Business Transactions Research Articles

Approaches to a secure, sustainable, and diversified Nigerian economy in a cashless society

The pervasive reliance on cybersecurity innovations by enterprise organizations for secure electronic file-sharing networks across all business transactions is critical to realizing Nigeria's sustainable diversified economy (SDE) for long-term economic growth. According to the literature, people are increasingly moving away from using cash for transactions as a result of technological advances, with only 32% of payments involving cash in the United States, 53% in the Middle East, Africa, and Nigeria, and a comparably low 58% identifying going cashless as their preferred option. Although card payments are widely preferred worldwide, Nigerians continue to be among the most likely people to keep money in their homes rather than adopting the ongoing cashless trend; the estimated percentage of cash that is kept outside of the banking system relative to the total amount of cash in circulation in the Nigerian economy is 85%. Poor organizational systems, enterprises, risks, and security threats further impede the transition from a cash-dominated economy to a cashless economy. In the age of cashless transactions, this study outlines tactics for a safe, diversified, and sustainable Nigerian economy. The conceptual framework for this study was chosen to be the security of Enterprise Information Systems (EIS). The author conducted a narrative review of previous studies and peer-reviewed articles published in the last five years, and the findings provided important insights into how to manage information security systems for organizations in a cashless economy. The findings suggest that effective adherence to security policies, control over policy enforcement, and enterprise definitions to leverage a sustainable, diverse economy can prevent or mitigate organizational security issues. The study's conclusions broaden appropriate security management procedures and preventative measures for Nigeria's transition to cashless transactions

Perancangan dan Pembuatan E-Commerce Berbasis Web pada UMKM Bebek Perantau Khas Madura di Jakarta Pusat

Fried duck, a signature dish from Madura, is highly renowned. This duck is typically cooked with distinctive spices and served with sambal and rice. The Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSME) 'Bebek Perantau Khas Madura' restaurant operates through direct on-site orders, limiting consumers' accessibility to processed duck food products. This research is motivated by the access constraints faced by certain consumers who find it challenging to spare time to visit the physical restaurant located at Jl. Citarum, Central Jakarta. The E-Commerce platform is anticipated to broaden consumers' access to the products and services offered by 'Bebek Perantau Khas Madura' restaurant in Jakarta. This research adopts the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) approach utilizing the Unified Modeling Language (UML) to design the E-Commerce platform. This platform is constructed using the PHP programming language with MySQL. An E-Commerce design solution is formulated to facilitate business interaction between consumers and the restaurant. Through this E-Commerce platform, it is expected that there will be an increase in the accessibility of products and services offered by 'Bebek Perantau Khas Madura' among consumers in Central Jakarta. The utilization of the E-Commerce platform as an alternative for ordering processed duck food products opens new opportunities for MSMEs to expand their market digitally. The successful implementation of this platform can reduce physical access barriers and enhance efficiency in business transactions.

Pecularities of the internal tax control organization in Ukraine

Introduction. The organization of internal tax control in Ukraine is crucial because of the complexity and dynamism of the country's tax system. Frequent changes in tax legislation create the need to introduce effective control mechanisms to ensure compliance with tax requirements. Therefore, one of the essential components of this process is the ability to leverage cutting-edge information technology, both by the tax authorities and their potential customers. The purpose of the paper is to examine the intricacies of organizing internal tax control in Ukraine. Results. The paper is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of organizing internal tax control in Ukraine with the aim of enhancing taxation efficiency and ensuring compliance with tax legislation. It is mentioned the distinctions between external and internal tax control. There are systematized mechanisms and procedures that can be employed in the organization of internal tax control. The paper identifies the main problematic aspects of internal tax control in Ukraine and proposing directions for their resolution. It also examines the features of internal tax control within the context of the digitalization of the economy. Conclusions. Internal tax control holds a crucial role in ensuring the accuracy and timeliness of tax accruals and payments, managing tax risks, and enhancing the efficiency of taxable business transactions. This control also extends to the development and implementation of safeguards aimed at preventing tax violations. Internal tax control ensures the verification and analysis of financial, tax and management data, as well as the development and compliance with regulations governing taxation. These measures result in bolstering confidence in the tax system and fostering increased financial stability for enterprises.

Penggunaaan M-Banking BRImo Terhadap Kemudahan Transaksi Perbankan Nasabah Bank BRI di Kota Medan

Services that have been designed to provide attractive and comfortable, safe and simple services for customers, with the ongoing development of information technology that has created new types of business and opportunities and increased business transactions carried out through electronic processes. The evolution of technology in the banking sector allows every individual to transfer money, buy and sell, and additional transactions, so with services it is possible to provide comfort and mobility for bank customers to carry out work and needs in their daily lives. One type of service offered by BRI bank is BRImo which aims to make it easier for customers to make transactions without visiting the bank because customers are busy with lots of activities so they can be anywhere and still be able to make transactions and avoid any disruption to their activities. This research uses a qualitative research method where qualitative research is a commonly used scientific method and is carried out by a group of researchers in the field of social sciences, including scientific education.

Pelatihan Penyusunan Laporan Keuangan dan Pemanfaatan Teknologi Digital untuk Meningkatkan Pendapatan UMKM Di Kabupaten Kuantan Singingi

MSMEs are business entities that have distinctive characteristics such as independent management, self-provided capital, limited marketing areas, usually local, relatively few company assets, and a limited number of employees employed. Conditions encourage MSMEs to be able to utilize technology in managing their business. The purpose of this service is to increase knowledge and understanding of the importance of the digital world for business development and increase the willingness and desire of MSME actors to use accounting to improve financial performance. The target audience for this activity is 15 MSME actors in Cerenti District, Kuantan Singingi Regency. The method used in community service activities is by conducting training to several MSME actors in Cerenti District on procedures for using digital technology and preparing financial reports. The results of the implementation of this activity can assist MSME players in increasing their knowledge and skills in digital technology as an effort to increase their business income. Apart from that, it also increases knowledge and understanding in the process of recording business transactions to preparing financial reports.

Rekonstruksi Paradigma Penegakan Hukum Tindak Pidana Korupsi Di Bidang Bisnis

This article aims to evaluate the law enforcement paradigm for criminal acts of corruption in the business sector. The problem focuses on law enforcement against criminal acts of corruption in the business sector in Indonesia today, as well as the ideal construction of overcoming criminal acts of corruption in the business sector. In order to answer these problems, this research uses a normative approach with qualitative analysis. Based on the results of the investigation and discussion, this study concludes that law enforcement against criminal acts of corruption in the business sector in Indonesia currently tends to be formally legalistic. Such law enforcement results in less than optimal recovery of state losses and makes the state "overdrawn" because the costs of handling cases are more significant than the state losses recovered. The ideal construction of overcoming criminal acts of corruption in the business sector requires a multidisciplinary approach by integrating non-penal penal processes that are not counterproductive to the development of business transactions. The non-penal process emphasizes prevention efforts, while the penal process emphasizes efforts to recover state losses using criminal, civil, and administrative legal instruments.

B2B E-commerce Application Development: Case Study of Implementing Innovative Features to Increase Business Transaction Efficiency PT. Bening's Indonesia

The very rapid development of Information Technology at this time which also directly supports the development of the internet at this time has led to the emergence of new technologies such as social media, artificial intelligence (AI), e-commerce, and other technologies. E-Commerce or electronic commerce is a way to sell and buy goods or services via the internet network. Bening's Distributor Medan SUMUT is one of the partners of a company that operates in the field of selling skincare and body care products and needs for skin and beauty care, namely PT. Bening's Indonesia. The system currently running includes Business to Business and Business to Customer which is done manually via WhatsApp chat so it takes quite a long time, especially for partners or customers who need goods quickly

Research on Anti-monopoly Regulation of the MFN Clause on Internet Platforms

With the continuous development of electronic information technology, internet companies are playing an increasingly important role in the business field. This evolution has not only catalyzed shifts in business models and transaction habits but has also introduced novel practices, such as the integration of Most-Favored-Nation clauses (MFN clauses) that were formerly exclusive to traditional business domains. Currently, MFN clauses are widely used in commercial activities between internet platform companies, which require high attention from antitrust enforcement agencies. Through a comprehensive analysis of existing literature and research, this study aims to shed light on the similarities and differences between these two types of MFN clauses, offering valuable insights into the evolving landscape of business practices within the digital age. In addition, the article also uses case analysis to examine two typical cases in foreign jurisdictions, demonstrating the regulatory approaches of the extraterritorial judiciary towards MFN clauses within internet platforms. Based on the analysis, the conclusion of this paper is that the for collusive MFN clause, the illegal per se doctrine should be applied for exclusive MFN clause, the principle of reasonableness should be applied, taking account of both the effects on restricting and promoting competition.

E-payment adoption and utilization among micro-entrepreneurs: a comparative analysis between Indonesia and Malaysia

Purpose The development of financial technology (fintech), especially digital payments (e-payments), aims to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of economic transactions. This study aims to see the extent to which microentrepreneurs in Indonesia and Malaysia take advantage of the existence of e-payments in developing their business and the factors that influence the adoption of e-payments. Design/methodology/approach This study uses qualitative and quantitative approach. For quantitative approach, partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM 4.0) was used to analyze the data. Using the nonprobability convenient sampling technique, this study collected 400 respondents from microenterprises in Indonesia and Malaysia in various regions. Findings Most of the microentrepreneurs in Indonesia and Malaysia have used fintech platforms, especially e-wallet and ATM debit. However, for quick response code-based fintech for business transactions, most microentrepreneurs have not taken advantage of the platform. Then the results of the digital payment adoption factor also differ for each country. Research limitations/implications This study is valuable for decision-makers and regulators. These results can be used to find a roadmap for regulators to build a digital economy, especially digital payments for microenterprises in both countries. In addition, these results can be used as a basis for making policies regarding digital payments. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to compare e-payment adoption by microentrepreneurs in Indonesia and Malaysia. Indonesia and Malaysia are two countries in the Southeast Asia region that have great attention in fintech development. This study provides new insights about fintech, especially digital payments as a strategic approach in the digitalization era.

“It’s Just Business”: Michael Jackson’s Purchase of the Beatles Catalog as Counterpunch, Copia, and Rhythmic Reparations

ABSTRACT According to Black Twitter community members, who were active online just after rock ‘n’ roll artist Little Richard’s passing in 2020, Michael Jackson’s purchase of the Beatles catalog (thirty-five years prior) was viewed as what Twitter user and academic author DJ Scholarship calls “rhythmic reparations,” offering restitution for Black artists like Little Richard who were never compensated fairly in a white industry. The purchase of Sony/ATV then became more than just a business transaction; it worked rhetorically as a pop culture object to amplify and change narratives about race, music, money, and power. I rely on two concepts of rhetoric—counterpunch and copia—to reexamine language surrounding Jackson’s initial purchase and the conversation about Jackson occurring in the wake of Little Richard’s death. I also explain how this conversation on Black Twitter led me to revise my knowledge of popular culture and music history and to confront my own white privilege.

Paper Invoice Dilemma and Electronic Invoice Solution

This paper will start from the definition and purpose of paper invoice, analyze the shortcomings and problems in the use of paper invoice, and introduce the definition, advantages and purpose of electronic invoice, in order to solve the dilemma faced by the use of paper invoice. As a traditional form of bill, paper invoice plays an important role in commercial transactions, but there are some problems in its use. First of all, paper invoices are prone to damage, loss or tampering, increasing the risk and uncertainty of transactions. Secondly, the preservation and management of paper invoices requires a lot of time, space and labor costs, which brings no small burden to enterprises. In addition, because the paper invoice cannot realize real-time information sharing and tracking, resulting in the information process is not smooth and inefficient. In order to solve these problems of paper invoice, electronic invoice came into being. Electronic invoice is a new form of bill based on electronic data exchange and digital signature technology. It has the following advantages: First, electronic invoice does not need paper carrier, reduces the cost of use and management, and is not easy to be damaged, lost or tampered with, improving the reliability and security of transactions. Secondly, electronic invoices can realize real-time information sharing and tracking, which improves the efficiency and convenience of transactions. In addition, the electronic invoice can also be seamlessly connected with the enterprise's financial management system, to achieve automated accounting processing, reducing manual operations and errors. In short, there are a series of shortcomings and problems in the use of paper invoices, such as easy loss, difficult management, not easy to share information and so on. As a solution, electronic invoice has been more and more widely used and promoted by virtue of its advantages of eliminating paper carrier, improving transaction security and reliability, and realizing real-time information sharing and tracking. In the future, with the continuous development and improvement of technology, electronic invoices will become the mainstream form of business transactions, and promote the process of paper invoices to electronic transformation.

Human Routers

Syrian refugees resort to a rich ecosystem of brokers who not only facilitate border crossings but also move remittances, jobs, knowledge, wives, and more. How are refugees’ circulations made possible, and by whom? Drawing on fieldwork with Syrian brokers in Turkey and the United Kingdom, I put forward the novel concepts of a Syrian infrastructure of displacement and of refugee brokers as a particular infrastructural component, namely, as human routers. Like routers, brokers manage, direct, and control resource flows. Revisiting Julia Elyachar’s concept of communicative channels, I contend that refugee brokers and their clients rely on such pre-existing connections, built on shared experiences of migration, brokerage, and hospitality. Reactivated in exile through brokers’ performances of “Syrianness,” these channels facilitate a shared sense of belonging needed for their business transactions. The ways in which refugee brokers slip seamlessly between business, charitable deeds, and exploitation challenge the abstract ideas of disinterested solidarity that underpin mainstream humanitarianism.

Discovering Sustainable Business Partnerships through a Deep Learning Approach to Maximize Potential Value

Discovering sustainable business partnerships is crucial for small and medium-sized companies, where they can realize potential value through operational resources and abilities. Prior studies have mostly focused on predicting and developing new business partners using various machine learning techniques or social network analyses. However, effectively estimating potential benefits from business partnerships is much more valuable to companies. Therefore, this study proposes a method which combines deep learning and network analyses to estimate the potential value of business partnerships for companies. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, we expand business partnerships between companies and assess potential value derived from the parenthesis using business transaction data collected from the Republic of Korea. The results suggest that companies can gain more potential value from extended networks when compared to previous ones. Furthermore, potential value results show clear distinctions between industries. Our findings provide evidence that small and medium-sized companies can experience significant benefits by establishing adequate business partnerships.

The Factors Affecting Consumer Purchase Intention through Social Commerce – A Concept Paper

Emerging economies are not excluded, where the emergence of e-commerce has now advanced towards a new branch of social commerce as a platform for business transactions as well as in attracting, creating, and maintaining customer relationships. E-commerce on social media platforms offers a practical means for businesses to connect with and sell to consumers. Major social networking sites have been actively developing their e-commerce features, allowing users to make purchases without leaving the site. Major social networking sites have been actively developing their e-commerce features, allowing users to make purchases without leaving the site. Social commerce has become popular due to its importance in e-commerce. The research in this area is still limited, especially on the factors that influence purchase intentions when using social commerce platforms. The purpose of this study is to examine the contribution and significance of affordance and trust theories among Malaysian users that underpin purchase intentions on social commerce platforms. This paper establishes a conceptual framework for consumers' purchase intentions based on the SOR model. Social media platforms can be used by businesses to interact with customers and increase sales once they recognize their potential. PLS-SEM (Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling) will be used to examine the data.

Governance at ICICI Bank: Chairman's Dilemma

The non-executive Chairman, Chaturvedi, must lead the Board of Directors of ICICI Bank as it deals with the adverse findings by a former Supreme Court judge against Ms. Chanda Kochhar, the former Chief Executive of the Bank. She had not disclosed a conflict of interest regarding a loan to a corporate group that had business dealings with her husband. Months earlier, the Board had exonerated her and also allowed her to retire from the Bank. Could and should the Board now reclassify Kochhar's retirement as ‘Termination for Cause’ and claw back her past bonuses?

Eine Quellengattung im Spektrum der römischen Überlieferung

Abstract The wealth of source material produced by Roman notaries has long been neglected. Only in recent decades has it been systematically evaluated by researchers. Given the fragmentary source situation in general, these atti notarili add considerable detail to our knowledge of everyday life. They provide insights not only into the Rome of the popes, which has received considerable attention, but above all into the Rome of the Roman people, much less studied. This paper focuses not on another notary, but on the question of the potential contribution of this genre of sources to the history of late medieval Rome. We see how clients belonging to different social groups approach different notaries. We understand the typical concerns and problems of Roman society, ranging from the debtor imprisoned in a dungeon to the Colonna family in their palazzo. We find confident Florentines with their business dealings, German bakers and their partnership contracts, impoverished monasteries with their growing debts. We see the building boom of the Renaissance and how Piazza Navona is transformed from a campus into a platea, as well as rural Rome within the walls and its countless vineyards.

Blockchain and electronic transactions in accounting

Introduction. One of the most promising information and communication technologies in the digital economy is blockchain, which significantly changes the accounting and control of electronic transactions in business. Block-chain structuring of data is radically different from traditional methods of processing and storing accounting information, which determines the relevance of scientific research and practical developments in the field of using blockchain technology.The purpose of the article is to study the peculiarities of the implementation of electronic transactions in the conditions of using blockchain technology and the directions of transformation of accounting and control.Methods. Systemic, innovative, functional approaches and methods of generalization, bibliographic and comparative analysis were used in the process of realizing the established goal of scientific research.Results. The expediency of the transformation of the methodology and organization of accounting and control of electronic transactions under the influence of the use of blockchain technology is substantiated. The functional advantages of the blockchain network are defined: instant execution of electronic transactions, confidentiality of participants in electronic transactions, reliability of data storage, minimization of costs for the organization of information processing, significant variability of assets participating in electronic transactions, stability of functioning due to the impossibility of damaging or deleting databases, etc. The principles of blockchain technology, which are relevant for accounting and control of electronic transactions, have been formed: decentralization, transparency, accessibility, trust, cyber security, irreversibility, consensus, confidentiality. Eight main directions of transformation of accounting and control of electronic transactions in the blockchain network have been identified (positioning, variability, digitization, decentralization, protection and cyber security, monetary settlements, control, transformation of powers and regulations), the result of practical implementation of which is: automatic execution of accounting and control processes, prevention of accidental errors, prevention and elimination of cyber threats and fraudulent actions, minimization of enterprise costs; reduction of time for accounting and control procedures for operational management of enterprises, openness and publicity of accounting information about electronic business.Prospects. It is advisable to carry out further scientific research in the direction of: improving the legal regulation of electronic transactions; transformation of the organizational structure of the enterprise and the accounting and control unit; clarification of personnel job instructions and accounting policy of the enterprise.

The Role of English in Preparing Students to Face Global Challenges

Globalization has had a significant impact on various sectors of life, including education. English has become the dominant international language in cross-cultural communication and global business transactions. This research aims to investigate the role of English in preparing students to face global challenges. This study involves an in-depth analysis of how English language proficiency can help students overcome global challenges, including cross-cultural communication, access to global resources, and preparation for the global job market. Through a qualitative approach, data is collected through interviews and surveys of students who have been involved in educational programs with an international focus. The results of this research provide insight into the importance of mastering English in facing global challenges, as well as the challenges faced by students in developing their language skills. The conclusions of this research emphasize the need for better integration between English language learning and educational curricula to better prepare students to face global challenges.

The Urgency of Using YouTube Channels as Loan Collateral: Orientation and Limitations from a Progressive Legal Perspective

This scientific article presents a comprehensive analysis of the legal regulations and progressive legal aspects associated with using YouTube channels as collateral in Indonesian businesses. In the digital era, the complexity of relevant laws and regulations necessitates a progressive legal approach to accommodate digital assets, copyright protection, and personal data security while considering their impact on business transactions. The primary objective of this research is to examine the legal framework concerning the use of YouTube channels as collateral in Indonesia. Employing a normative legal research methodology and a legislative and conceptual approach, this study delves into the legal framework. The source materials include legislation, court decisions, legal literature, and scholarly articles, utilizing in-depth document analysis for data collection and analysis. The results of this research shed light on the multifaceted legal regulations governing the utilization of YouTube channels as collateral, encompassing legislation, copyright protection, consumer rights, and social media regulations, emphasizing the importance of understanding rights and responsibilities, and consulting legal experts. From a progressive legal perspective, the use of YouTube channels as collateral mirrors the legal adaptation to digital assets, acknowledging their economic value but requiring careful consideration of limitations such as fluctuating digital asset value, ownership changes, copyright, and data privacy. The significance of individual rights, copyright protection, and data privacy must be safeguarded within progressive legal regulations. This study contributes to the legal discourse on digital asset usage in Indonesia, offering insights into the evolving legal landscape and its implications for digital business transactions and asset management. Highlights: Legal Complexity: The study explores the intricate legal landscape governing the use of YouTube channels as collateral in digital business transactions. Progressive Legal Adaptation: It highlights the need for progressive legal approaches to accommodate digital assets, copyright protection, and data privacy in the digital era. Rights Safeguarding: The research emphasizes the importance of upholding individual rights, copyright protection, and data privacy within the legal framework for digital collateral use. Keywords: YouTube Collateral, Legal Framework, Digital Business, Copyright Protection, Data Privacy

Legal Review of the Validity of the Use of Smart Contracts in Business Transactions in Indonesia and Its Regulation in Various Countries

The increasingly massive use of the internet is now affecting the economic world which is characterized by the birth of E-Commerce. E-Commerce mechanism that does not brings together sellers and buyers directly, this raises a variety of problems on the subjective and objective terms of the sale and purchase agreement. Smart Contracts are actually different from conventional contracts written on paper. They are also different from electronic contracts. A clause in the agreement, which takes the form of programming code, requires blockchain as a distributed storage technology, which sets them apart. In addition, Smart Contracts serve to execute contracts automatically. Therefore, the article aims to analyze the advantages of Smart Contracts compared to conventional contracts and how the validity of using smart contracts in Indonesian law, and why business transactions in Indonesia should start using smart contracts. The result obtained is that the use of Smart Contracts are completely automated and rely on software logic, making them transparent and visible to all parties involved. The use of Smart Contract in buying and selling transactions is considered very important considering the advantages in terms of security, verification, changes in the contents of the agreement, and evidentiary power. As for Indonesian law, the use of Smart Contracts is permissible as long as it does not violate the validity of the agreement as stated in the Civil Code. The use of Smart Contracts offer several advantages over traditional contracts, including trasparency, autonomy, speed, accuracy, security, and savings.