across all treatments, whereas Pennsylvania sedge (Carex pensylvanica Lam,) was highest among species in both cover and biomass. Lupine exhibited a negative relationship with Pennsylvania sedge, litter, and sprouted tree saplings, but a positive relationship with moss cover. We make recommendations for additional restoration interventions and highlight the need for continued support of private landowners as they engage in conservation of imperiled species.

Modern swarm intelligence heuristic search methods are widely applied in the field of structural health monitoring due to their advantages of excellent global search capacity, loose requirement of initial guess and ease of computational implementation etc. To this end, a hybrid strategy is proposed based on butterfly optimization algorithm (BOA) and differential evolution (DE) with purpose of effective combination of their merits. In the proposed identification strategy, two improvements including mutation and crossover operations of DE, and dynamic adaptive operators are introduced into original BOA to reduce the risk to be trapped in local optimum and increase global search capability. The performance of the proposed algorithm, hybrid butterfly optimization and differential evolution algorithm (HBODEA) is evaluated by two numerical examples of a simply supported beam and a 37-bar truss structure, as well as an experimental test of 8-story shear-type steel frame structure in the laboratory. Compared with BOA and DE, the numerical and experimental results show that the proposed HBODEA is more robust to detect the reduction of stiffness with limited sensors and contaminated measurements. In addition, the effect of search space, two dynamic operators, population size on identification accuracy and efficiency of the proposed identification strategy are further investigated.

Butterflies are the most fascinating group of insects which belong to the insect order Lepidoptera, under the phylum Arthropoda. In India, 1501 butterfly species, from 5 different families, viz., Papilionidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae, Nymphalidae and Hesperiidae which include nearly 100 endemic species. The main objective of the present study is to document the butterfly species diversity in Namakkal district and also record how the agroecosystem plays a major role to complete butterflies lifecycle. The Diversity of butterflies in different agricultural field is observed during the period between October 2016 and November 2017. A total of 60 species under 40 genera and 5 families were recorded. During the course of investigation, surveys have been carried out to study the various groups of butterflies with their abundance and distribution and also to assess the preferred host-plants in agricultural lands of surrounding areas in Namakkal district, Tamil Nadu, India.

"The Butterflies" by Natalie Thomas.

Reconfiguring Asian American Identity in Terms of the Post-Racial Aesthetics of Affectivity: A Study on David Hwang’s M. Butterfly

For many animals and insects that are experiencing dramatic population declines, the only recourse for conservationists is captive rearing. To ensure success, reared individuals should be biologically indistinct from those in the wild. We tested if this is true with monarch butterflies, <i>Danaus plexippus</i>, which are increasingly being reared for release by citizens and commercial breeders. Since late-summer monarchs should be as migration capable as possible for surviving the arduous long-distance migration, we evaluated four migration-relevant traits across two groups of captive-reared monarchs (<i>n</i> = 41 and 42) and one group of wild-caught migrants (<i>n</i> = 41). Monarchs (descendants of wild individuals) were reared from eggs to adulthood either in a warm indoor room next to a window, or in an incubator that mimicked late-summer conditions. Using an apparatus consisting of a perch mounted to an electronic force gauge, we assessed ‘grip strength' of all groups, then used image analysis to measure forewing size, pigmentation and elongation. In three of the four traits, reared monarchs underperformed compared to wild ones, even those reared under conditions that should have produced migration-ready individuals. The average strength of reared monarchs combined was 56% less than the wild group, even when accounting for size. Their orange wing colour was paler (an indicator of poor condition and flight ability) and their forewings were less elongated (elongation is associated with migration propensity) than wild monarchs. The reason(s) behind these effects is unknown but could stem from the frequent disturbance and/or handling of reared monarchs, or the fact that rearing removes the element of natural selection from all stages. Regardless, these results explain prior tagging studies that showed reared monarchs have lower migratory success compared to wild.

Müllerian mimicry strongly exemplifies the power of natural selection. However, the exact measure of such adaptive phenotypic convergence and the possible causes of its imperfection often remain unidentified. Here, we first quantify wing colour pattern differences in the forewing region of 14 co-mimetic races of the butterfly species <i>Heliconius erato</i> and <i>Heliconius melpomene</i> and measure the extent to which mimicking races are not perfectly identical. Next, using recent CRISPR/Cas9 KO experiments of the gene <i>WntA</i>, which has been mapped to colour pattern diversity in these butterflies, we explore the exact areas of the wings in which <i>WntA</i> affects colour pattern formation differently in <i>H. erato</i> and <i>H. melpomene.</i> We find that, while the relative size of the forewing pattern is generally nearly identical between co-mimics, the CRISPR/Cas9 KO results highlight divergent boundaries in the wing that prevent the co-mimics from achieving perfect mimicry. We suggest that this mismatch may be explained by divergence in the gene regulatory network that defines wing colour patterning in both species, thus constraining morphological evolution even between closely related species.

Bauhinia purpurea (B. purpurea) (family: Fabaceae) commonly called as butter fly tree has vast medicinal uses and remarkable pharmacological potential. Various phytoconstituents, extracts and parts of this plant were possess significant pharmacological activities such as cardiac activity, antifungal, wound healing, antidiabetic, antiulcer, antioxidant, antinociceptive, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, antidiarrhoeal, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, antimalarial, gastro protective and cytoprotective activity. The present study emphasizes the overview of recent studies and/or updates on pharmacological potential of B. purpurea.

The butterfly (BF)-compressibility of moment matrix blocks is studied quantitatively for various geometrical configurations and compression algorithm parameters. To enable investigation of electrically large geometries, the methodology employs simplified expressions for the compressed memory and fast low-rank (LR)-approximation techniques. The study indicates that a block's optimal BF-compression is obtained for a nontrivial choice of the BF's depth, determined by the underlying geometrical configuration and compression threshold. It is also shown that reduced-dimensionality interactions are more BF-compressible. In particular, the optimal compressibility for the recently introduced generalized equivalence and generalized source integral equations is shown to be dependent on their effective dimensionality, which is dictated by the compression threshold. At high thresholds, these formulations are more BF-compressible than their conventional counterparts. The implications for the design of BF-compression-based solvers, in a geometrically adaptive manner, are discussed.

The study was conducted in the field laboratory of the Department of Entomology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh during September 2016 to June 2017 to know the insect pollinators of sweet gourd, their behavior and their role on sweet gourd yield and seed quality. The study showed that ten species of insects belong to seven families in three orders (Lepidoptera, Diptera and Hymenoptera) were found as pollinator. The abundance of the pollinator species ranged from 0.1±0.1 to 2.2±0.3 per 30 sweeps. The cabbage butter fly and ant showed statistically similar and higher abundance compared to other insect pollinators. The foraging durations of the frequently abundant pollinators ranged from 16.8 ± 2.2 to 36.6 ± 4.4 S per flower and ant spent the longest duration. Insect pollination showed the highest number of fruit plant-1, yield ha-1 and seed fruit-1 both in winter and summer season compared to natural and hand pollination. Production of fruit, seed set and yield of insect pollinating plot in winter and summer seasons were 6.4 ± 0.3 and 4.8 ± 0.2 plant-1, 84.8 ± 2.7 and 62.6 ± 1.0 fruit-1, and 18.5 ± 0.8 and 16.7 ± 0.7 t ha-1, respectively. The findings indicated that the native insect pollinators increased the production of fruit, seed and yield of sweet gourd. Conserving and enhancing native insect pollinators may boost sweet gourd production in Bangladesh.&#x0D; Ann. Bangladesh Agric. (2019) 23(1) : 63-68

In addition to controlling pest organisms, the systemic neurotoxic pesticide fipronil can also have adverse effects on beneficial insects and other non-target organisms. Here, we report on the sublethal effects of fipronil on the farmland butterfly <i>Pieris brassicae</i>. Caterpillars were reared on plants that had been grown from seeds coated with fipronil or on leaf discs topically treated with a range of fipronil dosages (1–32 μg kg⁻¹ on dry mass basis). Females that had developed on fipronil plants laid <i>ca.</i> half the number of eggs than females that had developed on control plants. In the bioassay with leaf discs, longevity and lifetime egg production declined with increasing fipronil dosage. Remarkably, exposure to fipronil during larval development primarily affected the adult stage. Chemical analyses of leaf tissues collected from seed-treated plants revealed concentrations of fipronil and its degradation products close to the analytical limit of detection (less than or equal1 μg kg⁻¹). The effective dosage was fivefold higher in the leaf-disc than in the whole-plant experiment. In the whole plant, degradation of fipronil to products that are more toxic than fipronil may explain this discrepancy. Neurotoxicity of insecticides at the level of detection decreases the probability of pinpointing insecticides as the causal agent of harmful effects on non-target organisms.

In this module, students explain the importance of collections in scientific research, manipulate data in a spreadsheet program, create properly plotted and labeled graphs, analyze data to test hypotheses about climate effects of butterfly phenology

Lycaenidae is one of the larger of the world's butterfly families, based on number and diversity of species, but knowledge of roosting in this group is sparse. Zizina otis riukuensis and Zizeeria maha okinawana are two small lycaenids that are commonly found in urban settings and widely distributed across much of Asia. We conducted experiments on a university campus to determine the plant species and plant structures commonly used by these two blues when roosting. We also tested the hypothesis that gregarious roosting exists in these two blues by demonstrating the non-random distribution of roosting blues and the tight mapping of their roosts to the spatial distribution of specific plant species and/or specific plant structures, as well as by demonstrating behavioral interactions among individuals during roosting-assembly. We found that both Z. otis and Z. maha roosted primarily on flowers and fruits of Tridax procumbens and Vernonia cinerea. We also found that these blues formed conspicuous roosting aggregations with significant positive associations between the flowers and fruits of both T. procumbens and V. cinerea and the blues. Moreover, our behavioral observations showed that these blues expressed various levels of interaction during roosting gatherings. Based on these findings, we conclude that gregarious roosting exists in both Z. otis and Z. maha. To our knowledge, this paper represents one of the first demonstration of nocturnal gregarious roosting in lycaenids. This study also highlights the importance of institutional estates in providing roosting resources for butterflies in urban ecosystems.