Butterfly Model Research Articles

Evasive Mimicry Involving a Butterfly Model and Grasshopper Mimic

Evasive Mimicry Involving a Butterfly Model and Grasshopper Mimic

Male sex pheromone of a giant danaine butterfly,Idea leuconoe

Males of a giant danaine butterfly,Idea leuconoe, display hairpencils during courtship. The females were visually attracted to and olfactorily arrested by an artificial butterfly model to which male hairpencil extracts were added. The hairpencil extracts contained a complex mixture of volatiles, including pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) derivatives (danaidone, viridifloric β-lactone), aromatics (phenol,p-cresol, benzoic acid), terpenoids (geranyl methyl thioether, (E,E)-farnesol), a series of γ-lactones (6-hydroxy-4-undecanolides and its homologs), hydrocarbons [(Z)-9-tricosene, etc.], and several compounds with higher molecular weight. A mixture of the major volatiles applied to a butterfly dummy strongly elicited an abdomen-curling acceptance posture in females. Viridifloric β-lactone and danaidone induced significant electroantennogram responses on the female's antennae, suggesting their principal role together with other hairpencil components as a sex pheromone to seduce females.I. leuconoe males seem to acquire the precursor for both of the PA fragments from the host plant,Parsonsia laevigata (Apocynaceae), during the larval stage; thereby they do not show pharmacophagous behavior towards PA-containing plants during the adult stage. However, males are pharmacophagously attracted to and feed on a number of simple phenolic compounds in a manner similar to other danaine species towards PAs. Wild males sequester one of the phagostimulants, (-)-mellein, in the hairpencils in varying quantities. Phenolic compounds incorporated in the hairpencils may act primarily as warning odors linked with the defensive PAs present in the body tissues.

Modeling, simulation, and measurement considerations of high-speed digital buses

Some of the major limiting factors of high-speed buses are discussed. It is shown that on loaded backplanes, the propagation delay is a function of the device's trigger threshold. The stub-ringing phenomenon is also discussed. For single, capacitively loaded stubs, the ringing frequency is shown to be lower than what is expected from quasi-lumped models. A simple dual-stub butterfly model is introduced to predict the ringing of backplanes. This model predicts the stub ringing in high-impedance states of TTL buses of high-level states of BTL buses. It is shown that the damping factor of the oscillation depends on the ratio of stub spacing and stub length, and is a very weak function of the termination resistance used at the end of the backplane. >

EHMO calculations for the chain growth process in fischer-tropsch synthesis on supported group VIII metals

EHMO calculations and orbital analysis of fragments were performed for the chain growth reaction in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis using a butterfly model for the Al 2O 3-supported metals. Theoretical speculation consistent with experimental facts has been given for the activity sequence of various metals and the product distribution in accordance with the carbidic mechanism of CH 2 insertion for the chain growth reaction on the reduced metals.

A catastrophe theory model of the conflict helix, with tests

Macro social field theory has undergone extensive development and testing since the 1960s. One of these has been the articulation of an appropriate conceptual micro model--called the conflict helix--for understanding the process from conflict to cooperation and vice versa. Conflict and cooperation are viewed as distinct equilibria of forces in a social field; the movement between these equilibria is a jump, energized by a gap between social expectations and power, and triggered by some minor event. Quite independently, there also has been much recent application of catastrophe theory to social behavior, but usually without a clear substantive theory and lacking empirical testing. This paper uses catastrophe theory--namely, the butterfly model--mathematically to structure the conflict helix. The social field framework and helix provide the substantive interpretation for the catastrophe theory; and catastrophe theory provides a suitable mathematical model for the conflict helix. The model is tested on the annual conflict and cooperation between India and Pakistan, 1948 to 1973. The results are generally positive and encouraging.

A Catastrophe Theory Model of Child Abuse

This article presents a formal mathematical model of child abuse based upon elementary catastrophe theory, a branch of differential topology. It was found that child abuse, when viewed as discontinuity in parent-child relations, could be successfully modeled by a five-dimensional butterfly catastrophe composed of four control parameters: stress, extrafamilial communication, attachment behavior, and parental history. Implications of the model for theory and research include: (a) emphasizing the role of communication in the etiology of abuse, (b) explanation of a wide array of seemingly contradictory findings, and (c) the generation of new research questions. On the basis of these findings, it is concluded that the butterfly model of abuse warrants further investigation.