Business Transactions Research Articles

A Corpus-based Study on Confusable Words in the Visiting and Calling Word Category

This paper comprehensively explores the similarities and differences between the words (knwng - visiting) and (fngwn - calling) based on native speaker corpora. The study delves into semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic aspects. The research reveals that these words share semantic features such as [+written], [+respectful], [+meeting], [+conversation], [+inquiry], and [+visiting], positioning them within specific semantic fields. Semantic differences are not absolute; rather, they often involve overlapping nuances, manifesting in aspects such as subject-object, subject-object relationships, behaviors, locations of action, and duration of action. Grammatical differences are evident in parts of speech, collocations when serving as predicates, and functioning as other sentence components. Abundant corpus data indicate that is frequently used as a noun. These words are commonly employed in scenarios like business transactions, political diplomacy, cultural education, daily communication, legal contexts, holiday greetings, and public welfare, and may appear in the same context, though with differing semantic emphases. Drawing on ontology research, this paper compares and examines the misuses of these words in intermediate language corpora, revealing both one-to-one and one-to-many interword confusion relationships. Errors primarily involve unilateral misuse.

Exploring Constraints and Catalysts: A Comprehensive Analysis of Technology Adoption in Sri Lankan Small and Medium Enterprises

Purpose: Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are considered as the backbone of the economy, however they face many difficulties and challenges for their survival. Adapting to changing technology is one of the primary challenges SMEs face. Globally new technologies such as social media and e-commerce have become the trend in contemporary business activities in Business to Consumer (B2C) communications for SMEs. The study aims to find the factors affecting to the adoption of technology in SME sector in an emerging economy, Sri Lanka.
 Design: The study utilized Technology, Organizational, and Environmental (TOE) model. The data was collected from 102 SME owners in Western province Sri Lanka who are registered as SME sectors with less than 50 employees. Qualitative data were collected from 7 SME owners through semi-structured interviews to evaluate new opportunities can gain via technology adaptation and to evaluate the impact of performance via technology adaptation in SME sector in Sri Lanka.
 Findings: Descriptive statistics revealed that there are substantial disparities in how organizations and the environment adapt to new technologies. The ordinal regression analysis emphasised that organizational and environmental factors significantly influence on adaption of technology. Content analysis revealed that SMEs have gained many new opportunities via adaption of technology such as expand their businesses from local to global using e-commerce platform and online money transactions. Social media has made direct business to business instant contact. Further, transparency of business transactions increase trust with suppliers and customers.
 Implications: The SME sector needs both new technology and updates existing technology status and guided towards modernization and continuous improvement process. Finding of this study will give policy makers and government officials on strengthening and arming SME sector with technology to face challenge and complete with local and international competition.

Securing cryptocurrency transactions: Innovations in malware detection using machine learning

Cryptocurrencies are crucial in modern commerce and finance, whether at the national, corporate, or individual level. They serve as fundamental currencies for buying and selling, enabling various business transactions. However, the rise of cybercrime has brought about concerns regarding their operations, potential breaches in encrypted currencies, and the security systems managing them. The frequency of attack tactics and the motivation of attackers seeking financial gain are well-known. Many cryptocurrencies lack the necessary algorithms, techniques, and knowledge to effectively detect and mitigate malware, making them vulnerable targets for hackers. In this study, machine learning techniques are employed to detect malicious code in digital currencies. Additionally, a comparison of these techniques is conducted to determine the most suitable algorithm and technology, Furthermore, this study highlights the importance of effective malware detection in securing cryptocurrencies. Three datasets of different sizes were used, each yielding distinct results based on dataset size. The AdaBoost model demonstrated superior performance when applied to the short dataset, while the decision tree model performed best with the medium-sized dataset. Conversely, the Naive Bayes model consistently produced the worst results, while the large-size KNN model achieved the highest performance.

Neutral Business Assistance and the Limits of Complicity Under International Criminal Law

Business transactions between corporations and actors involved in grave human rights violations present significant challenges for the assessment of corporate criminal liability. This is particularly evident in cases of “neutral business assistance,” which refer to business conduct that appears legitimate on the surface and falls within day-to-day business operations but nonetheless contributes to the crime. An example of neutral business assistance is selling generic goods (for example, computer technology) legally at market rates, without the explicit intent to aid criminal activity, that increases the perpetrator’s capacity to carry out human rights violations. In such cases, discerning the point at which a legitimate business transaction becomes a wrongful act of complicity remains a complex and unresolved issue in international criminal law. The doctrinal requirement for the wrongful act of complicity is that the assistance provided must have a “substantial effect” on the commission of the crime. Traditionally, this assessment has been grounded in a narrow factual analysis that primarily emphasizes the gravity of harm resulting from aiding and abetting. This one-dimensional approach to wrongfulness, however, oversimplifies the ethical complexities of criminal liability. It overlooks broader normative considerations and the positive societal impact of human cooperation. This article challenges the prevailing harm-based paradigm and introduces a more nuanced methodology to assess the wrongfulness of aiding and abetting across various contexts. To do so, the article embraces a broader perspective on the “substantial effect” criterion, one that takes into account the crucial normative dimension of balancing the harmful effects of aiding and abetting with their corresponding social benefits. As a result, the article outlines a refined theory of the actus reus of complicity that enables a more holistic evaluation of accomplices’ conduct.

Tokenomics In Polish Real Estate – A High-Tech Revolution Or “Dream of The Digital Age”

Tokenomics is one example of a buzzword that is a combination of the terms token and economics. This neologism is not only a linguistic innovation, but also fully reflects the essence of current trends related to the use of new technologies in business transactions. The digitization of economic transactions is possible thanks to blockchain technology. It is no longer disputed that it is a key technology for guaranteeing the immutability of historical data, which translates into the possibility of safe storage and exchange of goods.

ПОДАТКОВИЙ І БУХГАЛТЕРСЬКИЙ ОБЛІК: СПІЛЬНІ РИСИ І ВІДМІННОСТІ

In the current economic environment, both in Ukraine and in foreign countries, the issue of tax accounting is becoming increasingly acute. This is primarily due to the growing requirements of tax administrations both to the quality of tax reporting and to the growing requirements for real-time control and business operations of enterprises. At the legislative level, the concept of tax accounting and its principles are not clearly defined. On the other hand, the requirements for the preparation of tax reporting are clearly regulated. At the moment, there is a debate and controversy among scientists regarding tax accounting, some scientists consider tax accounting as a part of bookkeeping, while others argue that tax accounting has enough characteristics and features to be independent and go hand in hand with bookkeeping. The article analyses approaches and interpretations to the concept of "tax accounting" by various scholars, summarises and offers an interpretation of tax accounting. The paper conducts a comparative analysis of tax accounting and bookkeeping, identifies common and distinctive features. In particular, the primary source of information in both accounting is primary documents, which are the main information base on which certain transactions are recorded and which underlies the preparation of both tax and financial statements. To record business transactions, double entry is used in bookkeeping and tax accounting, and appropriate accounts are allocated for tax payments in the chart of accounts. The result of bookkeeping and tax accounting is reporting, in the first case financial and in the second case tax. The requirements for financial and tax reporting are regulated by different regulatory documents, and there is a difference between bookkeeping and tax accounting in the treatment of certain business transactions, in particular, the date of the VAT liability. The main users of tax reporting as a result of tax accounting are the state tax administration authorities, but there is a tendency that company officials use tax reporting along with financial reporting for the purpose of effective tax planning as one of the elements of the overall planning of the company's development. The publication examines the basic principles of bookkeeping in the context of their applicability to tax accounting, where they are more applicable, except for the accrual basis. It summarises the importance of tax accounting as a subject that requires more detailed research.

Pre-contractual liability in business transactions: economic aspect

Pre-contractual liability in business transactions: economic aspect

ПОСЛУГИ: ОБЛІК ТА ФОРМУВАННЯ СОБІВАРТОСТІ

The article analyzes debatable issues regarding cost accounting of works and services. The main problems are identified. Trade in services is an important part of global economic relations. The fundamental difference between products and services is that services are consumed at the time of provision. Income – based on the degree of completion of the operation, if the results can be reliably estimated. So expenses are simultaneously with such income. The economic definition of the concept of "service" is considered. Services are activities of one person for the benefit of another person. Purposeful activity, the results of which are manifested in a useful effect. The concept of a service is more multifaceted than the concept of a product. Service is a wide range of various types of activities. It has been clarified which areas have services and components of the production cost. It was determined that the sphere of services includes a large group of industries, an important feature of whose activity is the creation of a specific product with appropriate features. The necessity of using the calculation account for the formation of the production cost, the general production account and the account of the cost of the implementation of services was determined. It is necessary to form a production cost for services. The principle of assigning costs and forming the cost price is the same for both products and works and services. The regulatory framework regarding the formation of the production cost of the provided services is considered. National standards determine the procedure for accounting costs in the same way for all products – both for goods and for works or services. And the same approaches remain for the cost of works and services. Business transactions must be recorded in the reporting period in which they arose according to the primary documents. That is, not by the date of drawing up the primary document, but by the date and period of the transaction. The list of production costs, objects for calculating the cost price must be written in the accounting policy as clearly and clearly as possible, without double interpretations. It is important to clearly state in the accounting policy how and for which services you will calculate the cost price. The accounting policy must correspond to the actual real accounting.

CASHLESS TRANSACTION THROUGH E-WALLET: ANALYSIS OF PERCEPTION AND USAGE INTENTION OF MICRO BUSINESS OWNERS IN CAVITE

This study determined the perception and usage intention of micro-business owners in Cavite regarding cashless transactions through e-wallets. Hence, the study aimed to determine the business profile of micro business owners in Cavite in terms of the years of operation of their business and the estimated monthly income. Also, to determine the perception of the participants regarding cashless transactions through e-wallet in terms of accessibility, convenience, and security. Lastly, determine the usage intention of micro business owners in Cavite regarding cashless transactions through e-wallet. The study used descriptive statistics and quantitative research methods to understand and interpret the variables in this study. It presents some information regarding micro business owners and the analysis of the perception and usage intention of micro business owners who are not yet using e-wallets for their business transactions. The data were gathered from the responses of fifty (50) micro business owners in Cavite under retailing business from November 2023 to January 2024, and purposive sampling was used in selecting the participants from Cavite. As a result, the majority of the participants have been operating for 4 to 6 years. Most of them have an estimated monthly income ranging from Php 20,000 to Php 30,000. Furthermore, this study revealed that micro-business owners perceived that cashless transactions through ewallets are accessible, convenient, and secure. Hence, it was concluded that the microbusiness owners intend to use cashless transactions for business transactions.

Leveraging lean 4.0 technologies in healthcare: An exploration of its applications

Lean 4.0, a fusion of lean manufacturing and digital technologies, is a powerful tool for implementing Industry 4.0. Its widespread use across sectors is driven by its ability to eliminate waste, reduce errors, boost revenue, and enhance customer care and efficiency. In the healthcare sector, this fourth lean revolution is particularly beneficial, as it helps to curb wastage and enhance efficiency, leading to more effective outcomes. Lean 4.0, a globally recognized best practice for industrial organisations, has proven its worth in enhancing performance and competitiveness. Its success has led to its adoption not only in manufacturing but also in non-manufacturing sectors such as Healthcare, finance, telecommunications, construction, and logistics. Its ease of use and effectiveness make it a superior alternative to traditional medical waste management techniques. Relevant papers on Lean 4.0 for Healthcare in the current literature are identified and studied to evaluate the impact of Lean 4.0 principles in Healthcare. This review-based research studies Lean 4.0 technologies and their needs in Healthcare. It discusses sustainable support for the healthcare sphere through Lean 4.0. Paper briefs several modalities of Lean 4.0 for the healthcare domain. Finally, the paper identifies and discusses the significant applications of Lean 4.0 in Healthcare. Lean 4.0 is essential to lowering errors that lead to medical mistakes since this business deals with life-or-death situations. Healthcare institutions need to reduce their overall waste reduction. With Lean 4.0, staff members working in quality management, clinical operations, consulting, and patient experience can progress into leadership roles in the healthcare sector. Lean 4.0 technologies can reduce waste production, including employing reusable medical equipment or cutting down on packaging waste. The possible difficulty of integrating digital technologies with healthcare systems and practices is Lean 4.0's limitations for the healthcare industry. Healthcare institutions can use refillable syringes and other disposable items to reduce waste rather than disposable plastic syringes. In future, healthcare institutions may save costs and lessen their environmental effect by minimising trash by using lean 4.0 technologies.

Pripravnost malih i srednjih preduzeća za digitalizaciju - šarijatski finansijsko-tehnološki okvir koristeći percepcije Četvorostrukog Heliksa

The role of Quadruple Helix in promoting the development of digitizing SMEs highlights the significant contribution of Sharia fintech as a new challenge to sustainably and creatively face the Covid-19 disruption. This paper developed a framework of SME's Digitalization Readiness in Supporting Sharia Fintech to scrutinize the quadruple Helix perceptions and the success of digitalization. Furthermore, a Fuzzy-AHP approach is applied to analyze the significant weight of Quadruple Helix interaction and distinguish between universities, industry, communities, and government. This creates the basis of a sustainable corporate sector through the consideration of Information Technology (IT), economy, and Sharia within business activity, transaction, marketing, management, microenvironment, and macro-environment, circumscribed into 24 sub-indicators. This study found that university academicians view business activity as the most significant indication for gauging the digitization readiness of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) based on Sharia fintech. It is followed by marketing, transaction, management, micro, and macro environment. Meanwhile, the other sectors including industry, communities, and government discerned marketing as the deliberation of the SMEs' Sharia-based success digitalization. This framework stimulates and synergizes an integrated works, innovation, economic growth, productivity, technology, knowledge, and skills of Quadruple Helix roles in facing the competitive advantages of digital era with concerning on the Sharia values. The prioritized analysis and recommendation from this framework admit as a guidance tool for Quadruple Helix in decision making and strategic policies in achieving the success of the digital transformation.

РОЛЬ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВА ВНЕДРЕНИЯ КРИПТОВАЛЮТЫ В СОВРЕМЕННУЮ МИРОВУЮ ФИНАНСОВУЮ СИСТЕМУ

This article examines the importance of using cryptocurrency and its assets in the global financial system. Cryptocurrency is a financial asset that was created in an online format, which means that this asset can only be used when transferring funds through digital platforms. The disadvantage of such assets is that the cryptocurrency market is at a development stage, which contributes to its insignificant use due to distrust in online currency and increased risk when investing cryptocurrency in business or other transactions, since it is impossible to track the transaction and return the spent assets. The influence of cryptocurrency in the global system is positive in cases where it is necessary to make payment transactions to another country, because it reduces payment time, eliminates the need to convert currency, reduces costs and commission payments. In addition, cryptocurrency can be used not only as payment for contracts and payments, but also as a means of investing in charity.

КЛАСИФІКАЦІЯ ТА ФУНКЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ ЗМІСТ ПОТОЧНИХ ЗОБОВ’ЯЗАНЬ В ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ ОБЛІКУ

The practical conditions for classifying current accounts payable in the context of organising and setting up analytical accounting are determined. The article analyses regulatory legislative acts and author's scientific interpretations of current liabilities in the organisation of accounting. The proposed classification is intended to increase the efficiency of management decision-making based on control over the periodisation of current liabilities, setting the terms of its repayment, and establishing control over overdue and bad debts. It is proposed to use the principle of periodisation of current accounts payable by domains, types and forms as the basis for distribution and systematisation of information. This system will allow to ensure internal control over the accounts payable of enterprise. Among the functional features, the classification criteria include current liabilities that are contractual and non-contractual in nature, including those based on prolongation. The division of current liabilities at different levels, according to the relevant functional characteristics, is aimed at solving a variety of management tasks. The correctness of the division of accounting objects, as well as the choice of classification criteria, determines the effective organisation of accounting for both the group and the individual object. That is why the division should be based on economic criteria, based on the intended purpose of the object of a particular enterprise. The assessment of the established classification should be based on the efficiency of business activities and the completeness of information satisfaction of users' needs. The classification of current liabilities should be an algorithm for identifying accounting elements of a particular group, and accordingly, the information content should help to avoid management errors. At the highest classification level, it is necessary to distinguish between domains that determine whether the liability is caused by changes in the size of the share capital or is the reason for the reduction of economic benefits of the enterprise. According to the first domain, the liability is caused by reorganisation and liquidation business transactions resulting from the return of a share of the share capital to the founder in the event of his withdrawal from ownership. In the second domain, which is the most common in practice, liabilities should be classified based on the occurrence of debts that may arise from legal aspects of business entities. We propose to use contractual maturities as the basis for the classification, which will allow for compliance with payment discipline and effective control of accounts payable, avoiding fines and penalties. To ensure effective control over accounts payable, we propose to use the periodicity feature in the development of the chart of accounts of an enterprise. The company's liabilities are the basis of the attracted capital, which is embodied in the company's debt to other entities. To ensure correct and timely information support for decision-making in accounting, the correct organisational system of analytics should be provided. As a basis for the distribution and systematisation of information, it is proposed to use the principle of periodisation of current accounts payable by domains, types and forms. This system will allow to ensure the implementation of internal control over accounts payable and serve as a basis for the development of the accounting policy of the enterprise.

Blockchain Technology Adoption: Multinational Analysis of the Agriculture Supply Chain

Agri-produce holds an inimitable place in human-life across the globe. It is an inevitable requirement of livelihoods across the globe. Advanced technologies to improve multiple aspects of agriculture have been developed in recent years. The blockchain technology (BCT) is among these technologies that is proving to be pivotal in supporting business transactions in today's digitally connected environment. This article explores BCT adoption in the agriculture supply chain while focusing on comparing the trends in developed versus developing economies. The study was geared toward identifying the enabling factors and barriers to BCT adoption in the agriculture supply chain. Data was collected from The Netherlands, United States, Saudi Arabia, and India. The study used the Interpretive Structural Modeling—Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory in identifying the factors and ranking them based on their extent of influence. While the study found differences of the enabling factors among the four economies, it also identified that policies are the most important enabler of BCT adoption in the agriculture supply chain.

Working Capital Turnover Ratio: A Managerial Perspective

This study aims to introduce another perspective to better understand working capital turnover ratio – a financial ratio that has been widely used in assessing working capital efficiency of a company. Using a true experimental and a simulation design method like simple business transactions, we find that this formula gives different figures. Management, therefore, may need to aware that the working capital turnover might be beneficial for analysts, but it may be not for financial managers. It provides different meaning as well as its relevancy for money management.

Облік та оподаткування в інтернет-бізнесі: перспективи розвитку та виклики

Complex economic relationships have a significant impact on consumer opportunities. When using the services of enterprises operating in the field of e-commerce, buyers get the opportunity to save money through more affordable prices and the opportunity to compare the cost of goods, choosing the most profitable ones. This allows them to save time as well, as they can shop from the comfort of their homes, choose the most convenient method of payment and delivery. The Internet opens the market, expands its geography and increases the competition of goods, does not set any restrictions except for access to the network. The article is devoted to the analysis of features of accounting and taxation system in modern Internet business. The impact of digital transformation on accounting and taxation is considered, taking into account the dynamic nature of this sector of the economy. An overview of the current challenges of Internet business in the context of accounting, including the issues of taxation of e-commerce and activities in the online environment, is proposed. In the article, trade in the field of e-business is considered as an object of accounting. An algorithm for conducting trade on the Internet and accounting for settlements with buyers, determining income and financial result is provided. Modern methods of payment for goods are outlined. The methods of reflection in the cost structure of operations related to the creation of a website, the use of a domain and the receipt of hosting services are analyzed. It is proposed to include in the initial cost of intangible assets the costs of website development and domain prolongation, and to reflect the hosting operation as part of sales costs. The rules for the use of cash registers in conducting business transactions in e-commerce, as well as individual cases in which it is not necessary to use cash registers in online stores, are considered. The problematic aspects of normative regulation and accounting of transactions related to e-commerce are highlighted. Recommendations have been developed that can improve taxation in the field of e-commerce – they provide for the improvement of tax administration for entities engaged in e-business.

Tax-Law Analysis Applied to Section 1031 Exchanges & Proximate Business Transactions

Tax-Law Analysis Applied to Section 1031 Exchanges & Proximate Business Transactions

Organizational aspects of accounting at the enterprise

Organization of accounting at the company is a complex and multifaceted process that requires not only professionalism on the part of the accountant, but also compliance with the requirements of the law and the rules for organizing accounting. Accordingly, the organization of accounting at a company in Ukraine requires a deep understanding of the requirements of the law and the company’s own needs. The choice of the optimal method of accounting depends on the business model, the scale of the enterprise and available resources, which contributes to the effective management of business processes and responsible preparation of financial statements. This is an important component of the company's activities, which are regulated by the Law of Ukraine «On Accounting and Financial Reporting». According to this law, the owner of a company has the right to choose the method of accounting depending on his or her needs and the conditions in which the company operates. Organizational issues also include determining the types of financial, tax, and statistical reporting the company will submit. This is determined by the type of ownership, organizational and legal form of the company, its size and scope of activities. Well-organized accounting guarantees the accuracy of records and the constant reflection of business transactions during the reporting period. When organizing accounting at an enterprise, various problematic issues may arise that need to be avoided or resolved to ensure the accuracy and efficiency of accounting. Such issues include those related to the organizational structure of accounting, technologies and methods of accounting. Solving the problems of the organization of accounting at an enterprise involves implementing an effective organizational structure, establishing accountability, providing sufficient staff qualifications, using modern technologies and regularly updating accounting policies and procedures. In general, the organizational aspects of accounting at an enterprise are determined by the need for high quality information flows, ensuring compliance with legal requirements and optimizing internal processes. Proper organization of accounting contributes to strengthening the financial stability of the company and increasing its competitiveness in the market.

Cross-Border Challenges and Opportunities: Aligning Zambia’s Insolvency Framework with the UNCITRAL Model Law

The growing complexity of cross-border business transactions necessitates efficient mechanisms for resolving insolvency cases with international dimensions. This article explores the challenges and opportunities Zambia faces in aligning its insolvency framework with the UNCITRAL Model Law, a key instrument promoting harmonization in international insolvency proceedings. Using qualitative document review, this research investigates how specific sections (146-162) of Zambia’s Corporate Insolvency Act No. 9 of 2017, which address cross-border insolvency, align with the UNCITRAL Model Law. The analysis identifies areas where the Zambian Act demonstrates strengths in its approach, alongside potential weaknesses, and opportunities for improvement. The findings highlight the significance of this research for Zambia, informing policymakers on potential amendments to enhance efficiency and effectiveness in cross-border insolvency resolution. Additionally, the study offers valuable insights for other developing economies seeking to harmonize their insolvency frameworks with international best practices.

Transformer Based Unsupervised Learning Approach for Imbalanced Text Sentiment Analysis of E-Commerce Reviews

In e-commerce, online reviews play a vital role in understanding customer requirements. Companies can perform analysis of these reviews to make right business decisions. However, manually analyzing the content generated by each user on social media is challenging due to its high volume and frequency. Sentiment analysis (SA) is a Natural Language Processing (NLP) technique which provides an automated solution to this problem. It is a challenging subtask of text classification. Over a long time, researchers have proposed different approaches to solve it. This paper proposes an unsupervised learning approach using transformer architecture to perform SA on women’s clothing e-commerce dataset which is imbalanced in nature. In this study, we have fine-tuned DistilBERT, a cutting-edge transformer based pre-trained model and developed models for two subtasks of SA named as Sentiment Classification (SC) and Product Recommendation (PR). The proposed models have achieved the highest F1 scores (0.79 for SC and 0.85 for PR), AUC scores (0.98 for SC and 0.96 for PR) along with the highest accuracy of 0.96 for SC and 0.91 for PR. We found that the performance of our models is least affected by imbalanced dataset issues. The results show that the proposed models have significantly outperformed the traditional supervised approaches and various other existing state-of-the-art (SOTA) models. This study can contribute to a better understanding of consumer sentiment and consumer psychology in the e-commerce transaction business.