Buss-Perry Aggression Scale Research Articles

Chronotype, sleep quality, impulsivity and aggression in patients with borderline personality disorder and healthy controls

ABSTRACT Impulsivity, aggression, and suicide are the major clinical symptoms of borderline personality disorder (BPD). Although previous studies indicated poor sleep quality and its relationship with clinical symptoms in patients with BPD, chronotype, an important sleep parameter, was not investigated in these patients. This study aimed to analyze chronotype and its relationship with clinical symptoms in patients with BPD. Participants in this study consisted of 68 BPD patients and 65 healthy controls. Subjective sleep characteristics, impulsivity, aggression, suicide probability, and chronotype were assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Barratt Impulsivity Scale, Buss-Perry Aggression Scale (BPAQ), Suicide Probability Scale, and Morningness – Eveningness Questionnaire, respectively. PSQI total and subscale scores subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, and daytime drowsiness were significantly higher in the BPD group (p < 0.001). There was a positive correlation between the PSQI total score and the BPAQ total score (r = 0.268, p = 0.027). The rate of evening type was significantly higher in the control group (p = 0.004). Suicide attempts and the subscale of suicide probability hopelessness, suicidal ideation, and negative self-evaluation scores were significantly higher in evening type BPD patients. (p = 0.017, p = 0.009, p = 0.001, p = 0.047). Sleep quality is associated with aggression, and the eveningness chronotype is associated with suicide. It may be useful to focus on sleep problems in treating BPD patients.

The effect of digital game addiction on aggression and anger levels in adolescents: A cross-sectional study

PurposeIn this study, it was aimed to determine the effect of digital game addiction on aggression and anger levels in adolescents. Design and methodsThe participants of this cross-sectional study were adolescents. Data were collected using a socio-demographic questionnaire, Game Addiction Scale, and Buss-Perry Aggression Scale. Descriptive statistics, t-test, Anova, correlation and linear regression analysis were used in the analysis of the data. ResultsIn this study, game addiction and aggression levels of adolescents were determined as moderate. The game type that adolescents played the most was determined as war games with 35 %. The mean score of the Game Addiction Scale for male adolescents, those with medium and high income levels, those who play digital games for >8 h a day and every day, was found to be significantly higher. In this study, a positive and moderately significant correlation was found between Game Addiction Scale and Aggression Total Scale and Anger subscale (p < 0.05). Especially male gender (β = 0.273), high income status (β = −0.089), long time playing digital games (β = 0.173) and playing digital games every day (β = 0.360) were determined as predictors that increase game addiction. ConclusionsDigital game addiction can trigger aggression and anger in adolescents. Nurses play a crucial role in screening and identifying adolescents at risk of game addiction to prevent aggression and anger. Practice implicationsAccording to the findings of this research, it is necessary to provide training and counseling to prevent digital game addiction in schools and to plan strategies by psychiatric nurses.

Alışkanlıklar ve Algıların Anahtar Rolü: Çevrimiçi Oyun Oynamanın Saldırganlığı, Yabancılaşmayı ve Duygusal Zekayı Yordaması

E-sport gradually reached large masses and is consuming a great deal of time and circulation of money. Literature shows us that there are relationships between online gaming and various psychological factors. Especially the relationship between online gaming and aggression was widely studied. Alienation and emotional intelligence were also treated as potential mediators on the relevant relationship. The literature has not properly come to an agreement on the direction of the relevant relationship, moderators and mediators, so far. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the possible predictions based on online gaming habits and perceptions of online gaming for aggression, alienation and emotional intelligence. A sample of 316 online game players completed the online gaming habits and perceptions questionnaires, Buss-Perry Aggression Scale, Dean’s Alienation Scale and Emotional Intelligence Scale. Results have shown that none of the aggression types were predicted by neither years nor daily hours of playing online games. Additionally, perceptions and habits predicted different dimensions of aggression, alienation and emotional intelligence diversely. Our results indicated that, the observed relationships are rooted from how players perceive the game and the degree of their socialization within the game, rather than mere exposure to online games. This study provides a new insight by putting forward the individual perspective in scope of effects of online games.

The mediating role of emotional eating in the relationship between aggression and eating attitudes

Aims: Negative emotions and thoughts are known to be associated with eating problems. In recent years, strong relationships have been established between disordered eating attitudes and aggression, which are important in the growth of increasing eating disorders. This article examines the mediatory role of emotional eating in the relationship between aggression and disordered eating attitudes in adult individuals. &#x0D; Methods: The study included 293 participants, including 70 males and 223 females, accessed through a convenience sampling method. In the study, participants completed the Demographic Information Form, the Eating Attitude Test, the Buss-Perry Aggression Scale, and the Turkish Emotional Eating Scale. &#x0D; Results: Participants with disordered eating attitudes and emotional eating were found to have significantly higher average aggression scores than participants with healthy eating attitudes and without emotional eating. There has been a positive significant relationship between hostility and emotional eating and between hostility and disordered eating attitudes. The results of the structural equation model showed that among the types of aggression, only hostility and all disordered eating attitudes (preoccupation with eating, restriction, social pressure) played an instrumental role in the relationship. &#x0D; Conclusion: Hostility and emotional eating behavior should be addressed in different preventive studies and intervention programs in which disordered eating attitudes seem in the fields of both mental health and health sciences.

AGGRESSION IN SPORTS SPECTATORS

The main purpose of this study is to examine the differences in the levels of aggression in sports spectators according to gender, age, marital status, educational status, income status, with whom they prefer to watch the competition, sports playing status, weekly sports frequency, how many years they have been doing sports and sports type variables. The study was conducted using the general survey model from quantitative research methods. The population of the study consists of spectators residing in Mersin/Tarsus region in 2023, and the sample consists of 300 voluntary sports spectators selected from these spectators. As a data collection tool, a 10-question personal information form revealing personal information and the "Buss-Perry Aggression Scale" developed by Buss and Perry (1992) and adapted into Turkish by Demirtaş Madran (2013) and validity and reliability studies were used. The research is a descriptive research and while the survey results were evaluated in the SPSS package program, significance was sought at 95% confidence interval and p&lt;0.05 level. Skewness-Kurtosis (Skewness and Kurtosis) values regarding the distribution of the data were analyzed. Independent Sample T-Test was used in the analysis of paired groups and One-Way Anova Test was used in the analysis of groups with more than two variables. LSD (Least Significant Difference), one of the Post Hoc tests, was used to determine which groups were statistically different. As a result of the research, significant differences were observed among the sports spectators in Tarsus district in the variables of gender, age, marital status, educational status, income level, with whom they watched the competition, and how many years they have been doing sports (p&lt;0.05). However, no statistically significant difference was found according to the variables of sporting status and sporting frequency.

Evaluation of aggression level in adolescent girls with classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

In patients with classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), virilization affects the brain and external genitalia due to antenatal androgen exposure. There are few studies on how the effects of androgens on brain virilization are reflected in behavior. However, there is no study focused on the adolescence period. The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of aggression in adolescent girls with classical CAH (due to 21 hydroxylase and 11β hydroxylase deficiency) and to investigate the disease-related factors that may affect aggression. Twenty female and 20 male patients aged 13-20 years, diagnosed with classical CAH, with 21 hydroxylase deficiency and 11β hydroxylase deficiency, and 20 healthy girls and 20 boys from the same age group were included. The Buss-Perry Aggression Scale (BPAS), which consists of four subgroups measuring physical aggression, verbal aggression, hostility, and angry behaviors, was used. The ages of the male and female patients with CAH were 16.30 ± 2.65 and 16.60 ± 2.41 years, respectively. Total aggression scale scores were 73.3 ± 14.6 in adolescent girls with CAH, 74.1 ± 11.2 in healthy girls, 71.5 ± 14.8 in boys with CAH, and 75.3 ± 14.5 in healthy boys (p > .05). There was no difference between the subscale scores of patients and healthy adolescents. Aggression scores in adolescents with CAH increased significantly with age. In this study, we found no difference between the aggression scores of adolescents with classical CAH compared to their healthy peers. The total aggression score and subscale were similar in unaffected female adolescents.

How COVID-19 pandemic period influences on the selected mental health parameters of Polish respondents?

There are many different articles about COVID-19 pandemic period and its influence on people and their behavior. Nevertheless, there is little research on the slightly later period of the pandemic, that is, the time when specific adaptation mechanisms in society should start to take place. Our research was conducted by means of an online survey. Four hundred and eighty five adults participated, including 349 (71.96%) women and 136 (28.04%) men. The Buss-Perry aggression scale, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test and Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 scale were used. The results were statistically processed using Statistica 13.3 software. Within the study population, positive correlations were noted between anxiety and generalized aggression, anger, hostility, physical and psychological aggression. In the female group, anxiety correlates positively with generalized aggression, anger, hostility, verbal and physical aggression. Among male subjects, anxiety correlates positively with aggression, anger, and hostility. Alcohol consumption has a significant association with verbal aggression. Statistically, more women experience anxiety, more men have inflated scores on the AUDIT scale and on verbal and physical aggression. Younger people are more likely than older people to experience anxiety and have inflated scores on hostility. Those with secondary education scored significantly higher on the GAD-7 scale and the aggression scale (and all subscales except anger) compared to respondents with higher education. As a result of adaptation to the COVID-19 pandemic, anxiety is no longer a factor in increased evels of alcohol consumption. The pandemic has not affected differences in alcohol consumption between men and women. The presence of a positive correlation between anxiety and aggression and the sociodemographic structure of those characterized by increased aggression are also unchanged. Anxiety directly influences aggressive behavior in a relatively strong way. Appropriate health-promoting measures should be implemented to protect the public from the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.

EXAMINATION OF AGGRESSION LEVELS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND OTHER BRANCH TEACHERS

The aim of this study is to examine the aggression levels of physical education and other branch teachers. The study group of the research consists of 230 teachers who voluntarily participated in the online survey among the physical education and other branch teachers working in the city center of Yozgat in the 2022-2023 academic year. As a data collection tool in the research, ''demographic information form (Gender, Age, Level, Institution type, Branch, Perceived monthly income level, Doing sports with license before, Type of license, Did you choose your profession voluntarily, What kind of personality do you see yourself as'' and the 'Buss-Perry Aggression Scale', the reliability and validity of which was studied in Turkish by Madran (2012), was used to determine the aggression levels of the participants. The data were transferred to the SPSS 20.0 package program for statistical analysis. Before starting the analysis, skewness and kurtosis values were examined in order to examine whether the data showed a normal distribution. It was determined that the skewness and kurtosis values of the scale were between 1.159 and 1.137 and showed a normal distribution. Frequency analysis, percentage analysis, t test, Anova analysis were used to analyze the data. As a result of the analyzes carried out; it was determined that the participants exhibited the most verbal aggression (X̄=2.48), and the aggression levels were generally low (X̄top= 2.21). Statistically significant differences were found between the aggression levels of the participants according to gender, branch, previously licensed sports status, willingness to do the job and personality variables (p&lt;0.05). No significant differences were found according to the variables of age, level, institution, perceived income level and license type (p&gt;0.05).

Aggression and its association with childhood trauma in euthymic bipolar disorder patients

IntroductionAggression and negative behaviours are used to be present in individuals with bipolar disorder, who are sensitive to life events. Thus, many studies investigated the emergence of impulsivity and aggression in the developmental process and revealed its relationship with childhood adversities.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to determine the relationship between childhood trauma and aggressive behaviour in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder.MethodsIt was a cross-sectional descriptive and analytical study involving patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder and followed in the psychiatric department at the University Hospital ofSfax (Tunisia).All subjects completed the Childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ) and the Buss–Perry Aggression Scale (BPAS). Euthymiawas defined as a score on the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) not higher than 14 and by a score on theYoung Mania Rating Scale (YMRS)not higher than seven.ResultsWe included 35 patients. Their mean age was 46.69 ± 12.01 years with a sex ratio (M/F) =0.45. Most of them lived in urban areas (91.42%) and had a moderate socioeconomic level(88.57%).The most frequent trauma type was physical neglect with 74.28%, followed by emotional abuse (42.85%), emotional neglect (42.85%), physical abuse (37.14%) and sexual abuse (31.42%).The mean score of CTQ was 58.57 ±9.51. Theaverage total score of BPAS was 82.26 ±14.57.The mean scores of subscales of BPAS were 25.49±4.59 for physical aggression, 13.74±3.51for verbal aggression, 19.14±6.22 for anger and 23.89±5.57 for hostility.A statistically significant and positive correlation was determined between CTQ and BPAS (p=0.011). The score of BPAS was significantly correlated with physical abuse (p=0.003) and physical neglect (p=0.014).Conclusions The relationship between CTQ and BGHA scores suggests the possibility that childhood trauma may be one determinant of aggression in patients with bipolar disorder. Considering the childhood trauma history in the evaluation of these patients may prevent their aggression and thus their psychosocial functioning.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Serbest Zaman Faaliyetlerine Yönelik Engel ile Baş Etme ve Saldırganlık Davranışlarının İncelenmesi

Bu araştırmanın amacı, Bartın üniversitesi öğrencilerinin serbest zaman faaliyetlerine yönelik engel ile baş etme stratejileri ve saldırganlık davranışları arasındaki ilişkiyi bazı demografik değişkenlere göre incelemektir. Araştırma ilişkisel tarama modeline göre yürütülmüştür. Örneklem grubu uygun örnekleme yöntemi ile seçilen 299 üniversite öğrencisinden oluşmaktadır. Araştırmada veri toplama araçları olarak araştırmacılar tarafından hazırlanan kişisel bilgi formu, “Serbest Zaman Engelleri ile Baş Etme Stratejileri Ölçeği (SZEBSÖ)” ve “Buss-Perry Saldırganlık Ölçeği (BPSÖ)” kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde SPSS 26.0 paket programı kullanılarak, T-Testi ve Pearson Korelasyon analizleri yapılmıştır. Öğrencilerin cinsiyet değişkenine yönelik SZEBSÖ arasında anlamlı farklılık görülmezken; fiziksel saldırganlık davranışları erkek katılımcıların anlamlı düzeyde yüksek bulunmuştur. Katılımcıların spor türü değişkenine göre SZEBSÖ “kişilerarası ilişkiler” alt boyutunda bireysel spor yapanların lehine anlamlı farklılık bulunmuştur. Katılımcıların yaş değişkenine ile serbest zaman engelleri ile baş etme stratejileri ölçeği arasında anlamlı düzeyde ilişki bulunmamıştır. Ayrıca öğrencilerin yaş değişkeni ile Buss-Perry saldırganlık ölçeği ve “fiziksel saldırganlık” alt boyutunda pozitif yönde ve düşük düzeyde ilişki bulunmuştur. Üniversite öğrencilerinin serbest zaman engelleri ile baş etme stratejileri ölçeği ile Buss-Perry saldırganlık ölçeği arasında negatif ve orta düzeyde ilişki bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak üniversite öğrencilerinin saldırganlık eğiliminin artması, serbest zaman engellerine yönelik baş etme stratejilerini olumsuz yönde etkilediği söylenebilir. Üniversite öğrencilerinin saldırganlık davranışlarını azaltmaya yönelik programların uygulanması, serbest zaman etkinliklerine katılımlarına katkı sağlayacaktır.

Assessment of Psychological Variables amongst Indian Medical Professionals: A Cross-sectional Study

Background: The doctor–patient relationship is of critical importance to patient satisfaction and is impacted by various doctor-related factors. Aim: To assess the levels of emotional intelligence (EI), empathy, everyday/perceived discrimination and verbal aggression amongst medical professionals and medical students, and to understand the interrelations between these variables and their differences across groups. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included convenience sampling of 191 medical students, and 94 medical professionals (residents and attending doctors). They were administered the Wong and Law emotional intelligence scale, Toronto empathy questionnaire, everyday discrimination scale and verbal aggression sub-scale from the Buss–Perry aggression scale. Data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences 20. Results: EI was significantly greater amongst professionals as compared to students, and positively correlated to years of experience in the medical profession. Everyday discrimination increased with years of experience in the medical fraternity and was also negatively correlated with the ‘emotion regulation’ component of EI. Female participants had higher levels of empathy and lower levels of everyday discrimination. Conclusion: In Indian medical professionals the levels of EI increase with years of experience and are higher for medical professionals than students. The levels of perceived discrimination increase with years of experience and were greater for medical professionals and male doctors. Perceived discrimination and verbal aggression showed a negative association with empathy and EI. Understanding the factors that impact the doctor–patient relationship, as well as the doctor’s personal experience in the medical fraternity, are crucial to improve patient satisfaction, as well as to improve the well-being of the medical professionals.

The correlations between serum thyroid hormone levels, crime, impulsivity and aggression in high-security forensic psychiatry service patients

Objective: High security forensic psychiatry services (HSFP) are increasingly popular institutions in Turkey, since they play a key role in the follow-up and treatment of patients. Thyroid hormone is known to be associated with certain psychiatric diseases. We investigated the correlations between serum thyroid hormone levels, criminality, impulsivity and aggression in criminal patients who received treatment in HSFP.&#x0D; Material and method: The study was conducted with 115 patients who presented in HSFP and met the study criteria and 115 healthy controls. Sociodemographic and Clinical Data Forms, Barratt Impulsivity Scale Short Form (BrIS-SF-11), Buss-Perry Aggression Scale (BPAS) were applied to all participants. Furthermore, serum TSH, serum free T3 and T4 levels were determined in the patient and control groups.&#x0D; Results: The sT3 and sT4 levels were significantly higher in the patient group when compared to the control group (p0.001). There was no significant difference between the TSH levels in the two groups (p&gt;0.001). Furthermore, it was determined that BrIS-SF-11 sub-dimension scores and the total score, BPRS sub-dimension scores and the total score were significantly higher in the patient group when compared to the healthy controls (p

Comparison of the Aggression Levels Between National Level Combat Sports Athletes and National Level Non-Combat Sports Athletes

In the society we live in today, sports could be the one thing in which, aggression is not only tolerated but is encouraged and considered to be acceptable behaviour. The society identifies combat sports to be violent and aggressive by its nature than its counterpart. Current study’s main objective was to determine the difference in the levels of aggression between national level combat sports athletes and national level non-combat sports athletes in Sri Lanka. Further as the specific objectives, the differences in verbal aggression, physical aggression, anger, and hostility levels between national level combat sports athletes and national level non-combat sports athletes were also determined. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using 133 athletes. Data were collected using an online questionnaire that included Buss-Perry Aggression scale. Data were analysed using SPSS version 25. Majority (72.9%) of the participants were males whereas 27.1% of the participants were females. Of the participants, 53.4% athletes were combat sports athletes and 46.4% were non-combat sports athletes. Hostility scores between combat sports athletes and non-combat sports athletes was not significantly different. The results of the study do not support the negative stereotypes concerning the perceived brutality of martial arts and combat sports, stating the combat sports makes the practitioner more hostile; whereas it suggests that the type of sports practice has no effect on hostility. These findings can be used in debunking negative stereotypes in order to educate and attract the sporting communities to practice combat sports.

Examination of Separation-Individuation Characteristics on the Relationship between Fanaticism and Agression in Young Adults

This study addresses the effects of separation-individuation processes and fanaticism levels of young adults on the emergence of aggressive behavior. The sample group consists of 377 young adults between 18 and 22 of age. The participants are asked to respond to the Separation-Individuation Test of Adolescence (SITA), Fanaticism Scale for Football Fans (FSFFF), and the Buss-Perry Aggression Scale (BPAS). Chi-square, Pearson Product-Moment correlation analysis, One-way ANOVA, and moderation analysis were used for the statistical analysis. The physical and verbal aggression scores of the males are higher than the female participants. The separation-individuation scores of female participants are higher than that of the male participants. The fanaticism levels and physical-verbal aggression, and anger of the participants are correlated positively. Finally, the separation-individuation level is observed to have moderating effect on the correlation between aggression and fanaticism. The findings show that the fanatical supporters carry their self-needs to the team-self due to the problems they experience in the process of separation from their parents while engaging in aggressive behaviors. Therefore, considering the separation processes of individuals with their parents in studies aimed at preventing aggressive behaviors due to fanaticism will increase the success of the studies.

The longitudinal effect of violent attitude on physical aggression and the underlying motivational mechanisms

Physical aggression can cause health and social problems among undergraduate students, and should be intervened in. However, how physical aggression develops is still unclear. We argue that violent attitude should be an important predicting factor of physical aggression, and it predicts physical aggression through two motivational paths. To examine these hypotheses, we used the Violent Attitude Scale, WSAP-Hostility Scale, Anger Rumination Scale, and Buss-Perry Aggression Scale by conducting two waves of surveys with a six-month interval, with 942 undergraduates as participants. Results of cross-lagged analysis and mediation model analysis showed a modest mutually predictive relationship between hostile attribution bias and anger rumination, and violent attitude predicted physical aggression through the parallel mediating effects of hostile attribution bias and anger rumination. Our findings suggested that input variable (such as violent attitude) leads to physical aggression through in-process motivations (such as hostile attribution bias) and post-process motivations (such as anger rumination), respectively. The present study contributes to current understanding of the psychological mechanisms regarding the development of physical aggression and develops aggression theory.

Development of the Hostility in Pandemic Scale (HPS): A Validity and Reliability Study

The aim of this research is to develop Hostility in Pandemic Scale (HPS) for Turkey Population to determine the hostility levels of individuals, which is a factor affecting the mental well-being of the society during the pandemic. The study group consists of 855 individuals between the ages of 18-65 from different genders, and have experienced the pandemic process. For the construct validity of the scale results, exploratory factor analysis was conducted and a one-dimensional structure consisting of 22 items was revealed. It was determined that the variance explained by the scale showing a one-dimensional structure was 41.5%. As a result of the confirmatory factor analysis performed through a separate study group, it was revealed that all items have significant t values, and the model established according to model fit indexes has meaningful and acceptable fit values. Buss-Perry Aggression Scale was applied with HPS for the criterion validity. As a result of the criterion validity analysis, a significant relationship was found between the scale scores. The Cronbach Alpha was calculated to analyses internal consistency of the scale and a reliability level of 0.93 was obtained. The test-retest reliability results were found as 0.89. In addition, item statistics revealed that all of the scale items can discriminate well among the respondents. Results of the analysis revealed that, the Hostility Scale in Pandemic Process provides valid and reliable results.

Ortaokul Öğrencilerinde Okul Yaşam Kalitesi ve Saldırganlık Arasındaki İlişki

This study aimed to determine the relationship between quality of school life and aggression levels of secondary school students. The sample of the descriptive-cross-sectional study consisted of 822 students in three secondary schools of a city center in Turkey. The data of research were collected with “Personal Information Form, School Life Quality, Buss-Perry Aggression Scale”. Frequency, percentage, t test, ANOVA test and logistic regression analysis were used to evaluate the data. Of all students 56.2% were female, 43.8% were male, and the mean age was 12.64 ± 1.04. There was a significant difference between the students’ gender, school achievement, friendship relations, school life quality, aggression mean scores. In order to prevent aggression in schools, it can be suggested to create tools that provide cooperation between student-family, school management according to the risk levels.

An evaluation of the correlation between the severity and frequency of migraine and the Buss-Perry Aggression Scale

It is important to identify concomitant psychological factors such as depression and aggression in patients with migraine. In this study, our objective was to demonstrate the difference of aggression scores in patients with migraine compared with normal scores, and whether the severity of the disease and the frequency of pain had an impact. Ninety-nine patients with migraine and 67 healthy controls who presented to the Okmeydanı Training and Research Hospital were included in the study. The pain frequency, duration, and severity of the migraine were recorded. The respective severities of pain, depression and aggression were evaluated using a visual analogue scale (VAS), the Beck Depression Scale, and the Turkish version of the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire. It was found that the anger scores of patients with migraine were high (p = 0.001; p < 0.01), and their hostility levels were lower compared with those of the control group in a case (p = 0.017; p < 0.05) where there was no difference in depression level (p > 0.05). No difference with the control group was found in terms of physical and verbal aggression. It was found that internalised anger was significantly higher. No correlation was found with the frequency and duration of pain. The anger scores of patients with migraine are higher, which may be directly related to the nature of migraine without any contribution of depression. The long-term impacts of the disease, and an evaluation of the psychological concomitants within the scope of the treatment plan are important for a more effective treatment method.

A Comparative Study of Aggression among Student Teachers of Humanities and Sciences

Aggression is an emotion felt by almost all of us in life on a regular basis. But this emotion can be very dangerous if not properly controlled in personal as well as in professional life. Aggression among youth is caused by ill treatment of teachers (Deb et al., 2017; Gershoff, 2017;Longobardi et al., 2018). Since teachers are the role models to their students, they learn this by imitating aggressive behaviour of teachers. Teachers need to demonstrate the upright behaviours with their students in and out classrooms, that would be reflected in their students. Therefore, teachers should be trained in such a way that they identify and handle their own as well as student aggressiveness in the classroom. Most teacher education institutes (TEIs) have failed to offer such training that deals with aggression (Myles, 1993). It becomes pertinent to study the level of aggression among students of two different disciplines. 60 student teachers (30 Sciences &amp; 30 Humanities) from Khalsa College of Education, Punjab were taken for the current study. Buss Perry Aggression scale (1992) was used to collect data from student teachers. Data was tabulated and final interpretations gave some interesting figures indicating the overall mean score of student teachers of Khalsa College of Education (M = 81.8; S.D = 21.08) to be average. The student teachers of Sciences (N=30;M=85.7; S.D=17.45) compared to student teachers from humanities (N=30;M=77; S.D=23.8045) demonstrated significantly better peak flow scores, t(60) = 1.456, p = 0.075. There was no significant effect of subjects t (60) = 1.7, p = .097, despite Sciences student teachers (M=85.7; S.D=17.45) attaining higher scores than humanities student teachers (M=77; S.D=23.8045). Keywords: Aggression, Humanities, Sciences, Student Teachers

Klotho, BDNF, NGF, GDNF Levels and Related Factors in Withdrawal Period in Chronic Cannabinoid Users.

Klotho and neurotropic factors have recently been shown to be related to some psychiatric disorders and neurocognitive disorders, but there is no study on this issue within substance users. In this study, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), glial derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and klotho serum levels of a patient group consisting of 27 chronic cannabis users according to the DSM-V and 27 healthy volunteers were compared, and their relationships with other the clinical features of other patients were evaluated. Clinical scales, the Buss-Perry Aggression Scale, and the Substance Craving Scale were repeated on the first day of hospitalisation and on the seventh day of withdrawal. BDNF, GDNF, NGF and klotho levels were analysed using the ELISA method. There was no differences between the cannabinoid use disorder group and the control group regarding their klotho and other neurotrophic levels, but initiation age of cannabis use was negatively correlated with these levels. In addition, there was a relationship between verbal aggression scores and BDNF and NGF levels. There was a positive correlation between klotho and neurotrophic factors in all groups (patient group Day 1, patient group Day 7, control group) (p < 0.01). When comparing the difference between the correlations using the cocor (a comprehensive solution for the statistical comparison of correlations), the klotho-GDNF and klotho-NGF correlations for the first day of the patient group and the control group were different. In this study, rather than a difference in klotho levels and neurotropic factors, a significant relationship between these markers and each other and clinical parameters was demonstrated; further studies are needed to understand the exact mechanism.