Business Visitors Research Articles

Fairness Perceptions, Happiness, and Behavioral Intentions in Trade Fairs: An Investigation from the Relational Model of Justice

ABSTRACT Purpose This research aims to examine how an exhibitor manages its relationship with visitors in trade fairs to achieve desired outcomes. Drawing on the relational (group-value) model of justice, this research argues that visitors’ procedural and distributive fairness perceptions impact their happiness, relationship commitment, and behavioral intentions with exhibitors. Methodology Data comprising 350 business visitors from eight trade fairs related to the electronics, telecommunications, automobiles, apparel, and renewable energy industries were analyzed. Findings The findings show that while procedural fairness perceptions significantly impact visitors’ happiness, distributive fairness perceptions do not have a significant relationship. Happiness leads to a positive relationship between visitors’ commitment and behavioral outcomes. Originality/Value/Contribution This research is one of the earliest attempts to evaluate the role of fairness perceptions and happiness in the context of trade fairs. The results also indicate that small-scale visitors show less concern for procedural fairness than large-scale visitors, but they show a higher tendency for relationship commitment and behavioral intentions than large-scale visitors.

MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF WINE FESTIVAL VISITOR EXPERIENCE

MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF WINE FESTIVAL VISITOR EXPERIENCE

Analysis of Creativity and Innovation in Entrepreneurial Behavior of Culinary Business in Manado (Case Study : Kawasan Megamas)

This study aims to determine entrepreneurial creativity and innovation and to determine the effect on entrepreneurial behavior. The research method is a qualitative method with research subjects totaling 7 informants who are owners of culinary business entrepreneurs.Data collection techniques are observation and in-depth interviews.Based on the results of the study, that not all entrepreneurs have creativity and also not all entrepreneurs innovate their products so that it affects entrepreneurial behavior and there is a decrease in culinary business visitors which affects income.

КЕЙТЕРИНГ ЯК НОВИЙ ТРЕНД В РЕСТОРАННОМУ БІЗНЕСІ

In the article, a follow-up analysis of new trends in catering services in Ukraine was carried out. The features of the development and research of new trends in the restaurant business in Ukraine, including catering services, were examined. Significantly, these changes have hit the restaurant business during the period of quarantine and war in Ukraine. The results of the impact of the pandemic on the activities of small and micro enterprises in the restaurant business are systematized. The importance of promoting new business models for running the restaurant business in the minds of non-insignificance and permanent transformations, which will require the development of two creative business approaches, the development of strategies and tactics of anti-crisis management, as well as the general circulation of the concept of economics, has been christened. The day of understanding catering was determined, as well as the main elements of how to supervise the same catering services. It was also analyzed to the best of the staff, to give respect to such factors: the correctness of the cook, the improvement of the daily tasks for the waiters, the good look of the staff. Іs also appointed according to the date of the event, themes, the number of guests and the budget, catering is divided into: steel-buffet, banquet, vision bar. It has been established that catering is not only a popular service, but also more convenient, especially for business visitors to restaurants and cafes. The advantages of catering were divided: whether it was a place, a quick organization of the arrival, an individual menu, a table design, a meal, a service before the arrival, a daily cleaning after the arrival. It has been shown that it is up to the current trends in catering: the right food, the choice of traditional dishes, the visually aesthetic satisfaction, the cook "on a weekly basis", authentic or original products, the wise bartender, the design of ready-made networks. It has been established that the current market of catering services has only direct catering services for events and receptions, and in the field of office appointments there are no more orders, lower by 20% and even more promising. In this case, practically, no one is engaged in the delivery from a clean look – such services are a side view of the activity of various restaurants and cafes.

Examining the predictors of successful Airbnb bookings with Hurdle models: Evidence from Europe, Australia, USA and Asia-Pacific cities

Recent studies on Airbnb have examined the predictors of room prices, successful reservations and customer satisfaction. However, a preliminary investigation of the listings from twenty-two cities across four continents revealed that a significant number of Airbnb homes remained non-booked. Thus, Poisson count-regression techniques cannot efficaciously explain the effects of predictors of successful Airbnb bookings. To address this gap, we proposed a text mining framework using Hurdle-based Poisson and Negative Binomial regressions. We found that the superhost status, host response time, and communication with guests emerged as the most significant predictors irrespective of geographies. We also found that the instant booking option strongly influences the bookings across cities with incoming business visitors. Additionally, we presented a machine learning-based variable-importance scheme, which helps determine the top predictors of successful bookings, to design customized recommendations for attracting more guests and unique advertisement content on P2P accommodation platforms.

Business environment effect on business visitor arrivals to New Zealand

ABSTRACT This research investigates the impact that New Zealand's business environment has on its international business visitor arrivals. Within a gravity modelling framework, data for twenty-four main visitor origin countries are used for empirical analysis for the period 2004–2013. The core contribution of our research is that our empirical results provide strong evidence that the interaction of internet diffusion, commercial bank presence and shipping services with international trade are statistically significant variables. New Zealand's business infrastructure also correlates with foreign business visitors. We conclude that more open trade policies, combined with an improved business environment, provide the added benefits of attracting more international business visitors offering a subsequent, positive impact on the New Zealand tourism industry.

Organizational alignment and employee job satisfaction in an EB-5 hotel

The hospitality industry of the United States continues to thrive and grow each year with millions of tourists and business visitors. Florida, and specifically Orlando are leaders in U.S. tourist destinations. The industry’s growth has been stimulated by foreign direct investment, including the EB-5 visa program, which in 2016 contributed almost $4 billion of inward capital investment. The hospitality industry receives one of the largest portions of total EB-5 investment, about 31%. Florida ranks 2nd to New York among a handful of other states that receive the most EB-5 investment. Because more and more hospitality organizations are financed by EB-5 immigrant investors, learn how this EB-5 ownership may influence hotel performance is important but understudied question. The purpose of this research is to explore organizational alignment of EB- 5 hotel. A case study method was employed to examine one EB-5 hotel in Orlando, Florida as part of a larger inquiry into how EB-5 ownership affects employee job satisfaction in the hospitality industry. The research results suggest that while both organizational alignment and employee job satisfaction of the studied EB-5 hotel are higher than the same metrics of some non-EB-5 hotels, employee turnover rate in EB-5 hotel was significantly high. Also, findings outline the uniqueness of organizational alignment of EB-5 hospitality. Importantly, this is the first analysis of its kind, and its results offer a foundation for future research. The findings of this case study benefit researchers, politicians, and practitioners.

Daya Saing Destinasi MICE di Indonesia

This article discusses the types of tours with visitors who have business needs (business visitor). Tour with visitor aimed at business (MICE / business visitor) different from facet needs, handling with tour with visitor aim of recreation (leisure visitor). In terms of foreign exchange earnings that affect the economic sector is the reason, because spending MICE / business visitor is greater than the visitors with recreation purposes. The analysis of the discussion refers to the ICCA (International Congress and Convention Association) ranking. The findings suggest that the competitiveness of Indonesian MICE destinations and MICE city in Indonesia is still weak compared to neighboring countries of Singapore, Thailand and Malaysia. In order to competitiveness of MICE destinations in Indonesia, there are four factors that must be considered in the criteria and indicators of a MICE destination. These factors are accessibility, attraction, amenitas as well as human resources and stakeholder support. So that a region / region / city does not easily declare itself as a MICE destination.

Brand worlds: Introducing experiential marketing to B2B branding

Experiential marketing instruments and the extraordinary experiences they provide are one of the strongest means of branding in B2C. Inter alia as brand worlds, they also exist in B2B marketing practice, but have only received limited attention from the B2B branding perspective. Differences between B2C and B2B branding raise questions regarding why B2B companies operate brand worlds, what they consist of, what their nature is, and how they are experienced. We build on a rich, comprehensive sample of 37 expert interviews, comprising the perspectives of operating companies, business visitors, and exhibition designers. We find that B2B brand worlds differ substantially from their B2C equivalents in several aspects, but they apply similar experiential techniques. Operating companies' motives focus on providing live product experiences to explain complex products and create product awareness. B2B visitors expect more functional than hedonic benefits, and the visit has to support them in their own business activities. Affordances of the experiencescape and the action-perception between visitor, brand employees, and the physical environment are at the core of how the B2B brand world experiences are co-created. Our research highlights the important role and nature of B2B brand worlds as three-dimensional “business cards”, where relationships are initiated and built.

New Zealand business tourism

Business tourism has brought significant benefits to New Zealand’s tourism industry and economy. This study aims to provide a better understanding of the impact of economic uncertainty on New Zealand’s business tourism. The panel data gravity model and the maximally correlated portfolio are used to investigate the impacts of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) indices of New Zealand and its key trading partners, along with tourism and aviation-related factors, on New Zealand’s business tourist flows from 2008 to 2015. The findings suggest that two economic factors (New Zealand’s EPU index and bilateral trade volumes) and two noneconomic factors (flying distance and total direct flight seats) are statistically significant in explaining some of the variations in business tourism flows. The results have important policy implications for New Zealand’s policymakers in understanding business visitor demands and planning their tourism strategies.

Countermeasures Study on Enhancing Competitiveness of Budget Hotels in China

With the development of China’s economy, the number of foreign tourists and business visitors will increase significantly, which provides objective opportunities for developing economy hotels. In the background of the rapid development of budget hotels, we analyze the development of budget hotels from five aspects, i.e. existing competitors in the industry, potential or newcomer threat, threat from substitutes or services, buyer’s bargaining capability, supplier’s bargaining capability, and put forward strategies to promote competitiveness of budget hotels in China, that is, budget hotels should actively innovate, strengthen joint marketing with related industries, embrace consumer psychology of seeking the divergent and chasing the new, form their own unique brand characteristics and adjust the regional structure of hotels in order to master the right to choose suppliers, so as to enhance Chinese budget hotel competitiveness.

Causality between business travel and trade volumes: Empirical evidence from Hong Kong

The study employed the Engle‒Granger vector autoregressive model to investigate the causality relationship between business travel and trade volumes among Hong Kong and Mainland China, Taiwan, and the United States (US) from 2002Q1 to 2012Q4. This study presented evidence that a long-run equilibrium relationship (cointegration) between Hong Kong and the US. Additionally, the US showed bidirectional causality between the two time series variables; however, business travel does Granger-cause trade volumes for the case of Mainland China and Taiwan. The concept of the linkage between business travel and trade volumes was demonstrated in this study. Significantly, this study is expected to benefit Hong Kong policy makers by enabling better planning to attract and understand the fluctuations in international business visitors from its three key trading partners.

Regional Economic Integration and Multilateralism: The Case of the ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand FTA and the Malaysia-New Zealand FTA

Regional economic integration is back in vogue following the stumble in the Doha Round in July 2008. Preferential trade agreements (PTAs) are driving this trend in Asia and the Pacific as well as in Central and South America, and the sheer volume of PTAs is striking. In the 1990s there were barely five PTAs in force, but now there are more than 200 either under negotiation or in force. In this regard, Asia and the Pacific has developed a rapidly evolving regional economic architecture that spans two major plurilateral agreements, the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (or ASEAN+6 RCEP), as well as the putative Free Trade Agreement of the Asia-Pacific (FTAAP), which received a new lease on life through the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) leaders' meeting in Beijing late last year. ASEAN, as a group or individually, has been particularly busy in this sphere, deliberately using PTAs as a supplement to its own regional integration process. In Central and Latin America, economic integration has been similarly pursued at variable speeds and in variable geometries. In the meantime, there have been some concerns about the proliferation of PTAs for all the usual reasons. Trade diversion is a reality and with their less-than-comprehensive approach to sensitive issues like agriculture and burdensome rules of origin (ROO), many PTAs are perceived as being at best of marginal business interest and at worst a stumbling block to conclusion of the Doha Development Round. This paper argues, however, that more recent PTA outcomes, like the ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand FTA (AANZFTA) and the Malaysia-New Zealand FTA (MNZFTA) present a rather more nuanced picture. There may even be some grounds for modest optimism about how PTAs can be building—not stumbling—blocks for multilateralism. Four distinct criteria are used to assess the AANZFTA and the MNZFTA. These include: 1) the breadth and depth of agricultural market access liberalization; 2) the existence (or non-existence) of WTO-plus commitments; 3) how the risks of complex ROO, etc., are mitigated; and 4) the introduction of bespoke solutions of direct commercial value to business (e.g., facilitated business visitor access). The paper suggests that both the AANZFTA and the MNZFTA provide the basis for engagement at the WTO on how to multilateralize the outcomes secured through the AANZFTA and the MNZFTA. The role and experience of New Zealand in both of these high quality and comprehensive PTAs is something that may be of enduring interest.

Body language – a minefield for international business people

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to emphasise the need for business people to understand the different body language used by other cultures and the importance of this in the international business environment. Design/methodology/approach – Overview of body language used in particular cultures covering gestures, eye contact, posture, use of space and greetings with examples. Findings – The correct reading of the body language of other cultures is a vital, but often neglected, part of business training. Research limitations/implications – A paper of this length can only highlight key areas of misunderstanding with examples. Practical implications – The understanding of different cultures’ body language can be acquired by “people watching” but is best attained by specific training before assignment abroad using simulation and role playing and, where possible, involving nationals of the cultures concerned. Social implications – Also socially important for all who live and work internationally and those who host business visitors from abroad. Originality/value – Provides analysis of examples from different cultures and emphasises the importance of avoiding misunderstandings when doing business, negotiating and building personal relationships.

The potential implications of environmental deterioration on business and non-business visitor expenditures in a natural setting

Nature-based tourism can be an important source of income for regional economies but relies on a healthy environment. Using data collected from business and non-business visitors to Australia’s coast adjacent to the Great Barrier Reef, the authors generate estimates of the potential financial impact of environmental degradation, demonstrating a novel way of testing and controlling for hypothetical response bias. More than 90% of non-business visitors and 67% of business visitors came to the region for at least one nature-related reason. Average daily expenditure was similar for both visitor segments (≈AUD$190), but the determinants of expenditure varied. All visitors reacted much more negatively to the prospect of environmental degradation than to a 20% increase in (local) prices, although business visitors were much less responsive than non-business visitors. Adjusting for hypothetical response bias, the authors estimate that substantial environmental degradation could reduce visitor expenditures (and thus local tourism incomes) by at least 17%.

Effective Marketing Strategies to Attract Business Visitors at Trade Shows

Trade shows have been the focus of recent research as constituting one of the most effective marketing strategies.Related issues have been discussed extensively in the literature. How to achieve better performance is central tothese discussions. Studies on the key factors that influence trade show performance have focused mainly onsubjective opinions from the perspective of the staff at exhibitions. In this study, we explored the key criteria fora business visitor in selecting suppliers at a trade show; that is, what kind of trade show strategies can promoteexhibitors’ performance? Trade show strategies from previous studies were first summarized. They wereclassified into three categories: before, at, and after the show. To address the problem of complexity anduncertainty, a fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) was used to explore the importance of the variousstrategies. The results showed that

A study on the interrelationship among the industrial trends, corporate policies, and operating efficiency of international tourist hotels

This study focuses on the interrelationships among the variables of industrial trend, business cycle, corporate policies, and operating efficiency (occupancy rate) of international tourist hotels in Taipei city. The empirical evidence indicates that a VAR (1) model is appropriate for describing the interrelationships among those variables, and the business cycle of tourism and the occupancy rate of the hospitality industry are the most efficient lagged explanatory variables for other variables in this model. We offer two primary suggestions for promoting the operating efficiency of international tourist hotels: For the authorities of Taiwan, the most important task is to balance what attracts foreign tourists with what will attract more business visitors by restructuring Taiwan’s industry cluster, developing new industrial parks, expanding exports of domestic factories, and growing international trade. For hotels, three steps are necessary to promote occupancy rate: reducing the degree of the hotel’s diversification of services offered and increasing the workforce in the rooms departments to attract more group guests, increasing the supply of the higher-rate rooms, and orienting more marketing policies toward foreign guests to attract more business visitors.

Investment and Migration Linkages between India and the EU

India has had long-standing investment ties with various EU countries. Many EU countries are significant investors in India and several EU-based MNCs have business operations in India. Of late, Indian investments in the EU have also gained importance. Leading Indian IT companies have established local presence through branches and subsidiaries in several EU countries. Alongside the growing business relations between India and the EU, there is increased short-term and circular mobility of persons between India and the EU, in large part to support business operations in each other’s markets. This paper examines the linkages between investment and associated labour mobility between India and the EU. Following the introduction, Section 2 provides a brief literature review of labour mobility and investment relations and their effects on developed and developing nations. Section 3 offers an overview of growing investment relations between India and the EU and accompanying labour flows between India and the EU to underscore the need for studying this linkage. Section 4 discusses immigration and labour market regulations which have a bearing on investment operations and vice versa, for selected EU countries in order to highlight the extent to which regulations on one impinge on the other. It also examines the Schengen treaty and the implications of recent developments such as the EU Blue Card and totalization agreements (signed or under negotiation) between India and some EU countries for investment-related labour mobility from India to the EU. Section 5 provides the findings from in-depth interviews conducted with senior industry executives from leading EU as well as Indian firms to understand the nature of the labour flows which accompany investment operations. It also examines the extent to which investment and labour flows in the India-EU context are complementary and how barriers to labour mobility may affect investment operations in each other’s market. The discussion in this section indicates that there is considerable short-term mobility of Indian business visitors, intra-corporate transferees, and professionals working from Indian subsidiaries of European firms to the EU countries. There is also movement of skilled Indians working in Indian firms in India, to their EU-based subsidiaries. In both cases, movement from India to the EU is mainly driven by the need to address skill shortages in the EU countries and to facilitate the migration and offshoring of client processes to India. The evidence indicates that investment presence in the EU facilitates mobility from India to the EU, although there are considerable differences in labour market and investment regulations across the different EU member countries. Section 6 examines the nature of movement by EU nationals to Indian subsidiaries of EU MNCs and the associated Indian immigration policies affecting such movement. The discussion indicates that such movement is very limited at present, mostly pertaining to business meetings and training sessions and the problems encountered mostly pertain to issues of transparency, poor institutional mechanisms and delays. Section 7 concludes by noting the main issues concerning labour mobility that would need to be addressed to promote India-EU investment relations.

The Possible Convergence Between Business Marketing and Territorial Marketing: The “Land of Value” (LOV) Case

An interesting issue in management literature refers to the relation between territorial system and strategies operated by industrial firms in order to enhance the ”value” of a territory. By referring to an Italian case study (an industrial small-medium enterprise), we investigated how this company has set up a network that integrates different territorial components-agriculture, tourism, culture, accommodation and catering services, commerce. The basic idea is that providing a welcoming environment can combine the aims of business with the peculiar features to the geographic area. This study allows pointing out the relevance of territory as a communication tool which might help relational capital growth for enterprises. In fact, the project has received a favorable evaluation from business visitors, as well as from internal collaborators, so it allows the company to develop stronger relationships with these stakeholders. In addition, territorial system has advantages especially reaped in terms of increased visibility, enhancement of local products and services, improvement of accommodation services. The study therefore empirically validates the possible convergence between business marketing and territorial marketing.

A study of the relationship among experience value, destination image and place attachment

Holbrook and Hirschman (1982) suggest that consuming experiences are derived from consumers’ perceived value. This type of consumers depends on sensations, emotions and enjoyments to form their experiences. Hence, consumers’ destination image and place attachment determine their destination choice. The aim of this study is to understand the relationships between experience values, destination image and place attachment. The image of the business circle inside Kenting national park is always controversial. However, the study of the relationships between the image of the business circle and visitors’ recognition are scarce if not non-existed, which prompted this study. The study used convenient sampling method to survey the visitors inside the business circle of Kenting national park, which yield 418 valid responses. The finding suggests that: (1) consumer return on investment, service excellence and aesthetic value are the experience values that contribute most to the formation of destination image, especially consumer’s return on investment (ROI), (2) product image, perceived facility quality and price image are the destination images that contribute most to the formation of place attachment, and (3) consumer’s ROI, service quality, aesthetic value and playfulness value are the experience values that contribute most to the formation of place attachment, especially the playfulness value. Key word: Experience value, destination image, place attachment.