ideas, then at least as embodied in cultural products such as books and periodicals, pictures, music, methods of political control and business management, forms of religious belief and ecclesiastical organization. The concept of value owes its impregnable position in human psychology to an elementary, undeniable fact-the fact that when a human being obtains satisfaction from the use and possession of a certain object, this object acquires an appeal as a possible source of future satisfaction, and his activity is thereafter directed upon this object as a goal. For purposes of the present discussion it will be sufficient to define value as that property inherent in some objects of promising and furnishing satisfaction to the human organism-or, in brief, as an objective source of satisfaction. If, proceeding with the subject, one undertakes to say what kinds and classes of objects possess value for the human being, he is baffled by the complexity of the human situation and by the multitude of factors which engage to determine the value judgments and choices of the average individual. It will help to give this question of the classes and kinds of value its requisite biosocial setting if we remind ourselves of these various factors as brought to light by psychological investigation. The following list is well authenticated but makes no pretension to completeness: (i) The constitutional urges and drives of the This content downloaded from 157.55.39.211 on Mon, 08 Aug 2016 04:41:46 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms THE VALUES OF PERSONAL ASSOCIATION 449 human organism, which are much the same in all individuals. To these may be added a characteristic emotional trend or temperament in which individuals differ and which may perhaps depend on endocrine organization. (2) Native intelligence, in its distinguishable forms or expressions, such as verbal-conceptual, mechanical, social, and aesthetic. Innate differences in intellectual ability seem to be well established. It is also a fact that individuals are born with special intellectual tastes and aptitudes, e.g., for mathematics, music, machinery, executive leadership, etc. (3) The idea of the self, of one's own abilities, desires, and worth. (4) The social culture pattern, along with the notion of what is admirable in individual character and conduct. (5) The direct contacts of early life, in the family and in the local neighborhood. (6) Formal education and technical training. (7) Occupational opportunity and incentive as offered by the existing economic and political order. All these diverse factors affect the values which men attach to objects, not of course by separate action, but by continuous interplay along countless lines. Thus the social culture pattern and the concept of the self, organic drive and intelligent foresight, early training and occupational opportunity, work in closest functional interdependence. This variety of interlocking factors has suggested different points of view from which values may be described and classified. One thinks, for example, of the appetites of the id, the prudential ambitions of the ego, and the ideals and standards of the superego. Or of objects as serving the interests of the self as an individual organism, of other individuals directly associated with the self, and of the larger inclusive social whole. Final authority can be claimed for no one classification; the right classification is the one which best serves the investigation under way. Thus the classification or grouping here to be proposed has the advantage of emphasizing one point of difference between valued objects which has cardinal importance in explaining what is distinctive about the values of personal association. No other merit is claimed for it-not even This content downloaded from 157.55.39.211 on Mon, 08 Aug 2016 04:41:46 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms