Tourism Business Research Articles

Epidemiology of travel-associated dengue from 2007 to 2022: A GeoSentinel analysis.

Dengue is a leading cause of febrile illness among international travellers. We aimed to describe the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of imported dengue in returning travellers evaluated at GeoSentinel sites from 2007 to 2022. We retrieved GeoSentinel records of dengue among travellers residing in non-endemic countries. We considered dengue confirmed when diagnosed by a positive dengue virus (DENV)-specific reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, positive NS-1 antigen and/or anti-DENV IgG seroconversion, and probable when diagnosed by single anti-DENV IgM or high-titre anti-DENV IgG detection. Severe dengue was defined as evidence of clinically significant plasma leakage or bleeding, organ failure, or shock, according to the 2009 World Health Organization guidance. Complicated dengue was defined as either severe dengue or dengue with presence of any warning sign. Analyses were descriptive. This analysis included 5958 travellers with confirmed (n = 4859; 81.6%) or probable (n = 1099; 18.4%) dengue. The median age was 33 years (range: <1-91); 3007 (50.5%) travellers were female. The median travel duration was 21 days (interquartile range [IQR]: 15-32). The median time between illness onset and GeoSentinel site visit was 7 days (IQR: 4-15). The most frequent reasons for travel were tourism (67.3%), visiting friends or relatives (12.2%) and business (11.0%). The most frequent regions of acquisition were South East Asia (50.4%), South Central Asia (14.9%), the Caribbean (10.9%) and South America (9.2%). Ninety-five (1.6%) travellers had complicated dengue, of whom 27 (0.5%) had severe dengue and one died. Of 2710 travellers with data available, 724 (26.7%) were hospitalized. The largest number of cases (n = 835) was reported in 2019. A broad range of international travellers should be aware of the risk of acquiring dengue and receive appropriate pre-travel counselling regarding preventive measures. Prospective cohort studies are needed to further elucidate dengue risk by destination and over time, as well as severe outcomes and prolonged morbidity (long dengue) due to travel-related dengue.

Tourism Policy for Sustainable Mountain Tourism: A Systematic Literature Review

The tourism sector is a key driver of socio-economic advancement. This study aims to assess tourism policy for sustainable mountain tourism using a systematic literature review. The research is based on a review of empirical studies, reports, and policy documents. The Google Scholar search engine was applied using the keywords "tourism policy" and "sustainable mountain tourism". All papers that were published from January 2010 to February 2024 have been checked for the study and 27 research papers were selected for this study using the PRISMA framework. An increased emphasis on sustainability and responsible practices has resulted in a paradigm change in the global tourism business. Sustainable tourism promotes ecological sustainability, economic viability, and social equality by mitigating the negative effects of tourism on the environment, society, and economy. Collaboration with stakeholders is essential for implementing integrated sustainable mountain tourism policies. For this, government strategies should be directed toward improving sustainability awareness, strengthening local communities and political leaders’ participation, and adopting new technologies and renewable energy sources for sustained growth.

Impact of Entrepreneurial Learning on Tourism Business Performance: Exploring Mediating Role of Innovation Capabilities Through PLS-SEM

ABSTRACT The present study investigates the mediating role of innovation capability between entrepreneurial learning and tourism business performance dimensions. Cognitive Social Learning Theory has been applied to build the research model in Entrepreneurial learning, Innovation capability, and Business performance. 350 questionnaires were collected from tourism business firms/organizations and renascent entrepreneurs in Jammu and Kashmir, India. The results were significant regarding the mediating role of innovation capability in the relationship between entrepreneur learning and business performance dimensions. The findings shall help better understand how Innovation capabilities affect the relationship between entrepreneurial learning and the business performance of tourism entrepreneurs. Considering the extent of literature and essential aspects of entrepreneur learning and business performance with the mediating role of innovation capability, the research model of the present study would enrich the existing literature and shall provide a better understanding of how Innovation capabilities affect the relationship between entrepreneurial learning and the business performance of tourism entrepreneurs and simultaneously have validated and favored the theory of cognitive, social learning.

Knowledge of Tour Guides in the Sekumpul Waterfall Regarding Occupational Health and Safety

Occupational health and safety is an important thing to pay attention to in any activity, one of which is in the tourism sector. In the world of tourism, many tourism activities are offered by tourism business actors, which must pay attention to the health and safety of the tourism offered. The purpose of this study was to see the level of knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of tour guides at the Sekumpul Waterfall tour, Buleleng Regency, Bali regarding occupational health and safety. This research is a cross-sectional study using a descriptive-analytic approach with a one-group pretest-posttest research design. The sampling technique used accidental sampling. The number of samples in this study was 76 people. Data were analyzed descriptively quantitatively using the Paired Samples T Test and presented in the form of a frequency distribution table, then compared descriptively. The results showed that the level of knowledge in the good category of respondents before receiving education was 57.89 percent. Then after receiving education the level of knowledge of the respondents in the good category increased to 72.37 percent. Based on the Paired Samples T Test results, the value of p is 0.001 was obtained, which means education effectively increases respondents' knowledge regarding K3 in tour guides at Sekumpul Waterfall tour. Suggestions that can be recommended in this study are that the Sekumpul Waterfall tour manager needs to pay attention to the preparedness of the tour guide in carrying out his work. It is necessary to carry out periodic guidance related to Occupational Health and Safety and disaster preparedness.

Digital Innovations and Market Dynamics of Tourism Businesses in Turkey

This research explores the intricate relationship between digital innovations and market dynamics within the Turkish tourism businesses. Employing a qualitative approach, data were gathered through in-depth interviews with key stakeholders, including representatives from tourism agencies, hoteliers, tour operators, and technology providers. Thematic analysis of the data revealed several key findings. Firstly, digital innovations have enabled tourism businesses to enhance customer engagement and deliver personalized experiences, leveraging social media, online booking platforms, and mobile applications. Secondly, technology adoption has led to improved operational efficiency and cost reduction through automation and optimization of various processes. Thirdly, digital platforms have facilitated market expansion and global reach, enabling businesses to tap into new markets and attract international tourists. However, challenges such as digital literacy, data privacy concerns, and the need for government support remain prevalent. Collaboration between the public and private sectors is crucial in driving digital transformation and fostering sustainable growth in the Turkish tourism industry. While the qualitative nature of this study limits generalizability, future research endeavors could explore longitudinal trends, conduct comparative studies across regions, and investigate the role of emerging technologies. Overall, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the impact of digital innovations on the Turkish tourism sector and provides valuable insights for academia, industry practitioners, and policymakers alike.

PERCEIVED RISKS MEDIATE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TOURISM DESTINATION IMAGE AND TOURIST BEHAVIOURAL INTENTION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW (2018-2024)

Tourism industry has become the backbone of most countries’ economies. In most countries, it helped and contributed to the growth of the national Gross Domestic Product (GDP). There are many types of tourism businesses that focus on meeting the needs of different types of customers. Trends in the tourism business are always shifting. Nowadays, tourists are attracted to explore something adventurous in nature sites. However, an increase in the number of natural disasters reported in the media lead to uncertainty of the tourism destination. In fact, it has gained the prominence of all agencies, mainly the tourists, especially when it is related to their safety and security issues. Even though outdoor and adventure sports tend to involve risks, many of the tourists still support nature and extreme activities because it is a natural human life that will do something that makes them happy and feel thrilled of extremeness. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to review the relevant literature on how destination image and perceived risk as a mediating role can affect behavioural intention. To prepare the groundwork, for the subsequent literature review, the key terms are explained. This is followed by a comprehensive discussion about the destination image and its elements. This paper concludes that the elements of destination image should be viewed as a set and associated with perceived risk and behavioural intention. The findings provide an all-encompassing understanding of destination image, illustrate the academic evolution of the topic, and point to crucial directions for future research.

RESEARCH OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS TOURISM: THEORETICAL BASIS AND ANALYTICAL ASPECTS

Objective. The objective of the present article is to generalize and analyze the theoretical foundations of international business tourism, as well as to identify and study the basic trends of its development. Methods. To achieve the defined goal, such methods of empirical and theoretical research were used as a literature review, theoretical generalization (to identify, collect and analyze modern studies devoted to various aspects of the development of international business tourism); comparative analysis, comparison (to compare inbound tourism by the purpose of the visit in the world for different studied periods; to compare the inbound flows of international business tourism by different countries of the world; to analyze inbound tourism by business and professional purpose of travel in the countries of the Central /Eastern Europe, identifying common and opposing trends); data visualization (for visualization and grouping of material). Results. The obtained results of the research allowed: 1) to conclude that the volume of business tourism in the world in the comparative years of 2019 and 2021 did not change and was equal to 11% of the total number of trips made; 2) to determine, on the basis of a comparative analysis of selected countries of the world, that there is a significant excess of travel for personal purposes over travel for business and professional purposes in all analyzed countries; 3) prove on the basis of the analysis of inbound tourism by business and professional purpose of travel in the countries of Central/Eastern Europe (according to the classification of UN Tourism) for the period 2016-2022 that the common trend for all analyzed countries, with the exception of Hungary, is a decrease the amount of income for business and professional purposes for the analyzed period; 4) to establish the leading countries of Central/Eastern Europe in terms of the volume of arrivals for business and professional purposes of travel, including Poland, Hungary and Bulgaria, and to find out that Ukraine has the smallest number of travelers.

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF THE PERFORMING ARTS INDUSTRY ON LOCAL COMMUNITIES IN URBAN AND RURAL SETTINGS: A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY

The performing arts industry in India significantly contributes to local economies through job creation, tourism revenue, and local business growth. This paper presents a comparative analysis of the economic impact of the performing arts in urban and rural areas, focusing on two key objectives: evaluating the economic contributions of the performing arts to urban and rural communities, and analyzing the differences in economic outcomes due to varying levels of infrastructure, investment, and audience participation. The analysis reveals that urban areas, with their superior infrastructure, higher investment levels, and diverse audiences, generate substantial economic benefits through large-scale events and festivals. These events create employment, drive tourism, and foster business growth. In contrast, rural areas, while benefiting from traditional and folk performances, face challenges such as limited infrastructure and financial constraints. However, rural arts festivals and cultural tourism initiatives have shown potential in stimulating local economies, especially in underdeveloped regions. The study highlights the need for targeted investment and policy interventions to bridge the urban-rural divide and promote equitable economic development through the performing arts. Digital platforms and government initiatives like “Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat” are identified as key opportunities to enhance the economic contributions of the performing arts in rural India.

Miwiti Creative Space Semarang: Modern Business With Fundraising Capital (Crowdfunding)

The tourism business plays a significant role in economic income, with creative spaces emerging as a notable trend in the industry. The Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy promotes these spaces to support creative economy entrepreneurs. One critical issue aspiring entrepreneurs face is securing capital, leading to the adoption of crowdfunding methods. Miwiti Creative Spaces, a pioneer in Semarang, has explored this fundraising method. This study investigates the application of crowdfunding methods in the contemporary tourism business. Employing a qualitative descriptive method supported by documentation, the research identifies various stages implemented by Miwiti Creative Spaces in applying crowdfunding to meet their needs. The findings indicate that crowdfunding can effectively address funding challenges for new entrepreneurs. Specifically, the study reveals that Miwiti Creative Spaces follows a structured approach, beginning with identifying potential projects suitable for crowdfunding. They then plan strategically to reach potential backers, leveraging social media and other digital platforms for outreach. The process involves continuous communication with supporters to build trust and maintain interest, ensuring transparency and accountability throughout the funding period. The study underscores that crowdfunding provides a financial solution and fosters community and engagement among supporters. This can enhance the visibility and reputation of new ventures. Consequently, the research concludes that crowdfunding is a viable and beneficial method for overcoming funding barriers in the creative economy sector. This insight is valuable for policymakers and entrepreneurs leveraging crowdfunding for business development.

SENSORY MARKETING AND PURCHASING BEHAVIOR LINKING COFFEE FAMILIES' CULTURE WITH THE CONSUMER

Sensory marketing focuses on generating a positive experience for users through their senses, their past, their imagination or their emotions; and in tourist businesses such as coffee shops, which share the characteristics of a restaurant and a bar, it connects the tourist with the culture of the coffee families of the place visited. This research identifies the relationship between sensory marketing and purchase behaviour by assessing consumer needs and characteristics that are presented when purchasing a product in coffee shops in emerging economy countries. This is a quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional, correlational research, with a sample of 400 customers of coffee shops in Peru and Colombia under a probabilistic sampling, using a 33-item questionnaire for data collection and IBM SPSS as an instrument for quantitative data analysis. The results show a moderate and significant positive relationship of 0.576 in Peru and 0.419 in Colombia between sensory marketing and purchase behavior. It is also highlighted that for the Peruvian consumer, the management of the senses (50.2%) and pre-purchase moment (47%) are important, and for the Colombian consumer the management of emotions (71.3%) and post-purchase moment (67.9%) are important. It is concluded that there is a relationship between sensory marketing and purchase behavior in the coffee shops studied, so it is recommended to address sensory marketing strategies and emphasize the sensory experience during the consumer's purchase process, highlighting the culture of coffee families as a competitive advantage.

WEATHER-DRIVEN FLUCTUATIONS IN DAILY BEACH TOURISM: INSIGHTS FROM COASTAL DESTINATION DYNAMICS IN SPAIN

Tourism dynamics are profoundly influenced by weather conditions, particularly in regions celebrated for their climatic appeal. The Rías Baixas, a renowned coastal destination in northwest Spain, presents an exemplary case for examining this interplay. This study aims to enhance comprehension of how tourists alter their daily activities in response to weather changes, providing valuable insights for improved planning and management in the tourism sector. Faced with the methodological challenge of accurately measuring daily tourist flows, especially in areas such as beaches without entry registers, this study innovatively uses daily vehicle traffic intensity data in access areas to quantify tourist behavior patterns. Positive correlations are observed between the arrival of vehicles and sunshine. For tourism businesses, short-term weather forecast information, as well as a better understanding of travelers’ behavior, is crucial for decision making and operational planning.

PROJECT-BASED LEARNING TECHNOLOGIES AS A MEANS OF FORMATION OF MULTICULTURAL COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE OF FUTURE SPECIALISTS IN THE FIELD OF TOURISM IN THE CONDITIONS OF BLENDED LEARNING

The aim of the article is to investigate and theoretically substantiate the role of project-based technologies as a means of developing multicultural communicative competence in future tourism professionals within the context of blended learning. The effectiveness of tourism and hotel business depends on a set of factors. Among them is the professional competence of employees which reflects the ability and willingness of specialists to use their knowledge and practical skills in practice, and thus forming the model of a practitioner capable of solving problems in the chosen field of activity and demonstrating their high efficiency. In addition to professional competence, a future specialist in the field of tourism must have intercultural communication competence which reveals itself through the specific way of carrying out productive activity, and is formed during the period of training at higher education institution as a part of the process of project activity. It is assumed that project activity is treated as the goal and method of learning which creates conditions for the development of skills underlying the competence. Among the skills are: creative thinking, reflection, goal setting, forecasting, choosing effective solutions, creating working teams, achieving results and evaluation of their effectiveness. The article considers the project technology as a means of the formation of multicultural communicative competence of future specialists in the field of tourism. It is stated that expedient and properly organized work on the project during the study of language material will help to form and improve specific language skills, which will lead to the development of multicultural communicative competence. The article focuses on the implementation of principles of project technology into the process of teaching foreign languages to students of speciality 242 “Tourism and Recreation”. The paper presents the analysis of the main features of project-based learning as well as the stages of work project. It also reflects the experience of application of project method in the process of the formation of multicultural communicative competence of future specialists in the field of tourism. It is proved that the use of project method in foreign language classes in the sphere of professional communication contributes to the development of students’ competencies as a set of knowledge, skills and abilities that ensure their readiness to solve specific problems in a multicultural environment. The main advantages of implementation of project technology were defined based on the conceptual analysis of pedagogical literature, own pedagogical experience, systematization of theoretical approaches and methods existing in the educational environment of higher school. It is noted that properly organized work on the project at classes on professionally oriented foreign language not only forms multicultural communicative competence, but also allows forming professional, social competences in parallel. As a result, one more goal of training in higher education institution is achieved, namely the formation of students’ project competence. It has been concluded that project-based activities not only enable students to learn the language, thereby developing multicultural communicative competence, but also contribute to the acquisition of academic skills and the formation of integrative project-based experience in the process of studying a range of academic disciplines.

Assessing the Travel Industry: Basis for a Centralized Travel and Tour Operation Management System

Most travel and tour operation management systems often suffer from fragmentation, lack of integration, inefficient processes, and limited scalability. These issues lead to delays, errors, poor coordination, and, ultimately, dissatisfied customers. Additionally, there is a notable absence of centralized platforms that can effectively manage various aspects of travel and tour operations, including bookings, itineraries, payments, and customer communications. To address these challenges, this study introduces a Centralized Travel and Tour Operation Management System for the tourism industry in Surigao City, Philippines. The proposed system will seamlessly streamline operations, enhances customer satisfaction, and improves overall efficiency in the travel and tourism sector by utilizing User Experience (UX) and User Interface (UI) design principles. This is to ensure that the system is accessible to users with different needs. The features of the system also include booking management, inventory management, customer relationship management (CRM), billing and invoicing, reporting and analytics, content management, and compliance and security. The study was conducted using both qualitative and quantitative research methods. The purposive sampling method was used to select participants based on specific criteria relevant to the research objectives. Tourists, both local and international, were asked to evaluate the current system and identify the problems or issues they encountered during the booking process. The results showed there are several key challenges in terms of the competition among tourism businesses and economic factors. There is also a need for an improved infrastructure, particularly transportation and safety measures, to facilitate easier access and ensure the security of tourists. The centralized booking and management systems is considered as a way to streamline planning and enhance convenience for visitors. that the proposed system is highly relevant in enhancing the tourism sector, contributing to the development and improvement of the travel and tourism industry

The emerging landscape of halal tourism in the digital era: an IT perspective

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive literature review on the application of information technology (IT) in Halal tourism. Halal tourism is a segment of the tourism business catering to Muslims in accordance with Islamic law, which has significant potential for economic growth and is an important export market for the global tourism industry.Design/methodology/approachFollowing the guidelines of Kitchenham, this study developed four research questions to achieve its objective. A systematic literature review was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses methodology, collecting and assessing 163 English-language publications published between 2016 and 2022, resulting in 18 relevant documents.FindingsThe review identified nine key research topics related to IT in Halal tourism, which are organized into three major themes: technology-enhanced Halal tourism, digital marketing and communications in Halal tourism and quality and satisfaction in Halal tourism.Originality/valueThis paper fills a gap in the existing literature by synthesizing the current research on the use of IT in Halal tourism. It also proposes potential areas for future research, such as developing artificial intelligence-powered applications for Halal tourism through the creation of a domain-specific knowledge graph.

Digital Leadership and Sustainable Competitive Advantage: Leveraging Green Absorptive Capability and Eco-Innovation in Tourism and Hospitality Businesses

This study explores the influence of digital leadership (DL) on sustainable competitive advantage (SCA) in tourism and hospitality businesses, focusing on green absorptive capability (GAC) and eco-innovation (EI) as mediators. This study focused on middle-line management in travel agencies and hotels in Saudi Arabia. A total of 323 valid responses were collected and analyzed using WarpPLS 7.0, a PLS-SEM analysis tool. DL positively affected SCA, GAC, and EI. In addition, SCA was positively impacted by GAC and EI. Furthermore, this study found that GAC and EI significantly mediated the DL→SCA relationship. This study enhances the Dynamic Capabilities Theory, offering valuable insights for tourism and hospitality managers to utilize digital strategies and environmental initiatives for eco-conscious market competitiveness.

Innovative Development of Rural Green Tourism in Ukraine

The purpose of the article was to investigate the potential of rural green tourism in Ukraine and to determine the main directions of its innovative development, taking into account global, national, and regional trends. SLR (Systematic Literature Review), methods of expert assessment, selective observation, and graphic method were used to achieve the set goal. The article analyzes the current state of rural green tourism in Ukraine; the tourism and recreation potential of rural areas of Ukraine was assessed; promising types of innovations that are currently relevant for implementation in the practice of providing services in the field of rural green tourism in Ukraine are defined and grouped; and the impact of global, national, and regional trends on the current stage of activity and further development of rural green tourism in Ukraine is determined. It is determined that in modern economic conditions, rural tourism serves as a stabilizing factor that will contribute not only to maintaining the normal living standards of rural residents, but also to the development of the region’s economy, service infrastructure, household services, and the social sphere. Thus, rural green tourism is the main tool for stimulating the economic and socio-cultural development of rural areas. The results of the assessment of the tourist and recreational potential of rural green tourism of Ukraine showed that the recreational and tourist attractiveness of rural areas is mainly determined by natural and ecological conditions, cultural and historical conditions, and the tourist infrastructure of the region. Financial economic, socio-demographic, and administrative management conditions negatively affect the recreational and tourist attractiveness of rural areas, resulting in the low ability of the rural population to implement innovations. It has been established that in order for the tourist business to be able to quickly adapt to the normal state, it is necessary to introduce innovative types of tourism that will make it possible to attract a larger number of people to the tourist business and establish additional income due to the introduction of innovative offers, new tours, visits to special places, and the entire range of services of the best quality, which will contribute to the accelerated implementation of online forms and digital tools in the provision of tourist services, etc. It has been proven that the introduction of innovations plays an important role in ensuring the sustainable and balanced development of rural tourism in Ukraine, contributing to the creation of new opportunities and improving the quality of tourist services.

Islamic destination to millennials in Bandung: Islamic attributes and destination image on tourist satisfaction with visiting decision as mediator

PurposeThe study aims to explore millennial tourist satisfaction in an Islamic tourism destination, which this research will clarify the relationship between Islamic attributes and destination image on visiting decisions and their influence on tourist satisfaction.Design/methodology/approachThe quantitative research approach with exploratory by applying structural equation model techniques, which method of collection data by surveys. Purposive sampling was used to 400 Muslim millennials tourist who visit Islamic destination in Bandung, Indonesia. The questionnaire used in this study based on a review of previous studies.FindingsThe findings show that a destination’s Islamic attribute has substantial influence on destination image and millennials’ choice to visit the tourist site. Then Islamic attributes have positive influence on millennials’ willingness to visit Bandung as visitors. A strong identification with a location’s destination image has been demonstrated a positive impact on visiting destination. This research revealed that the visiting choice had a favorable and substantial influence on Islamic visitor satisfaction through visiting decision to Bandung.Research limitations/implicationsThis research focuses on millennials tourist whoever visit Bandung tourist destination, the research findings may be limited in their generalizability. As a result, researchers are encouraged to explore the offered hypotheses further.Practical implicationsIslamic tourism business players who are targeting the millennial generation as their target market are urged to pay close attention the Islamic attributes and destination image, because according to the research results. These variables have an impact on visiting decisions and tourist satisfaction. Then the online travel agent should maintain the destination image by promoting the destination in offline and online media.Social implicationsThe findings of this study are expected to enrich the literature on consumer behavior, especially in the tourism industry in the Tourism 4.0 era.Originality/valueTo the best authors’ knowledge, the research model is never been explore by other researchers in the field of Islamic tourism literatures. For further studies, the authors’ can modify this research by using different objects so that comparisons can be made and using other determinant factors that can affect the satisfaction of Muslim tourists.

Conservation of resources for sustainable performance in tourism

This study aims to examine the impact of green purchasing, waste management, eco-friendly design of products and services, and customer relationship management on sustainable performance in the South Asian tourism industry. The contemporary tourism and hospitality industry increasingly focuses on environmental sustainability. The tourism sector is considered to contribute significantly to the economy. It allows employment and generates economic profits, resulting in an increase in overall economic activity. This study used deductive and quantitative approaches to evaluate the research hypotheses. Data was gathered from 463 tourism-related businesses situated across diverse locations in Pakistan. This study discovered that green purchasing has a significant impact on sustainable performance. Similarly, waste management, eco-friendly design of products and services, and customer relationship management all had a significant impact on sustainable performance. This research presents a framework that highlights the practices of tourism businesses in attaining sustainable performance, utilizing the Conservation of Resources (COR) theory for support. The inclusion of COR theory in examining variables related to sustainable performance is considered a unique and pioneering contribution to interdisciplinary fields such as supply chain management and the tourism industry. Furthermore, this study is the first of its kind in the South Asian region, specifically in Pakistan.

Welfare and stress assessment of tourism carriage horses under real working conditions in Sicily

Animal welfare has become an increasingly important concern regarding equids working as carriage animals. In the present study, the changes in the markers of stress and inflammatory responses as a result of the work performed by tourism carriage horses under real working conditions in Sicily (Italy) were investigated. Twenty-two Standardbreds performed a normal working day in the carriage tourism business during the months of May, June and July 2022, consisting of one day of work for each month. Blood samples were collected in the stables at rest before the tour route (Pre; 07.00 AM) and within 10 min after the end of the workday (Post; 05.00 PM). Haematological parameters, serum concentration of cortisol, total proteins together with the globulin fractions were investigated before and after the carriage work. Environmental temperature, relative humidity and temperature humidity index (THI) were also assessed. The direct erythrocyte indices increased after work compared to rest condition (P < 0.05). The values of cortisol, total proteins and globulins were not affected by carriage work (P > 0.05), while, higher cortisol, total proteins, α1- and α2-globulins values were observed in July compared to May and June (P < 0.05). These changes are probably due to the increase in THI values which showed mild stress in June and high stress in July. This study suggests that the tourism carriage horses herein investigated have adapted to their work activity, however, avoiding working horses during the hottest hours of the day in the summer months is advocated.

Tourism Potential Development Strategy Using the Military Model To Improve Local Economic Development in Indonesia

Indonesia has an incredible diversity of natural resources and is one of the largest countries in the Asian region and even in the world. These natural resources can boost the local economy through tourism and various businesses. Therefore, to increase regional economic growth through the development of tourism potential, it is necessary to make careful plans and strategies. The purpose of this study is to determine methods that can be used to increase regional economic growth through the development of tourism potential. This study used a qualitative description approach. The goal is to provide an accurate picture of a particular characteristic, situation, symptom, or group of individuals, or to identify the frequency or distribution of symptoms. In military science, the strategic concept of "ends, ways, and means" developed by Arthur F. Lykke Jr. can be used to increase tourism potential. This concept explains that the existence of the tourism sector must include three objectives of this strategy: 1) Ends, which is a strategic concept centered on the ultimate goal of a tourism management strategy; 2) Means, which are methods or approaches used to achieve goals; and 3) Means, which is By implementing this idea, it is hoped that regional tourism growth can generate prosperity and economic independence, as well as a significant contribution to regional and national income.