Butterfly Model Research Articles

Cauchy, infinitesimals and ghosts of departed quantifiers

Procedures relying on infinitesimals in Leibniz, Euler and Cauchy have been interpreted in both a Weierstrassian and Robinson's frameworks. The latter provides closer proxies for the procedures of the classical masters. Thus, Leibniz's distinction between assignable and inassignable numbers finds a proxy in the distinction between standard and nonstandard numbers in Robinson's framework, while Leibniz's law of homogeneity with the implied notion of equality up to negligible terms finds a mathematical formalisation in terms of standard part. It is hard to provide parallel formalisations in a Weierstrassian framework but scholars since Ishiguro have engaged in a quest for ghosts of departed quantifiers to provide a Weierstrassian account for Leibniz's infinitesimals. Euler similarly had notions of equality up to negligible terms, of which he distinguished two types: geometric and arithmetic. Euler routinely used product decompositions into a specific infinite number of factors, and used the binomial formula with an infinite exponent. Such procedures have immediate hyperfinite analogues in Robinson's framework, while in a Weierstrassian framework they can only be reinterpreted by means of paraphrases departing significantly from Euler's own presentation. Cauchy gives lucid definitions of continuity in terms of infinitesimals that find ready formalisations in Robinson's framework but scholars working in a Weierstrassian framework bend over backwards either to claim that Cauchy was vague or to engage in a quest for ghosts of departed quantifiers in his work. Cauchy's procedures in the context of his 1853 sum theorem (for series of continuous functions) are more readily understood from the viewpoint of Robinson's framework, where one can exploit tools such as the pointwise definition of the concept of uniform convergence. Keywords: historiography; infinitesimal; Latin model; butterfly model

STRUCTURAL COLOR MODEL BASED ON SURFACE MORPHOLOGY OF MORPHO BUTTERFLY WING SCALE

Color production through structural coloration is created by micrometer and sub-micrometer surface textures which interfere with visible light. The shiny blue of morpho menelaus is a typical example of structural coloring. Modified from morphology of the morpho scale, a structure of regular windows with two side offsets was constructed on glass substrates. Optical properties of the bioinspired structure were studied through numerical simulations of light scattering. Results show that the structure can generate monochromatic light scattering. Wavelength of scattered light is tunable via changing the spacing between window shelves. Compared to original butterfly model, the modified one possesses larger illumination scopes in azimuthal distributions despite being less in polar directions. Present bionic structure is periodically repeated and is easy to fabricate. It is hoped that the computational materials design work can inspire future experimental realizations of such a structure in photonics applications.

Effect of bright wing color of males on other males in Favonius taxila (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) with sexual dimorphism in wing color

AbstractTo examine the effect of wing colors of Favonius taxila males on other males, an intact bright butterfly model or a dull butterfly model whose wing scales had been dislodged was placed in a potential territory, and the behavior of invading males was recorded. The invader showed decreased probability of landing there with a bright model in place compared with a dull model, and exhibited complex flights with frequent turning for a bright model, in contrast to simple flights with relatively linear paths for a dull model. These results support the idea of intrasexual selection in which bright colors of males' wings have evolved through male–male interactions.

Compromise: An Alternative Solution Strategy for Contradiction Problems in the Butterfly Model

The introduction of symbols in mathematical problems eliminates the ambiguity of natural language by representing the core of the problems simply. Mathematical proofs use a chain of deduction. Despite the unique contribution of TRIZ professionals to innovative problem solving, many researchers’ effort about the development of TRIZ was based on induction rather than deduction. The Butterfly model for contradiction problem solving uses symbolic notations, and the model carries out the logical proofs of the validities of the conditional propositions by using truth tables. The Butterfly model provides the right solution strategy to solve the problems and reduces the solution space of the problems systematically. Many TRIZ researchers have argued that for a given contradiction problem, the contradiction resolution was much more innovative than any other compromise solutions which accommodated both conflicting requirements. In effect, they treated compromise-based solution strategies as naive methods. Unlike the viewpoint of the traditional TRIZ, this study suggests that the compromise is an effective alternative to solve contradictions. To prove this assertion, we firstly analyze a few contradiction problems with the Butterfly diagram. And then, we classify the types of contradiction relations and identify the conditions how the compromise approach resolves the contradiction systematically. In order to achieve the research objectives, this study explains the Butterfly model and its relevant cases.

트리즈의 물리적 모순에 대한 모순해결 나비모형의 모순관계와 해결차원 분류

Creative problem solving has become an important issue in many fields. Among problems, dilemma need creative solutions. New creative and innovative problem solving strategies are required to handle the contradiction relations of the dilemma problems because most creative and innovative cases solved contradictions inherent in the dilemmas. Among various kinds of problem solving theories, TRIZ provides the concept of physical contradiction as a common problem solving principle in inventions and patents. In TRIZ, 4 separation principles solve the physical contradictions of given problems. The 4 separation principles are separation in time, separation in space, separation within a whole and its parts, and separation upon conditions. Despite this attention, an accurate definitions of the separation principles of TRIZ is missing from the literature. Thus, there have been several different interpretations about the separation principles of TRIZ. The different interpretations make problems more ambiguous to solve when the problem solvers apply the 4 separation principles. This research aims to fill the gap in several ways. First, this paper classify the types of contradiction relations and the contradiction solving dimensions based on the Butterfly model for contradiction solving. Second, this paper compares and analyzes each contradiction relation type with the Butterfly diagram. The contributions of this paper lies in reducing the problem space by recognizing the structures and the types of contradiction problems exactly.

Improving invasive species management by integrating priorities and contributions of scientists and decision makers.

Managing invasive species is a major challenge for society. In the case of newly established invaders, rapid action is key for a successful management. Here, we develop, describe and recommend a three-step transdisciplinary process (the "butterfly model") to rapidly initiate action for invasion management. In the framing of a case study, we present results from the first of these steps: assessing priorities and contributions of both scientists and decision makers. Both scientists and decision makers prioritise research on prevention. The available scientific knowledge contributions, however, are publications on impacts rather than prevention of the invasive species. The contribution of scientific knowledge does thus not reflect scientists' perception of what is essentially needed. We argue that a more objective assessment and transparent communication of not only decision makers' but also scientists' priorities is an essential basis for a successful cooperation. Our three-step model can help achieve objectivity via transdisciplinary communication.

FBM: A Flexible Random Walk Based Generative Model for Social Network

This paper studies the static and dynamic characteristics of the real social networks as well as their proposed generative models, among which the Butterfly Model (1) is useful while not flexible enough to generate the social networks with the expected power-law exponent. And a novel Flexible Butterfly Model (FBM) is proposed based on the Butterfly Model and combined with the Monte Carlo method, and a Bayesian Graph Model for the training of the FBM Model is built in order to learn parameters from real social networks. Experiments have shown that the FBM model can adjust the law power exponent of the generated social network effectively by the introduced parameters. Meanwhile, the FBM model also maintains the vast majority of important characteristics that the Butterfly model has.

J027031 蝶の羽ばたき飛翔の制御([J027-03]生物規範メカニクス・システム:生物の運動,力学及びミメティクス(3))

This study discusses controls of flapping flights of butterflies. Free-flying motions of butterflies are measured in a low-speed wind tunnel of an experimental system. A numerical model realizes a free flight by repeating a joint motion, whereas the flapping flight is unstable. A feedback control is designed and it successfully stabilizes the free-flight motion of the butterfly model. The control of a living butterfly is analyzed by comparison between an experimental observation and a numerical simulation. Maneuver is realized by constructing a servo controller. The transient response of control variables of the artificial control are similar to that of the living butterfly.

基于蝴蝶模型的星载嵌入式软件测试策划

In order to reduce the testing risk of an on-board embedded software and improve software developing efficiency,an on-board embedded software test planning method was proposed to plan the whole test process based on a butterfly model.Firstly,the principle of butterfly model was introduced.According to the characteristics of on-board embedded software,the on-board embedded software test planning method was put forward on the basis of the butterfly model test principle,and the advantages of the method were analyzed.Then,by taking an on-board camera embedded software for example,the software development process was planned with this method.Finally,the test results were analyzed.The results indicate that this method could discover and avoid requirement and defect errors about 80 percent and design and defect errors about 60 percent.Therefore,it can reduce software testing risk,shorten software development cycles,and improve the reliability of on-board em-bedded software.

Dual leading-edge vortex structure for flow over a simplified butterfly model

The dye visualization experiments show that a dual leading-edge vortex (LEV) structure exists on the suction side of a simplified butterfly model of Papilio ulysses at α = 8°−12°. Furthermore, the results of particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurement indicate that the axial velocity of the primary (outer) vortex core reaches the lower extreme value while a transition from a “wake-like” to a “jet-like” axial velocity profile occurs. The work reveals for the first time the existence of dual LEV structure on the butterfly-like forward-sweep wing configuration.

Experimental Investigation on Aerodynamic Performance of Gliding Butterflies

Experimental Investigation on Aerodynamic Performance of Gliding Butterflies

Synthesis and biological evaluation of chalcones having heterosubstituent(s)

Chalcones and their synthetic analogues appear to have the same binding site of tubuline as phenstatin, combretastatin steganacin and podophylotoxin and are therefore capable to inhibit cancer cell proliferation. The phenyl rings with appropriate substitutions maintain a fixed distance between two centers of aryl rings. The two aromatic rings in these molecules are arranged like the two wings of a butterfly having certain dihedral angle between them, therefore a “butterfly model” is proposed an important structural feature responsible for their antitubulin activity. In this sequence a series of chalcones were synthesized and evaluated for in vitro cytotoxic activity against a panel of human cancer cell lines. In addition the synthetics reduced MIC of ciprofloxacin upto four fold this indicates their bioavailability enhancing potential.

Di-, tetra- and hexanuclear iron(III), manganese(II/III) and copper(II) complexes of Schiff-base ligands derived from 6-substituted-2-formylphenols

Acyclic Schiff base ligands, derived from the condensation of 2,3-disubstituted benzaldehydes and 1,3-diaminopropan-2-ol, react with iron(II/III), manganese(II/III) and copper(II) salts to give di-, tetra- and hexanuclear complexes [Fe(III)(2)(L5)(2)].2MeOH (), [Fe(III)(4)(mu(3)-OMe)(2)(HL4)(2)Cl(2)] (), [Mn(II)(2)Mn(III)(2)(micro-OMe)(2)(HL4)(2)(DMF)(2)].2DMF () and [Cu(II)(6)(L5)(2)(micro(5)-SO(4))(2)(micro-SO(4))(MeOH)(2)].H(2)O.15.5(MeOH).15.5(MeCN) (). All compounds have been characterised by X-ray crystallography. Variable-temperature solid-state dc magnetisation studies have been performed in the temperature range 1.8-300 K. Antiferromagnetic interactions are present in all the compounds. The dinuclear compound has a zero total spin ground state with J = -9.66(1) cm(-1) and g = 2.07(1). The magnetic data for the tetranuclear compounds and have been interpreted using a tetranuclear butterfly model (b = body, w = wingtip) with the parameters: J(wb) = -9.35(4) cm(-1), J(bb) = -6.02(7) cm(-1), zJ' = -0.21(4) cm(-1) and g = 2.03(1) for ; and J(wb) = -3.40(3) cm(-1), J(bb) = -8.11(7) cm(-1), zJ' = -0.042(2) cm(-1) and g = 2.0 (fixed) for . The hexanuclear compound contains two {Cu(3)(L5)(MeOH)} units linked by three sulfate ligands: antiferromagnetic interactions are present in each trinuclear unit leading to two S = 1/2 motifs which do not or only very weakly interact across the sulfate bridges.

A multicriteria perspective on reverse auctions

This is a summary of the main contributions of the author’s PhD thesis. The thesis is written in English. It was supervised by Philippe Vincke and was defended on 20 December 2005 at the Université Libre de Bruxelles. A copy is available from the author upon request. The aim of this work is to investigate the use of a partial relations for bids’ comparisons in the context of multi-attribute auctions. At first a theoretical framework is developed. Then a specific model referred to as the butterfly model is presented. Finally the concept of bidding niches is formalized and related to the aforementioned model.

The Butterfly Model of Careers: Illustrating How Planning and Chance Can Be Integrated in the Careers of Secondary School Students

Simple matching models of decision making are no longer sufficient as a basis for career counselling and education. The challenge for contemporary careers advisers is how to communicate some of the complexities of modern career development to their students; in particular, the apparently contradictory relationship between the need for planning and the influence of unplanned events. Deriving from the Chaos Theory of Careers, this paper outlines a practical technique currently being used in the secondary school context that illustrates how both planning and contingency can be linked, understood and utilised in career decision making. The implementation of the Butterfly Model of Careers is outlined in detail to enable others in the career counselling field to be able to use it as well.

The hyper-Dirichlet process and its discrete approximations: The butterfly model

The aim of this paper is the study of some random probability distributions, called hyper-Dirichlet processes. In the simplest situation considered in the paper these distributions charge the product of three sample spaces, with the property that the first and the last component are independent conditional to the middle one. The law of the marginals on the first two and on the last two components are specified to be Dirichlet processes with the same marginal parameter measure on the common second component. The joint law is then obtained as the hyper-Markov combination, introduced in [A.P. Dawid, S.L. Lauritzen, Hyper-Markov laws in the statistical analysis of decomposable graphical models, Ann. Statist. 21 (3) (1993) 1272–1317], of these two Dirichlet processes. The processes constructed in this way in fact are in fact generalizations of the hyper-Dirichlet laws on contingency tables considered in the above paper. Our main result is the convergence to the hyper-Dirichlet process of the sequence of hyper-Dirichlet laws associated to finer and finer “discretizations” of the two parameter measures, which is proved by means of a suitable coupling construction.

On aerodynamic modelling of an insect–like flapping wing in hover for micro air vehicles

This theoretical paper discusses recent advances in the fluid dynamics of insect and micro air vehicle (MAV) flight and considers theoretical analyses necessary for their future development. The main purpose is to propose a new conceptual framework and, within this framework, two analytic approaches to aerodynamic modelling of an insect-like flapping wing in hover in the context of MAVs. The motion involved is periodic and is composed of two half-cycles (downstroke and upstroke) which, in hover, are mirror images of each other. The downstroke begins with the wing in the uppermost and rearmost position and then sweeps forward while pitching up and plunging down. At the end of the half-cycle, the wing flips, so that the leading edge points backwards and the wing's lower surface becomes its upper side. The upstroke then follows by mirroring the downstroke kinematics and executing them in the opposite direction. Phenomenologically, the interpretation of the flow dynamics involved, and adopted here, is based on recent experimental evidence obtained by biologists from insect flight and related mechanical models. It is assumed that the flow is incompressible, has low Reynolds number and is laminar, and that two factors dominate: (i) forces generated by the bound leading-edge vortex, which models flow separation; and (ii) forces due to the attached part of the flow generated by the periodic pitching, plunging and sweeping. The first of these resembles the analogous phenomenon observed on sharp-edged delta wings and is treated as such. The second contribution is similar to the unsteady aerodynamics of attached flow on helicopter rotor blades and is interpreted accordingly. Theoretically, the fluid dynamic description is based on: (i) the superposition of the unsteady contributions of wing pitching, plunging and sweeping; and (ii) adding corrections due to the bound leading-edge vortex and wake distortion. Viscosity is accounted for indirectly by imposing the Kutta condition on the trailing edge and including the influence of the vortical structure on the leading edge. Mathematically, two analytic approaches are proposed. The first derives all the quantities of interest from the notion of circulation and leads to tractable integral equations. This is an application of the von Kármán-Sears unsteady wing theory and its nonlinear extensions due to McCune and Tavares; the latter can account for the bound leading-edge vortex and wake distortion. The second approach uses the velocity potential as the central concept and leads to relatively simple ordinary differential equations. It is a combination of two techniques: (i) unsteady aerodynamic modelling of attached flow on helicopter rotor blades; and (ii) Polhamus's leading-edge suction analogy. The first of these involves both frequency-domain (Theodorsen style) and time-domain (indicial) methods, including the effects of wing sweeping and returning wake. The second is a nonlinear correction accounting for the bound leading-edge vortex. Connections of the proposed framework with control engineering and aeroelasticity are pointed out.

Comparison Between the Electrochemical Behavior of Disordered Carbons and Graphite Electrodes in Connection with Their Structure

This work relates to a rigorous study of the surface chemistry (Fourier transform infrared, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), crystal structure (X-ray diffraction), galvanostatic, cyclic voltammetric, and impedance behavior of lithiated carbon electrodes in commonly used liquid electrolyte solutions. Two different types of disordered carbons and graphite, as a reference system, were explored in a single study. All three types of carbons develop a similar surface chemistry in alkyl carbonate solutions, which are dominated by reduction of solvent molecules and anions from the electrolyte. The differences in the crystal structure of these carbons lead to pronounced differences in the mechanisms of Li insertion into them. Whereas Li-ion intercalation into graphite is a staged process, Li-ion insertion into the disordered carbons occurs in the form of adsorption on both sides of the elementary graphene flakes and on their edges. The electroanalytical behavior of the disordered carbons was found to correlate well with their unique structure described in terms of the butterfly model. Both types of the disordered carbons reveal exceptionally good cyclability in coin-type cells (vs. Li counter electrodes), with only moderate capacity fading. Highly resolved plots of the chemical diffusion coefficient of Li-ions, D vs. potential E, for the disordered carbon electrodes were obtained. Surprisingly, a maximum in D appears on these plots at intermediate levels of Li-ion insertion corresponding to ca. 0.4-0.5 V (vs. We propose that these maxima may originate from a combination of two effects, (i) repulsive interactions between the inserted species, and (ii) pronounced heterogeneity of Li insertion sites in terms of carbon-Li interactions and Li-ion mobility. © 2001 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.

Evolving Models of Human Health Toward an Ecosystem Context

ABSTRACTCurrent models or frameworks used to represent and/or conduct research on determinants of human health have lagged behind in adopting emerging concepts of ecosystems: multiple spatial and temporal scales; nested hierarchies of socioeconomic and biophysical environments; inherent complexity of interrelationships among environmental components and influences; external environmental influences; and feedback loops between environments, providing self‐organizational capacity and functional emergent properties. This article provides a concise description of a number of human health models and their relevance to an ecosystem health context. A new model of human health is described, the “Butterfly Model of Health,” that draws on the strengths of previous health models, but more fully incorporates salient characteristics of ecosystems. In the new model, health is considered to be a societally defined, social, economic, and biological resource for self‐renewal and meeting goals. This capacity is dependent on an equitable balance between socioeconomic and biophysical environmental pressures. Within the model, the health of the individual or population (the body of the butterfly), enveloped by biological and behavioral filters, is affected by both biophysical and socioeconomic holarchic environments (the wings), which are influenced by each other through the actions of individuals. Health is present when the two wings of the butterfly are equitably balanced within and between their respective dimensions, with neither dominating and putting undo pressure on the other. The model is sufficiently flexible to conceptualize links with community and ecosystem models in a variety of contexts.

Implication of gamma band in soman-induced seizures.

Soman, an anticholinesterasic neurotoxic drug, induces epileptic seizures during severe intoxication. Their trigger conditions still remain unknown and a great variability between animals is observed. The butterfly model in the catastrophe theory has been used to explain these triggering conditions. We have developed a technique allowing, in freely moving rats, the "in vivo" determination of three sets of neurophysiological data, followed before and during a soman intoxication. For the same rat, we associated cortical acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity by microdialysis with both the assay of extracellular acetylcholine (ACh) concentrations and electroencephalographic (EEG) recording and power spectrum analysis (gamma band). Data have been analysed to define the critical parameters which lead to the epileptic fit. Although we found thresholds for seizure occurrence, AChE inhibition having to be over 65% and ACh over 200 fold the baseline, these two criteria are not sufficient to predict the appearance of seizures. Only animals with no increase of energy in the gamma band early after soman poisoning will then exhibit an epileptic fit. The butterfly model provides an original interpretation of these results and gives a particular role of the energy in gamma band as a survival attractor.