Legal Entity Research Articles

Law Enforcement Against Perpetrators of Criminal Acts In The Insurance Sector In The Perspective of Money Laundering (Study At Manado District Court)

Human life activities are inseparable from the risks that can occur at any time that can cause losses. One effort to overcome this is to use insurance services, but today there are often cases of insurance that harm the community, among others, due to irregularities by insurance agents and the perpetrators are only subject to criminal sanctions in the insurance sector, even though the act is a criminal act of money laundering. This research is a normative juridical research, using a statutory approach and a case approach. The results of the study, that law enforcement against perpetrators of criminal acts in the insurance sector in the perspective of money laundering in cases committed by Mrs. Swita Glorite Supit based on Manado District Court Decision Number: 125/Pid.Sus/2021/PN. Mnd dated June 8, 2021, has not been implemented optimally in accordance with the provisions of applicable laws and regulations, where law enforcement only applies the provisions of general crimes and criminal acts in the insurance sector, despite the fact that Mrs. Swita Glorite Supit committed money laundering proceeds in the insurance sector. Obstacles in law enforcement against perpetrators of criminal acts in the insurance sector in the perspective of money laundering in cases committed by Mrs. Swita Glorite Supit, consists of aspects of legal substance, where the provisions on criminal acts in the field of insurance and money laundering are special crimes so that Investigators and Public Prosecutors only apply crimes in the field of insurance, and there are no regulations of the Financial Services Authority that specifically regulate the procedures, procedures and activities of insurance agents. Aspects of legal structure, where the understanding of law enforcement who handles the case so that it does not apply the provisions of money laundering in accordance with the actions committed by Mrs. Swita Glorite Supit, and aspects of legal culture, where the public does not know and understand well the provisions governing criminal acts in the field of insurance, and about money laundering

The Existence of Regional-Owned Liability Companies as Profit-Oriented Regional-Owned Enterprises

<p>Regional-Owned Enterprise (“BUMD”) is a business entity owned by the regional government as a source of local revenue, especially to provide benefits to the regional economy based on Good Corporate Governance. In addition to seeking profit, Regional Companies also carry out social functions for the residents of their regions. Before the era of regional autonomy, regional companies were regulated by Law No. 5 of 1962 concerning Regional Companies. Responding to this, the government together with the People's Representative Council (“DPR”) replaced the Law on Regional Companies with the Law on Regional Government and Government Regulations on BUMD. The two regulations were drafted to improve the performance of regional companies, as well as to fill the legal vacuum regarding regulations regarding BUMD. In practice, the purpose of establishing the BUMD has not been achieved because BUMD is required to have a social function in society, which makes it less focused on its main mission. Using a normative juridical research method and statutory approach as well as conceptual approach, this paper comprehensively examines Regional Liability<strong> </strong>Company (“Perseroda”) regulations and offers an ideal concept for the existence of profit-oriented Perseroda in Indonesia. The legal theories used are the Theory of Three Fundamental Legal Values (Gustav Radbruch) and the Legal Entity Theory. The results of the research show that the most appropriate solution is to have the management of BUMD separate from the Regional Government Law and that the issuance of Government Regulations regarding BUMD is proven yet to be able in addressing the problem of BUMD management. Therefore, it is recommended that the DPR and the Government immediately organize and harmonize regulations regarding BUMD management so as to realize good BUMD governance and performance, especially to support the strength of the regional economy.</p>

An Evaluation of the Innovative Funding Models on Effective Administration of Secondary Schools in Imo State, Nigeria

There is room for innovations at every given point in time including in the financial management of educational institutions. Innovative funding models are contemporary funding models explored and used in effective and efficient financial maintenance of an institution. This institution can be educational, financial, religious, business, and so on. This study examined the influence of innovative funding models on administration of secondary schools in Imo State. Two research questions guided the study while two hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance. Descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. The population for the study was 297 principals which comprised 83 males and 214 females. There was no sampling procedure because the population was manageable. The questionnaire used for data collection was a 15-item structured titled “Innovative Funding Models on Effective Administration of Secondary Schools Questionnaire (IFMEASSQ)”. The questionnaire was validated by three research experts, two experts in Educational Management from the Department of Social Science Education and one expert in Measurement and Evaluation unit of Department of Educational Foundations, all from Faculty of Education, Imo State University (IMSU), Owerri. Cronbach Alpha statistic was used to compute the internal consistency of the instrument which yielded .83 and .81 for clusters 1 and 2 with an overall reliability index of .82 which indicates that the instrument was reliable. The research questions were answered using mean and standard deviation while the hypotheses were tested with t-test statistic. The findings of the study showed that community involvement and corporate sponsorships influence the administration of secondary education in Imo State to a great extent. Based on the findings, the study recommended that Imo State government should create attractive policies that would enhance massive participations of individuals and corporate bodies in the funding administration of secondary schools.

Non Penal Policy to Reduce The Rate of Narcotics Crime Through a Double Track System

This research will analyze the problems contained in the implementation of the double track system for narcotics crimes using Lawrence M. Friedman's legal system theory. The author uses normative legal research with a conceptual approach and deductive method accompanied by supporting data to produce a comprehensive and critical analysis to answer the problem. The purpose of this research is to find problems in the use of the double track system in narcotics crimes using Friedman's legal system theory, this is done because in Friedman's legal system theory will divide through three aspects, namely legal substance, legal structure, and legal culture in narcotics crimes. Based on the results of the research, the legal substance problem in narcotics crime is the existence of strict liability which can cause overcriminalization so that depenalization, decriminalization, and diversion policies are needed in the Narcotics Law. In addition, there is a tendency for judges in deciding narcotics cases to only use imprisonment without accompanying it with rehabilitation. In the legal structure, there are problems in the form of a lack of drug rehabilitation facilities, the strong retributive influence so that imprisonment is the main answer in dealing with problems, abuse of power committed by law enforcers, and imprisonment which is a criminogenic factor for narcotics crimes. While the problems in legal culture are stigmatization by the community, the need for confidentiality of identity, the influence of the surrounding environment, and the level of education and employment affect the incidence of drug crimes.

Organizational Practices’ Role in Managing Open Innovation and Business Performance

Given the ever-changing world of technological advances, and due to the fact that business entities strive for efficiency and cost reduction, open innovation (OI) has become the focus of academic and scholarly discussions. Furthermore, to increase their competitiveness, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) have started implementing OI practices. This study aims to investigate the impact of SMEs’ internal organizational practices on OI and the impact of the latter on SMEs’ business performance. This quantitative study, which was based on gathering insights from SMEs, sought to answer two research questions related to the effects of organizational practices on the adoption and management of OI processes in SMEs and the role of OI in accelerating the business performance of SMEs. The findings revealed that not all SMEs’ internal organizational practices have a positive impact on both OI and SMEs’ business performance. This study is among the earliest studies in the UAE and GCC region to explore the impact of specific internal organizational practices on SME OI adoption and its business performance. The present study contributes theoretically and practically to OI literature and assists SME managers in evaluating their internal organizational practices’ suitability for OI adoption.

Analysis of the Principles of Good University Governance at the University of Indonesia as a State University with Legal Entity (PTN-BH) in 2014-2019

To achieve its vision and mission, the University of Indonesia (UI) has undertaken a series of improvements across various domains, encompassing governance. However, despite these endeavours, the enhancements in UI's governance do not seem to correlate with its performance achievements as documented in the annual reports. This study aims to analyse the application of the principles of good university governance at UI, a state university, from 2014 to 2019. The findings reveal that the execution of good university governance at UI, operating as a State University with a Legal Entity from 2014 to 2019, has not been optimised. The study delineated obstacles to good university governance at UI, encompassing the lack of involvement in decision-making processes beyond the rectorate, particularly in academic management; absence of transparent selection criteria for critical leadership roles such as UI Rectors and Deans; disparities in workload distribution across UI units; and outdated information on the ui.ac.id website. Recommendations stemming from the study advocate for enhancements in regulatory frameworks, refinement of staff performance assessment mechanisms, dissemination of financial regulations, and exploration of avenues to augment non-tuition revenue streams. These proposed measures aim to mitigate the identified challenges and to implement sound university governance principles more effectively at UI

Legal Consequences Of Using Power Of Attorney In Nominee Agreements: Flexibility And Legal Limitations

The practice of nominee agreements involving the use of power of attorney has become an intriguing topic in the context of modern law. Nominee agreements refer to agreements entered into by certain parties, whereby one party cannot be the lawful owner of the ownership rights to an asset, particularly in the context of the participation of foreign nationals or among Indonesian citizens. However, this practice is also commonly employed by Indonesian citizens themselves, both in transactions between legal entities and individuals, as well as among individuals. Many of these practices are accompanied by formal resolutions through statements and power of attorney documents. This research aims to examine the legal consequences arising from such practices, as well as the extent to which they provide flexibility and the associated legal limitations.

The Obstacles of Women Entrepreneurship on Empowerment in Rural Communities KwaZulu Natal, South Africa

This research aims to determine barriers to the expansion of women-owned businesses in rural communities of South Africa. To collect data for the research, a quantitative research approach was adopted. The research focused on 250 female business owners in the northern KZN rural regions of Umzinyakude, Uthukela, and Ugu. According to the survey, the primary barriers to developing women-owned businesses in rural communities are financial restraints, an absence of formal education, and inadequate facilities. These hurdles, however, may be overcome by women businesses being entrepreneurs in rural South African communities. Eliminating these barriers might empower women entrepreneurs and drive growth in the economy in rural communities, lowering poverty and improving rural people's living conditions. In light of these findings, the research suggests a variety of measures, including different financing methods, focused training and schooling programs, and the development of infrastructure to help women-owned businesses flourish in rural communities. Further research should investigate more issues like cultural as well as social barriers, an absence of accessibility to marketplaces and information, and legal and regulatory obstacles that prevent women from starting business entities in rural communities.

The Role of the Financial Services Authority as a Strategic Partner for the Progress of the Indonesian Capital Market

The Indonesian capital market still faces several obstacles, including relatively low growth rates, limited access to finance, and significant financial risks. Financial services authorities can become strategic partners that encourage capital market growth and stability by innovating products and services, increasing financial access, and collaborating with other parties. This research uses a descriptive type of research with a literature review and reading sources related to the research collected using the literature review research method. This research aims to explore the role of financial services authorities as strategic partners in supporting the progress of the capital market in Indonesia. Based on various sources and theories, it can be concluded that as a supervisory authority, the OJK regulates and supervises institutional, prudential and sound aspects and carries out inspections of financial institutions to ensure that each financial institution is healthy and able to serve the public interest. OJK regulations apply to the issuance of operating permits for stock exchanges, clearing and guarantee institutions, investment fund custodians and settlement agents, securities companies, investment advisors, securities bureaus and other legal entities. OJK also collaborates with various related parties, including educational institutions, the financial industry and the government, to encourage innovation in the Indonesian capital market. The impact of this OJK partnership can help mitigate community losses due to errors by capital market players.

The content of teaching law students to compile international legal documents during the integrated course

Importance. The integrated approach (subject-language integrated learning) creates methodological conditions for the formation of students in non-linguistic areas of training within the framework of an integrated course of two types of competencies simultaneously: foreign language communicative competence and professional competencies. The content of teaching foreign-language oral and written speech to law students is traditionally focused on Russian legislation. At the same time, graduates of the state legal profile in the course of their professional activities face the need to compile international legal documents. However, the selection of the content of teaching law students to compile international legal documents during the integrated course in a professional foreign language is not the subject of a separate study. In this regard, the purpose of the study is to select the content of teaching law students to compile international legal documents.Research Methods. The research is conducted on the basis of studying and summarizing materials of methodological works on the use of a foreign language for special purposes and subject-language integrated learning in teaching students of the field of Law, published in scientific journals of the Higher Attestation Commission of the Russian Federation’s list (K1, K2), as well as other scientific sources: monographs and textbooks on legal English.Results and Discussion. The content of teaching law students to compile international legal documents has been developed, including: a) claims and complaints to international organizations; b) bilateral agreements between two states; c) cooperation agreements between a state body of the Russian Federation and a state body of a foreign state; d) statements of claim, claims and petitions in protecting the interests of an organization (or public legal entities) in foreign courts; e) agreements on cooperation between domestic and foreign legal entities; f) purchase and sale and lease agreements with non-residents of foreign countries; g) import contracts.Conclusions. The relevance of the research lies in the content selection of teaching law students to compile international legal documents. The results obtained can be used in the development of curricula and educational materials for an integrated course for law students.

Crafting Inclusive Marketing Campaigns: Insights and Influential Factors in the Indian Context

With increasing diversity of consumers in the marketplace, marketers have begun to embrace inclusive marketing practices. However, there is still a lack of research on the topic, making it difficult for managers to understand how to design and execute effective campaigns. This study aims to fill this gap by identifying the key factors that contribute toward an impactful inclusive marketing campaign. The study used a sequential mixed-methods approach and first conducted interviews with 29 LGBTQIA+ and non-LGBTQ consumers to gain insights into their perceptions of effective inclusive campaigns. In the study’s second phase, ten industry experts provided inputs for the Fuzzy DEMATEL method to identify critical factors for an effective campaign. The findings revealed seven essential factors: social acceptance of the community, use of community-specific symbols, authentic communication about community issues, top management’s approach, inclusive hiring practices, brand history, and legal market structure, which were then grouped into social, communication-related, brand-related, organization-specific, and other macro-level categories. The study fills an important gap in the inclusive marketing literature and can serve as a practical guide for marketers to design and implement inclusive campaigns.

Program Implementation Merdeka Belajar Kampus Merdeka Through The Implementation of IKU I PTN Standards of The Ministry of Education and Culture (Case Study at University of Indonesia)

Education is an important element in the development of human civilization from time to time to be able to make adjustments to all needs both situational and dispositional. The rapid development in aspects of science and technology requires all of us to go towards changes that also run rapidly in various aspects of life. The demands for these changes include the way of mindset, outlook on something new, social, economic and cultural changes that simultaneously occur significantly, related to these dynamics, universities must provide a quick response in responding to all challenges which of course must be done appropriately, and based on Based on Evidence. The Minister of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia under the leadership of Nadiem Makarim issued a new policy, namely the Independent Learning Program – Independent Campus (MBKM), in this policy there are four core policies that will be targeted from this program, namely, granting autonomous authority to universities related to the addition of new study programs, automatic reaccreditation process, facilitating procedures for changing the status of universities from universities The Public Service Agency (PTNBLU) became a Legal Entity State University (PTNBH), and the latter gave freedom to its students to study outside their study program and even outside their campus. The four programs are basically intended to provide universities with ease to be more independent, autonomous, less bureaucratic, and innovative.

Reimagining Legal AID Institution Regulation to Enhance Legal Certainty

Purpose: This research aims to examine the regulations governing the establishment of Legal Aid Institutions (LAIs/LAOs) in Indonesia, with a focus on achieving necessary legal clarity to ensure their effective functioning. Method: This research employs a prescriptive research method, involving the description of primary and secondary data findings related to the regulations governing LAIs/LAOs establishment in Indonesia. The data are processed and analyzed to derive insights into the current legal framework. Result and Discussion: The findings indicate that the existing regulations concerning the establishment of LAIs/LAOs in Indonesia lack clarity, particularly regarding the legal entity status utilized. While foundation status predominates, its alignment with Indonesian legal principles requires further consistency. Therefore, this research underscores the need for more transparent and comprehensive reformulation of these regulations. Implication of the Research: Reforming the regulations governing the establishment of LAIs/LAOs holds significant implications for improving their efficiency and effectiveness. Such reforms can enhance access to justice, protect human rights, and ensure the proper functioning of LAIs/LAOs, thereby contributing to greater legal certainty and benefiting Indonesians in need of legal aid. Originality/Value: This research contributes to the existing literature by providing insights into the regulatory framework surrounding the establishment of LAIs/LAOs in Indonesia. By highlighting the need for reform and recommending clearer regulations, this study offers practical guidance for policymakers and stakeholders involved in legal aid provision, ultimately advancing the efficacy of legal aid services in Indonesia.

Participatory budgeting in Russia in conditions of economic instability

Subject. The article considers theoretical and methodological aspects of participatory budgeting development in Russia. Objectives. The aim is to substantiate the effects of using the participatory budgeting under economic instability. Methods. The study draws on general scientific methods of cognition (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, comparison, and analogy), and special methods of cognition (comparison of theoretical and practical material, expert method, systematization, and classification). Results. Changes in methodological aspects of budget planning significantly affected the implementation of budget policy. Budget planning is influenced by internal and external factors, and by entities with which public legal entities have to interact at the subnational level. The paper focuses on financial aspects of participatory budgeting, like the total amount of funding for participatory budgeting projects, the average cost per project, the number of funded projects, sources of funding. I investigated options for including participatory budgeting in the budget process of Russian regions and municipalities and identified two main ones used by public legal entities. Conclusions. The study substantiates why participatory budgeting is advisable to apply in conditions of economic instability and uncertainty. It highlights the effects of the development of participatory budgeting practices and specifics of their implementation at the municipal level. The findings can be useful for public authorities, local governments, and those involved in participatory budgeting.

The interaction of concepts and laws of system development in the economic analysis of business entities' activities

Subject. The increasing complexity of business operation processes and rising expectations of stakeholders require rethinking the content of economic analysis of business entities’ activities. Objectives. The study aims at assessing the impact of interaction of modern concepts and laws of system development on the economic analysis of business entities’ activities. Methods. The study employs logical and systems approaches, methods of grouping, comparison, generalization, analysis, and synthesis. We apply the matrix method in the economic analysis to identify the results of interaction of the concepts under consideration and the laws of system development. Results. The analysis demonstrated that the methodology of economic analysis should be geared to solving theoretical and practical issues of the activities of business entities that take into account the transformation of business processes under the influence of digitalization, the emergence of new forms of business organization and management technologies with a focus on harmonious development, the increase in information flows and the complexity of economic information processing, systematization, and transmission. Conclusions. The economic analysis has gradually transformed into an integrated and interdisciplinary scientific discipline aimed at disclosing the problems of business processes and developing possible solutions, which ultimately boils down to developing the most rational courses of action that meet the requirements of stakeholders. The methodology of economic analysis itself is directly dependent on the laws of development and the concepts under consideration. This requires considering the manifestations of their interaction in the development of information and analytical support for the management of economic entities.

Sustainability of development of economic entities in partially autarkic economy

Subject. The article considers the methodology for assessing the sustainability of business entities’ development in modern Russia, characterized by elements of autarky. Objectives. Our aims are to reveal the specifics of sustainable development in a closed economy, determine the degree stakeholders’ interests coordination as a basis for identifying sustainability of their development, elaborate a methodology for determining the sustainability of development of economic entities in a partially autarkic economy. Methods. We employ general scientific methods, i.e. scientific abstraction, analysis and synthesis, as well as approaches to determining the influence of behavioral motives of decision-makers when identifying the effectiveness of economic entities’ development. Results. The paper underpinned the need to determine the impact of the degree of coordination of stakeholders' interests in determining the sustainability of development of market actors; offered a classification of stakeholders' interests; developed the traditional concept of triple bottom line that rests on identification of economic, social, and environmental indicators of development on the basis of supplementing the assessment of sustainability by the results of stakeholder interests coordination. Conclusions. In addition to the impact of social, environmental and economic factors, it is necessary to determine the level of coordination of stakeholders' interests, as well as stakeholder risk.

Internal Audit Engagement and Risk Management in Public Sector Organizations: Does It Really Exist?

Business entities have undergone a shift in the internal audit function towards a more consultative role. Conversely, in public sector institutions like universities, it is not widely recognized. This study investigates how the new paradigm shift in Internal Audit Engagement in Risk Management impacts the Efficiency of Internal Audit. This study introduces Management Support as a moderating variable in the relationship between the two variables. The study included a sample of 51 internal auditors at PTN BLU. Snowball sampling is employed for sampling, and a questionnaire is used for data collection. The data analysis employed Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA). The results indicate that the first hypothesis is confirmed: Internal Audit's participation in Risk Management impacts the Efficiency of Internal Audit. The second hypothesis is confirmed: Management Support influences the relationship between Internal Audit Engagement in Risk Management and Internal Audit Effectiveness. Management support has a substantial impact on the relationship between the two, accounting for 61.1%. This study confirms that cooperation between internal audits and public entity management can enhance the internal audit's effectiveness.

Deciphering the dynamics of financing choices in Indonesian micro-industries: An empirical analysis of internal and external sources

This study analyzes micro-industry characteristics influencing their choice between internal (own capital) and external financing sources (venture capital, banks, and others). A sample size of 83,616, derived from the BPS Survey, was employed for this purpose. Logistic regression analysis was utilized to address the research questions. The findings suggest that own capital financing predominantly supports micro-industries that are small in scale, possess a low business entity status, have mature owner age, have owners with higher educational backgrounds, and exhibit minimal innovation. Conversely, venture capital financing is more inclined towards larger micro-industries with increasing maturity and more innovations. Bank financing is typically allocated to younger micro-industries with higher business entity status, younger owners, lower income, and those incorporating internet usage. Other forms of capital financing are more likely to be selected by micro-industries with owners who have a lower educational background. The characteristics of micro-industries significantly enhance the probability of opting for bank financing. The educational background of the owner is a critical factor in choosing one's own capital and venture capital financing. In contrast, the size of the micro-industry plays a pivotal role in selecting bank and other capital financing.

Prevalence study of musculoskeletal disorders among bank workers

Background: A formal worker is anyone who works for a business entity that has been registered at a government office. Those who work in the formal sector are identical to office work, with long duration of work, tend to be in a static position, and there are repetitive movements, thereby increasing the potential of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD). This can interfere with work productivity and work outcomes expected of formal sector workers. Methods: This study was a descriptive-analytic study with a cross-sectional approach with purposive sampling technique. Data was collected in June 2022 using a personal data questionnaire and the Nordic body map (NBM) questionnaire. Descriptive analysis was performed on the data using IBM SPSS 26 software. Results: Musculoskeletal complaints were found in the upper neck 8.8%, lower neck 6.8%, left shoulder 6.8%, right shoulder 5.4%, back 7.3% and waist 8.3%. Twelve people experienced moderate pain in the waist, 7 people experienced pain in the upper neck, and 2 people experienced very painful feeling in the waist. There were 35 respondents have a low MSD risk level 87.5% and 5 respondents have a moderate MSD risk level 12.5%. Conclusion: The respondents mostly had complaints around the upper neck, lower neck, left shoulder, right shoulder, back, and waist. There were risks of MSD in formal sector workers of risk of the MSD complaints experienced is predominantly low. The ergonomics approach can be applied to respondents with a higher level of risk. Keywords: Formal worker, musculoskeletal disorder, nordic body map, posture

Assessing the Performance of Artificial Intelligence Models: Insights from the American Society of Functional Neuroradiology Artificial Intelligence Competition.

Artificial intelligence (AI) models in radiology are frequently developed and validated using datasets from a single institution and are rarely tested on independent, external datasets, raising questions about their generalizability and applicability in clinical practice. The American Society of Functional Neuroradiology (ASFNR) organized a multi-center AI competition to evaluate the proficiency of developed models in identifying various pathologies on NCCT, assessing age-based normality and estimating medical urgency. In total, 1201 anonymized, full-head NCCT clinical scans from five institutions were pooled to form the dataset. The dataset encompassed normal studies as well as pathologies including acute ischemic stroke, intracranial hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury, and mass effect (detection of these-task 1). NCCTs were also assessed to determine if findings were consistent with expected brain changes for the patient's age (task 2: age-based normality assessment) and to identify any abnormalities requiring immediate medical attention (task 3: evaluation of findings for urgent intervention). Five neuroradiologists labeled each NCCT, with consensus interpretations serving as the ground truth. The competition was announced online, inviting academic institutions and companies. Independent central analysis assessed each model's performance. Accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated for each AI model, along with the area under the ROC curve (AUROC). 1177 studies were processed by four teams. The median age of patients was 62, with an interquartile range of 33. 19 teams from various academic institutions registered for the competition. Of these, four teams submitted their final results. No commercial entities participated in the competition. For task 1, AUROCs ranged from 0.49 to 0.59. For task 2, two teams completed the task with AUROC values of 0.57 and 0.52. For task 3, teams had little to no agreement with the ground truth. To assess the performance of AI models in real-world clinical scenarios, we analyzed their performance in the ASFNR AI Competition. The first ASFNR Competition underscored the gap between expectation and reality; the models largely fell short in their assessments. As the integration of AI tools into clinical workflows increases, neuroradiologists must carefully recognize the capabilities, constraints, and consistency of these technologies. Before institutions adopt these algorithms, thorough validation is essential to ensure acceptable levels of performance in clinical settings.ABBREVIATIONS: AI = artificial intelligence; ASFNR = American Society of Functional Neuroradiology; AUROC = area under the receiver operating characteristic curve; DICOM = Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine; GEE = generalized estimation equation; IQR = interquartile range; NPV = negative predictive value; PPV = positive predictive value; ROC = receiver operating characteristic; TBI = traumatic brain injury.