Butadiene Styrene Polymer Research Articles

Enhancing silica dispersion and interfacial interaction in styrene butadiene/silica rubber composites by using epoxidized styrene butadiene rubber as interfacial compatibilizer

AbstractIt is usually desired but often challenging to improve the wet traction, and reduce the abrasion and rolling resistance simultaneously in tread rubber, which is referred to as “magic triangle” in tire industry. To fulfill this goal, the filler dispersion and interfacial interaction required to be improved, as they are two essential factors to concurrently govern the ultimate properties of rubber composites. Herein, we synthesized the epoxidized solution polymerized styrene butadiene rubber (ESSBR) with different epoxy level, and used them as interfacial compatibilizer to promote the silica dispersion and silica/rubber interfacial interaction. The epoxy of ESSBR would react with silanol on silica surface and co‐crosslink with SSBR simultaneously, therefore build a strong bridge between rubber matrix and filler. By incorporation of 20 phr of ESSBR‐15% (15% of double bonds on main chain was epoxidized), the wet grip was improved by 40%, and DIN abrasion and rolling resistance were reduced by 38% and 21%, respectively with hardly sacrifice the mechanical properties. We envisage that this study provides an approach for the fabrication of rubber composites with improved silica dispersion and strengthened interfacial interaction.

Experimentation and Numerical Modeling of Peak Temperature in the Weld Joint during Rotary Friction Welding of Dissimilar Plastic Rods.

Rotary friction welding (RFW) could result in lower welding temperature, energy consumption, or environmental effects as compared with fusion welding processes. RFW is a green manufacturing technology with little environmental pollution in the field of joining methods. Thus, RFW is widely employed to manufacture green products. In general, the welding quality of welded parts, such as tensile strength, bending strength, and surface hardness is affected by the peak temperature in the weld joint during the RFW of dissimilar plastic rods. However, hitherto little is known about the domain knowledge of RFW of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polycarbonate (PC) polymer rods. To prevent random efforts and energy consumption, a green method to predict the peak temperature in the weld joint of dissimilar RFW of ABS and PC rods was proposed. The main objective of this work is to investigate the peak temperature in the weld joint during the RFW using COMSOL multiphysics software for establishing an empirical technical database of RFW of dissimilar polymer rods under different rotational speeds. The main findings include that the peak temperature affecting the mechanical properties of RFW of PC and ABS can be determined by the simulation model proposed in this work. The average error of predicting the peak temperature using COMSOL software for five different rotational speeds is about 15 °C. The mesh element count of 875,688 is the optimal number of meshes for predicting peak temperature in the weld joint. The bending strength of the welded part (y) using peak welding temperature (x) can be predicted by the equation of y = -0.019 x2 + 5.081x - 200.75 with a correlation coefficient of 0.8857. The average shore A surface hardness, impact energy, and bending strength of the welded parts were found to be increased with increasing the rotational speed of RFW.

Cellulose nanocrystal-assisted processing of nanocomposite filaments for fused filament fabrication

This study introduces a scalable processing technique where cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are used to integrate pristine multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) polymer without functionalization, solvents, or surfactants. A synergy between the nanomaterials and printed road angle was discovered, with angle ply orientation optimizing mechanical properties and longitudinal orientation improving thermal conductivity. Mechanical properties improved up to 81% in tensile strength and 95% in elastic modulus, while a 102% increase in interlaminar strength was exhibited. The thermal conductivity trend showed an anisotropy between radial and axial directions, where one could be increased while the other was diminished, with as much as 807% increase in the transverse sample. By optimizing print orientation and nanoparticle content, tailored material properties are achievable.

Thermal and tensile properties of 3D printed ABS-glass fibre, ABS-glass fibre-carbon fibre hybrid composites made by novel hybrid manufacturing technique

This study was an attempt to combine fused deposition modelling and hot press moulding technique to fabricate hybrid polymer composites using acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) polymer, woven glass fibre (GF) and woven carbon fibre (CF). The composite specimens were subjected towere subjected to mechanical and thermal characterization.Tensile strength of GF/ABS and GF/CF/ABS composite were far higher than the virgin ABS. GF/ABS composites displayedimproved thermal resistance by giving a final residue of 42.36%, followed by GF/CF/ABS hybrid composites as per the thermogravimetric analysis. Thermomechanical analysis revealed the coefficient of thermal expansion in the order: ABS > GF/ABS > GF/CF/ABS. The entropy obtained from the DSC curve was of higher value for composites than the ABS. The ABS based composites fabricated from this technique can be applicable to structural parts in the automobiles, aircrafts, shipping vessels, etc.

Effect of UV-C Radiation on 3D Printed ABS-PC Polymers.

During the initial stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare facilities experienced severe shortages of personal protective equipment (PPE) and other medical supplies. Employing 3D printing to rapidly fabricate functional parts and equipment was one of the emergency solutions used to tackle these shortages. Using ultraviolet light in the UV-C band (wavelengths of 200 nm to 280 nm) might prove useful in sterilizing 3D printed parts, enabling their reusability. Most polymers, however, degrade under UV-C radiation, so it becomes necessary to determine what 3D printing materials can withstand the conditions found during medical equipment sterilization with UV-C. This paper analyzes the effect of accelerated aging through prolonged exposure to UV-C on the mechanical properties of parts 3D printed from a polycarbonate and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene polymer (ABS-PC). Samples 3D printed using a material extrusion process (MEX) went through a 24-h UV-C exposure aging cycle and then were tested versus a control group for changes in tensile strength, compressive strength and some selected material creep characteristics. Testing showed minimal mechanical property degradation following the irradiation procedure, with tensile strength being statistically the same for irradiated parts as those in the control group. Irradiated parts showed small losses in stiffness (5.2%) and compressive strength (6.5%). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed in order to assess if any changes occurred in the material structure.

Evaluation of Bitumen Modification Using a Fast-Reacting SBS Polymer at a Low Modifier Percentage.

The study presented in this paper investigates the application of asphalt bitumen modification using a fast-reacting SBS polymer at a low modifier percentage. The hypothesis is that a fast-reacting styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) polymer that composes only 2% to 3% of the weight of the bitumen modification could extend the life of the pavement surfacing and pavement performance at relatively low input costs, increasing the net present value produced by the pavement during its life cycle. To confirm or refute this hypothesis, two types of road bitumens CA 35/50 and 50/70 were modified with low amounts of fast-reacting SBS polymer with the expectation of attaining properties similar to a 10/40-65 modified bitumen. For each type of unmodified bitumen, bitumen modification and comparative 10/40-65 modified bitumen, the following tests were conducted: needle penetration, softening point-ring and ball test method, and ductility test. The second part of the article focuses on a comparison of asphalt mixtures with different compositions of coarse-grain curves. For each mixture, complex modulus with varying temperatures and fatigue resistances are represented by the Wöhler diagram and compared. Based on in labo testing, the impact of the modification on pavement performance is evaluated. Life cycle changes for each type of modified and unmodified mixtures are quantified as road user costs, and attained benefits are compared with increased construction costs.

Effect of Screw Rotation Speed on Mechanical Properties and Morphology of Abs/Mcc Composites

<p>Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) polymer is an example of a thermoplastic polymer that requires heat in its production process. ABS polymer also can be modified to increase strength against resistance, toughness, and heat resistance by adding MCC as a reinforcement to ABS composites. Extrusion is one of the established methods of polymer processing with filler and consequently disperses filler inside the polymer. Different speed shows different behavior of filler dispersion. Therefore, this study was conducted to know the effect of extruder screw speed variations on the mechanical, physical, and thermal stability of ABS/MCC composites. The compositions used in producing ABS/MCC composites are 96% for ABS and 4% for MCC. The production process uses screw extruder speed variations of 10 rpm, 15 rpm, and 20 rpm. ABS/MCC composite in the barrel and hot press use 160 °C for the temperature process. The highest tensile strength was obtained at 10 rpm variation for 14.2 MPa. Increasing the speed of the extruder screw causes a decrease in MCC content attached to ABS which reduces the mechanical strength. ABS/MCC composite density value decreased with the increased extruder speed, as evidenced by the increasing number of voids formed based on SEM testing.</p>

Morphology, chemical reaction mechanism, and cross-linking degree of asphalt binder modified by SBS block co-polymer

Recently, the batch production of styrene–butadienestyrene (SBS) modified asphalt has been realized, but quality control is still in the empirical stage. While the chemical reaction position and the cross-linking degree are unclear, affecting the controlling quality of SBS modified asphalt. Therefore, this study investigated the influence of the reaction conditions and the stabilizer content on the performance and morphology of the SBS modified asphalt. And whether the chemical reaction exists and the chemical reaction position were confirmed by preparing the polystyrene (PS) monomer, polybutadiene(PB) monomer, and SBS modified asphalt with and without stabilizer. Finally, the fluorescence microscope (FM) test, Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) test and the chemical titration method were used to characterize quantitatively the microstructure changes of SBS modified asphalt. The results show that the reaction conditions greatly influence the performance of SBS modified asphalt. After adding the stabilizer, the phase state of the system changed from the SBS phase as a dispersed phase and the asphalt phase as a continuous phase to the double continuous phase, and the network structure was formed. The chemical reaction has taken place in the PB and SBS modified asphalt, and the PB segment of the SBS polymer participates in the chemical reaction. Furthermore, the degree of cross-linking reaction of SBS modified asphalt is low, and the range of the cross-linking percentage is about 12.3%-14.5%.

Microstructure and Performance of Green Tire Tread Based on Epoxidized Solution Polymerized Styrene Butadiene Rubber and Epoxidized Natural Rubber

Blending a solution of polymerized styrene–butadiene rubber (SSBR) with natural rubber (NR) as a matrix and silane coupling agent (SCA) modified silica as filler is widely used to prepare green tire tread. However, it is difficult to adjust the distribution of silica in different phases of a rubber blend by SCA. Moreover, the coupling reaction between silica and SCA emits volatile organic compounds. In this work, we use a new strategy to improve the distribution of silica in two phases without a SCA. Epoxidized SSBR (ESSBR) and epoxidized NR (ENR) are synthesized, and the performance of silica-filled ESSBR/ENR nanocomposite (S-ESSBR12/ENR) is investigated and compared with that of silica-filled SSBR/NR nanocomposite (S-Si75-SSBR/NR) using Si75 as the SCA. The S-ESSBR12/ENR nanocomposites have stronger interfacial interaction that results in better silica dispersion than the S-Si75-SSBR/NR nanocomposite. The epoxy groups can effectively adjust the phase selective distribution of silica. The S-ESSBR12/ENR18 nanocomposite shows homogeneous distribution, leading to the best performance. Compared with S-Si75-SSBR/NR nanocomposite, S-ESSBR12/ENR18 nanocomposite increases wet-skid resistance by 118%, reinforcing index by 38%, and abrasion resistance by 40% and decreases rolling resistance by 23%. Moreover, S-ESSBR12/ENR nanocomposites are eco-friendly and have potential application in the production of green tire treads.

Adapting Shot Peening for Surface Texturing Using Customized Additive Manufactured Shots

Surface textures in engineering materials not only affect the reflective properties and aesthetics but if properly designed can modulate surface‐related properties such as wettability, fatigue, wear, corrosion, and scratch resistance. Herein, a new surface texturing method is introduced based on the conventional shot peening process. Custom shots are designed, and their surface texturing capability is investigated on acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) polymer substrates. A finite‐element model is developed to bombard the substrate using AISI 316 stainless steel customized shots. The generated unique textures are compared qualitatively by visual examination and quantitatively using the standard surface roughness parameters. As a proof of concept, preliminary experiments are performed using a candidate custom shot and a spherical shot to treat the ABS sheets. The results highlight the high potential of the shot peening technique paired with additive manufacturing for customizing the peening media to be used for surface texturing polymeric materials.

Simulation and Experimental Assesment of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene polymer based new lattice design

Simulation and Experimental Assesment of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene polymer based new lattice design

Mechanical properties and defects in friction stir welded acrylonitrile butadiene styrene polymer

In this research work, a butt joint between acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) sheets was made using Friction stir welding (FSW). Polymers such as ABS have great potential to be used as body parts in automotive industries because of their high strength-to-weight ratio. In the aerospace industry, polymers are preferred over metals as they can retain their properties at low temperatures and their light weight reduces fuel consumption. The objective of this research work was to investigate mechanical properties and defect characterization in weldments. Maximum weld strength achieved was 19.4 MPa which is 61% of the base material at a rotational speed of 224 r/min, travel speed of 50 mm/min, external heating temperature of 45°C, and shoulder diameter of 16 mm. The images of macro and microstructure from an optical microscope and scanning electron microscope, respectively, showed that in FSW of ABS polymer defects were mainly formed on the retreating side of the weld nugget, unlike FSW of metals having it on the advancing side. Only two experiments out of L18 experiments showed tunneling defect, i.e., Experiment no. 8 and Experiment no. 10 and four experiments showed undercutting defect, i.e., Experiment no. 6, 9, 12, and 18. By performing the Vickers microhardness test it was observed that the hardest region formed in and around the weld nugget.

PANI-wrapped BaFe12O19 and SrFe12O19 with rGO composite materials for electromagnetic interference shielding applications

We report electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding efficiency in the PANI-wrapped BaFe12O19 and SrFe12O19 with rGO composites. Barium and strontium hexaferrites were synthesized using the nitrate citrate gel combustion method. These hexaferrites were polymerized in situ with aniline. The PANI-coated ferrite-based composite materials were developed along with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) in acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) polymer, and their shielding effectiveness was assessed in X-band frequency range (8.2–12.4 GHz). The reflection (SER) and absorption (SEA) mechanism of shielding effectiveness was discussed with the different rGO concentrations. The results reveal that 5 wt% of rGO with PANI-coated barium and strontium hexaferrite polymer composites exhibit shielding efficiency of 21.5 dB and 19.5 dB, respectively, for 1 mm thickness composite. These hexaferrite polymer-based composite materials can be used as an attractive candidate for EM shielding materials in various technological applications.

Analysis and construction of a pneumatic-powered portable friction stir welding tool for polymer joining

ABSTRACT The increasing use of polymer products in transportation and almost all sectors is a distinctive sign of the current decade. On-site repair of defects along the spatial path are important advantages of a portable welding and repair system. The current article presented an in-house developed pneumatically powered portable set-up and tool for defect repair based on friction stir welding (FSW). The suggested tool can be used for welding polymer products such as car bumpers, motorboats, and polymer vessels. Further, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) polymer specimens were joined by FSW and friction stir spot welding (FSSW), and the maximum temperature was monitored. FSW process parameters: rotational speed and traversing velocity, and FSSW parameter: rotational speed and dwell time, were varied, and the design of experiment-based investigations was carried out. Response surface method (RSM) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to analyse the results. The acceptable results were obtained for rotational speed of less than or equal to 1100 rpm and welding velocity lower than 6.5 mm/min (for FSW). Good quality welds were obtained for dwell time equal to or higher than 25 s (for FSSW). The preferred temperature for a good quality weld was found to be 105°C in both processes.

Evaluation of the Effect of WCO/SBS-Modified RAB and RAP and Stiffness Recovery Procedure on Fatigue Performance of HMA

The use of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) in asphalt mixtures is an expedient and cost-effective solution against rutting failure, but its performance against fatigue and thermal cracking is unsatisfactory and causes the pavement to deteriorate sooner than expected. Rejuvenators can improve RAP performance under various operating conditions through stiffness recovery and binder healing. In this paper, waste cooking oil (WCO) and styrene butadiene styrene (SBS) polymer were used to evaluate the rheological behavior of reclaimed asphalt binder (RAB). The modified RAB has been evaluated using chemical composition, linear amplitude sweeping (LAS), and bending beam rheometer (BBR) tests. The results of the LAS test showed that the fatigue life of RAB containing WCO was about 6 to 9 times longer than the control RAB specimen at the strain level of 2.5% and 5%. The results of the BBR test also indicated the good performance of the WCO. Thus, the WCO used in this study was expected to enhance the fatigue performance and thermal cracking of RAB. To evaluate the behavior of RAP containing RAB and additives on the fatigue response before and after self-healing, four-point bending beam test (4PBB) was employed. The results showed that besides improved fatigue life of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) produced with RAP- and RAB-containing additives, it had a longer fatigue life after self-healing. The specimen containing WCO had a better performance than the specimen to other samples.

Evaluation of Light Cementitious Matrix with Composite Textile Reinforcement from Garment Waste.

The use of recycled waste has been the focus of several studies due to its potential to allow a more sustainable use of construction materials and minimize improper waste disposal in landfills or incinerators. More specifically, garment textile waste has been examined as internal reinforcement of cementitious matrices to increase the deformability and control fissure formation. In this study, polyester textiles are analyzed and incorporated in cementitious composites in order to evaluate their mechanical properties. Results show that significant improvements in mechanical properties of composites are obtained depending on the impregnation treatment applied to the textile waste. In the direct tensile stress test, the waste impregnation with styrene butadiene polymer plus silica fume improved 35.95% in the weft direction and 9.33% in the warp direction. Maximum stress increased 53.57% and 64.48% for composites with styrene-butadiene rubber impregnation and styrene-butadiene rubber plus silica fume impregnation, respectively, when compared to the unreinforced composite. The flexural tensile strength of composites impregnated reinforcements with styrene-butadiene rubber and styrene-butadiene rubber plus silica fume presented increases in strength by 92.10% and 94.73%, respectively, when compared to the unreinforced sample. The impact test confirmed that styrene-butadiene rubber plus silica fume impregnation produced greater tenacity of the composite. In the microstructure, it is confirmed that the impregnated textile reinforcement resulted in composites with greater adhesion between the fabric and the cementitious matrix. Thus, light textile waste is concluded to be a viable construction material for non-structural elements.

Investigation of Engineering Properties of Lightweight Concrete Made With the Addition of Sodium Salt Based Powder Additive

In the construction sector, which is needed for the rapidly increasing world population, the production of strong and safe buildings is given importance. This is achieved as a result of the functionality, durability and economical material production in construction materials. In order to reduce the dead load in buildings, the use of elements made of lightweight concrete is the most appropriate and alternative method. In the current study, lightweight concrete with 4 different mixtures was produced by using 0%, 0.5%, 1.5% and 2.5% powdered sodium salt-based styrene butadiene polymer admixtures (SBPA). The workability effect of the additive on the fresh mixtures was investigated by the flow table test. The 7 and 28 day compressive and flexural strengths of the obtained samples were tested. Density and porosity ratios of the samples were calculated before the 28-day compressive strength test. According to the results, it was observed that the additive material caused a slight decrease in workability. In addition, decreases were observed in mechanical strengths, but when compared with the literature, considering the decrease in density, it was understood that it is in the class of lightweight concreteswith suitable strength.

The Mechanical Properties of Jute/PLA Composites Combining Nano Polymerized Styrene Butadiene Rubber Modified by Coupling Agents

ABSTRACT The jute/polylactic acid (PLA) composite material has been widely concerned in the field of composite materials because of its green, degradable and renewable properties, but its low mechanical properties limit the application field. In order to improve the mechanical properties of jute/PLA composites, styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) particles modified by different silane coupling agents were introduced into PLA matrix, and jute/PLA composites were prepared by solution casting and molding method. The changes in the mechanical properties of the jute/PLA composite were studied, and the toughening mechanism of the jute/PLA composite was analyzed. The results show that SBR particles can induce the crystallization of the PLA matrix, and the coupling agent plays a promoting role. The addition of SBR improves the bending and stretching of the jute/PLA composite. The silane coupling agent KH560 has the best modification effect on SBR particles. When the mass fraction of KH560-SBR particles in the composite is 1.0%, its bending strength and modulus achieve the highest, which are respectively 247.04% and 773.91% higher than the control group. When the mass fraction of KH560-SBR particles added in the composite is 2.0%, its tensile strength and modulus are the largest, 517.91% and 472.00% higher than the control group.

Investigation of the Thermal Degradation of SBS Polymer in Long-Term Aged Asphalt Binder Using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM)

Styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) polymer is extensively employed for asphalt pavement construction, and its degradation significantly damages the durability of asphalt concrete. However, the effect of aging protocols on the degradation of SBS polymer in asphalt binder has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was applied to characterize the change in morphology with SBS polymer degradation. Various aging protocols were considered, including accelerated aging processes in laboratory- and field-aged samples from three highway sections with different in-service periods. Scanned images of the polymer phase in the 2D plane at different depths were processed and further reconstructed in three dimensions. Furthermore, the three-dimensional polymer morphology indices derived from the semi-quantitative analysis of the images were correlated with the rheological indices. The results show that the polymer particles change from a relatively large ellipsoidal shape to a relatively small spherical shape as aging proceeds. The increase in aging temperature appears to accelerate the degradation of the polymer at the same rheological level. The effect of the laboratory aging method on the polymer was more pronounced during the early stages of aging compared to that in the field aging process.

Research on Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Different Silane Coupling Agent In-situ Modified SSBR/Silica Composites

Hydroxyl density of silica surface will reduce and the compatibility of silica with rubber matrix will be improved through the modification of silica by silane coupling agent (SCAs). The silica-silica and silica-rubber interaction of silica filled solution polymerized styrene butadiene rubber (SSBR) in-situ modified by silane coupling agent TESPT and Si747 are studied by Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer (DMA). The effect of different types and loading amounts of SCAs on the dynamic mechanical properties of silica filled SSBR is investigated. The results show that the novel silane coupling agent Si747 has a more apparent effect on lessening the silica network than that of silane coupling agent TESPT, Hysteresis factor (tanδ) measured by DMA reduces, and the heat-built improves. It could also be found that Si747 modified composites have the lowest apparent activation energy, which is used to characterize the filler-rubber interaction, indicating the lowest temperature dependence.