Cost Structure Research Articles

Developing business model with community groups for fire prevention and peatland restoration: a case study of Siak Regency

Forest and land fires are one of the main environmental challenges in Riau, that majority of its land covered by peatland. Therefore, the main challenge is to introduce fire-free alternatives to clearing agricultural land, while recognizing that local people lack the resources, knowledge, and technology on potential alternatives to zero-burning agriculture. A community-based business model for fire prevention and peatland restoration is urgently needed by making the community the main actor capable of generating value. This study aims to develop the alternative livelihood to support peatland restoration through Sustainable Business Model for the Community (SBMC) by applying Participatory Action Research (PAR). We conducted surveys, focus group discussions (FGDs), and field interviews as well as implemented Canvas Business Model (CBM) to identify the business component. Our finding showed that community groups were able to develop an agrosilvofishery business model that not only implement sustainable practices for land preparation without fire but also determined varieties of commodities that are ecologically and economically suitable for agroforestry techniques on peatlands. Hence, CBM is a suitable tool that helps in developing an integrated sustainable business model for community and can be applied in participative setting. CBM also ensured equity by identifying and agreeing on a cost structure and benefit sharing.

Levelized costs and potential production of green hydrogen with wind and solar power in different provinces of mainland China

Green hydrogen produced from renewable sources such as wind and photovoltaic (PV) power is expected to be pivotal in China's carbon neutrality target by 2060. This study assessed the potential production, levelized costs of hydrogen (LCOH), and the cost structure in diverse mainland Chinese provinces from 2020 to 2060. It considered various combinations of electrolysis technologies, specifically alkaline electrolysis (AE) and proton exchange membrane (PEM), in conjunction with green electricity sources. The analysis considers the technological learning effects of wind power, PV power, AE, and PEM. This study's primary conclusions and policy recommendations are as follows: (1) PV power would be the predominant energy for green hydrogen production in nearly all of mainland China, providing a potential 2.25–28 642.19 kt/yr hydrogen production in different provinces. (2) AE exhibits cost (with LCOH around 3.18–8.74 USD/kg) competitiveness than PEM (with LCOH around 3.33–10.24 USD/kg) for hydrogen production. Thus, policymakers are advised to focus on the PV power combined with the AE pathway for large-scale hydrogen production. PEM is suggested to be mainly used in cases with high power fluctuations and end devices. (3) The provinces (especially Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, and Gansu Province) in the Northwest of China show the greatest potential (about 74.35%) and have the lowest LCOH (with around 3.18–4.78 USD/kg). However, these provinces are quite distant from existing energy demand hubs. Thus, decision-makers are advised to focus on developing long-distance transmission/transportation infrastructure for either green electricity or green hydrogen.

Product form solution for a queueing-inventory system with lost sales and phase type distribution of the vacation time

ABSTRACT In this paper, a continuous review s , S queueing-inventory system with lost sales is investigated. Customers arrive according to a Poisson process, and each arriving customer needs exactly one item from inventory for service. The server takes a single vacation once the inventory is depleted. It is assumed that the vacation time follows a phase type distribution, and the service time and the lead time follow exponential distributions. We obtain the product form solution for the steady-state distribution of the joint process of the queue length, the on-hand inventory level and the server’s status. Furthermore, the conditional distributions of the on-hand inventory level when the server is turned off due to a vacation and when it is turned on are derived, respectively. Some performance measures of the system are computed by using the steady-state distribution of system. Based on some performance measures, we develop a cost model and determine a total expected cost under an appropriate cost structure by using the genetic algorithm. The effects of various parameters on the optimal inventory policy and the optimal expected cost are investigated by numerical examples.

The Economic Burden of Epstein–Barr Virus Infection in the Russian Federation

Introduction: Epstein–Barr virus-related diseases are of great medical and social importance, which requires assessment of economic losses due to costs of medical care and sickness absenteeism. Objective: To propose a methodology for assessing economic damage and to use it for quantification of total damages caused by Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infections in the Russian Federation in 2022. Materials and methods: The economic damage from EBV infections was determined using official statistics on cases of infectious mononucleosis (2022), upper respiratory tract infections, cardiac arrhythmias, atopic dermatitis, dorsopathy, chronic tonsillitis in the acute phase, cerebrovascular disease, psoriasis, and multisystem inflammatory syndrome associated with COVID-19. Results: Based on the methodology for assessing economic damages described in the article, we found that the total financial losses from EBV-associated diseases in the Russian Federation in 2022 amounted to 1,203.0 billion or 1.2 trillion rubles, which is significantly higher than similar values for all other registered infectious diseases with the exception of COVID-19. COVID-19-related multisystem inflammatory syndrome, upper respiratory tract infections, and cerebrovascular disease account for more than 90 % of all losses. The structure of total costs is dominated by indirect economic losses (1,096.75 billion rubles or 91.2 %) due to sickness absence from work. Conclusion: The findings allow us to outline directions of developing measures to reduce the economic damage from EBV-associated diseases.

Challenges and Opportunities for the Success of Saudi Fashion Brands According to the Business Model Canvas

Challenges and Opportunities for the Success of Saudi Fashion Brands According to the Business Model Canvas

Development of the personnel potential system of the enterprise using the example of the machine-building industry of Ukraine

Methods. The following methods of scientific knowledge were applied during the study of the problems of the development of the system of personnel potential of machine-building enterprises: analysis and synthesis – when identifying modern trends in the development of machine-building and the dynamics of the final results of the economic activity of enterprises belonging to this industry; structuring – when characterizing the machine-building products market; grouping – when classifying enterprises according to the «9 Box Talent Matrix»; comparison – when comparing personnel potential systems existing at metallurgical enterprises of Ukraine; index method – when creating an integral indicator of the company's personnel development. Results. The current state of mechanical engineering development in Ukraine and the world is analyzed and its main trends are highlighted. The structure of the modern world machine-building market is characterized, and Ukraine's place in it is shown. A comparison of the specifics of the conditions under which foreign and domestic companies representing the industry carry out their activities is carried out. The problems of the functioning of domestic machine-building enterprises are identified, attention is focused on the inefficiency of their personnel potential systems. On a sample of ten Ukrainian metallurgical enterprises, the financial and economic indicators of their activity were analyzed, in particular: general profitability, movement and use of labor force, the share of personnel costs in the total structure of costs, and the level of remuneration. With the help of the «9 Box Talent Matrix» the personnel potential of the investigated enterprises was assessed. Novelty. Based on the study of the activities of ten enterprises of the machine-building industry of Ukraine, an idea was formed about the existing state of personnel resources and factors that shape the personnel potential of the enterprise and influence its development. The method of calculating the personnel potential of the enterprise has been improved, which, unlike the existing ones, is based on the calculation of the integral indicator of the development of the personnel of the enterprise proposed by the author, as well as the indicators of the level of profitability of the personnel potential and potential income from the use of the personnel potential at the enterprise. Practical value. The improved methodology for calculating personnel potential proposed by the author can be implemented at any Ukrainian enterprise and serve as a tool for assessing the level of personnel development and the amount of personnel potential, timely identification of problems and the development of effective solutions for their resolution.

Analysis of development of dental business in Ukraine

Methods. During the study of the state of the dental business and modern trends in its development in Ukraine, the following scientific methods were used: abstraction - when defining the concept of «medical service», statistical analysis – when establishing trends in the development of the field of dental services, factor analysis – when distinguishing external factors and the internal environment of the operation of the dental business, strategic analysis – when creating a strategic map of the development of the dental business. Results. As a result of the conducted research, it was established that the modern market of dental services corresponds to the type of market of monopolistic competition to a greater extent by the set of features. The author’s definition of the concept of «medical service» is provided, according to which it is presented as consistently defined actions or a set of actions of medical personnel aimed at prevention, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of diseases that have a complete independent essence and a certain price. Information asymmetry, which creates a conflict between the medical and economic interests of dentists, is singled out as one of the features of the market of dental services. The price and non-price factors of demand for dental services, in particular for dental implants, were determined, and the cost structure of basic dental services was analyzed. The transformation of providers of dental services into vertically integrated holdings is recognized as one of the most promising ways of developing the dental market. Novelty. A quantitative assessment of the influence of external and internal environmental factors on the development opportunities of the dental company was carried out. A strategic map of the development of the dental business was created and a system of balanced indicators was developed to assess the situation. Practical value. The proposed improved method of assessing the factors of the internal and external environment, as well as the created strategic map of the development of the dental business allows seeing the goals of its development.

Business model canvas analysis of organic fertilizer “Goat Waste”

This study aims to determine the use of organic fertilizer in adding soil nutrients and analyze the implementation of BMC in the organic fertilizer business. This study was carried out directly at the production location using observation and interview methods. The results study show that organic fertilizer is produced using goat waste as raw material. Goat waste is processed using certain techniques to produce organic fertilizer, easy to use, and aplicable to any plants. Organic fertilizer continues to be produced for use on one’s own land as a substitute for synthetic chemicial fertilizer. The result study also show that in soil goven organic fertilizer the plants grow well. The result study also show that in the organic fertilizer business the company has used Business Model Canvas (BMC) which includes : Value proposition, Key partners, Key activities, Key Resources, Customer Relationships, Custumer Segments, Channels, Cost Structure and Revenue Streams. The use of BMC has an influence on the sustainability of this business.

Strategy for Forming Neighborhood-Based Business Entities as A Motor for Community Economic Potential in Samarinda City, Indonesia

Government administration becomes a key success in developing the local potential sector. Mapping local potential, in this case, sub-districts is one of the important things to do to find and recognize economic potential that can be developed. Ideally, community economic activities at the sub-district level are carried out as institutions or business entities managed professionally but still rely on the area's potential. It can make community businesses more productive and effective. Thus, this study seeks to determine the potential for forming sub-district-based business entities as one of the economic drivers of the city of Samarinda. This study uses a qualitative approach to primary and secondary data. Also, the research location is 59 sub-districts in the city of Samarinda. A total of 59 village heads who were the target of this study, 55 people were willing to answer the questions. The data was analyzed using tabulating interviews through 9 blocks covering the Business Model Canvas components: Customer Segment, Value Proposition, Channel, Customer Relation, Revenue Stream, Key Resources, Key Activities, Key Partnerships, and Cost Structure. Also, Business Model Canvas and SWOT analysis. The result indicates that 10 sub-district-based business models have the most potential to be developed in Samarinda City, namely trading businesses (groceries, restaurants), home industry businesses (weaving, beads, amplang, fish floss, herbal medicine), service businesses (workshops, transportation services, Savings and Loans, motorbike washing, haircuts, sewing), Use of land that is not (RTH), Service-based environmental management system (such as environmental safety and environmental cleanliness), Become a wholesaler, for goods/needs that are for public consumption. Homestead agricultural food sector business (mushroom business, etc.), freshwater fish management, waste recycling, and tourism.

FACTOR ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE AND FORMATION OF STRATEGIC RESILIENCE IN UKRAINIAN IT COMPANIES UNDER THE CHALLENGES OF WAR

Ukrainian IT companies, a crucial sector of the national economy, currently face challenges and risks associated with contemporary military and adverse macroeconomic realities. Adapting and strengthening the strategic resilience and financial performance of Ukrainian IT companies becomes a pivotal task in times of war. The purpose of the article is to conduct a factor analysis of the financial performance of IT companies and determine the key directions for ensuring the strategic stability of enterprises in this industry in Ukraine.The article analyzes the primary threats and challenges faced by Ukrainian IT companies, assessing the corresponding measures they implemented to stabilize operations and ensure business processes in 2021-2022. The research allowed for the identification, using economic analysis methods and the construction of multifactorial multiplicative models, of the influencing factors on the financial performance of Ukrainian IT companies during wartime. In particular, five-factor models were constructed to analyze the change in net profit and net income from sales for 7 leading industry companies in Ukraine. The key factors in the models include the structure of funding sources, asset turnover, profitability, cost structure and others.The importance of fostering strategic resilience for Ukrainian IT companies amid military challenges has been established. Business strategic resilience implies a company's ability to adapt to adverse changes in its external environment while maintaining competitiveness. Directions for shaping strategic resilience in enterprises have been identified, particularly in the context of ensuring financial, operational, and organizational resilience, physical security, business model stability, cyber threat resistance, and corporate social responsibility. The analysis of financial performance factors, employing economic analysis methods in conjunction with an evaluation of how IT companies respond to the challenges of war, will enable a comprehensive risk assessment and effective managerial decision-making within these business structures.

Economics of sustainable lignocellulose biomass and biofuel logistics in Malaysia

Lignocellulose biomass is an inedible and renewable resource that can be used to produce biofuels sustainably and thus help to mitigate climate change while helping to ensure energy security. Tropical countries like Malaysia are assumed to have abundant biomass resources, but the fragmented farming landscapes common in Southeast Asia raise challenges for biofuel production, which largely stem from logistics operations and have an adverse impact on economies of scale and the viability of biorefineries. This thesis seeks to understand the costs and supplies associated with biomass transport, assess the impacts of landscape fragmentation on biorefineries, and identify optimum biorefinery locations. Ten sources of biomass (agroforestry residues from fields, sawmills, and processing plants) were considered, taking into account various logistical factors, supply scenarios, and impacts of landscape fragmentation. The study began with a simulation of biomass transport across Peninsular Malaysia, using GRASS GIS software to estimate costs and supplies. Eighty-nine points within each district were designated as potential locations. Biomass transport was recorded as a major cost component in operational expenditures. The capital expenditures for various conversion pathways and biorefinery operations were estimated across relevant orders of magnitude, with the biofuel supplies also being simulated. The study identified four optimum locations for various types of biomass, presenting detailed cost and supply structures. The two most competitive biomass types are rice straw and pressed palm fibre (PPF). Costs ranged a) from 130.6 to 206.3 USD/tonne, yielding 0.47 to 0.97 million tonnes of PPF fermented biofuel per year, and b) 123.2 to 207.8 USD/tonne for rice straw, yielding 0.49 to 0.56 million tonnes of fermented biofuel per year. In tonnes of oil equivalent (toe), both together amounted to 5–7% of Malaysia’s annual petroleum consumption. Surprisingly, the findings suggest that an abundance of biomass does not necessarily result in lower biofuel costs, because factors such as spatial fragmentation and moisture content amplify transport costs. Our analysis emphasises the need for strategic planning, including the use of larger trucks, early moisture removal, and the establishment of local consolidation centres to manage biomass effectively. It highlights the need for a more holistic and strategic approach in order to understand supply zone specifics with a view to unlocking Malaysia’s potential for sustainable biofuel production.

EFISIENSI TEKNIS PRODUKSI TANAMAN JAHE DI PROVINSI JAWA TIMUR: PENDEKATAN STOCHASTIC FRONTIER ANALYSIS

<em>Ginger is a spice and medicinal plant that much needed by industry and society. However, ginger production decreased and even experienced a trade balance deficit. One solution that can be done is through intensification or efficiency improvement, especially in the largest ginger-producing province in Indonesia, namely East Java Province. The data used is raw data of Cost Structure of Horticultural Cultivation Household Survey (SOUH) 2018. The results of the analysis using Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) show that four factors of production, namely land area, number of workers, amount of seeds used, and amount of fertilizer used, can increase ginger production significantly with a fairly high level of technical efficiency. However, technical inefficiencies are still found which cause ginger production to not be maximized. There are seven from eight variables that have a significant effect, namely farmer age, farmer education level, farmer group participation, pest control, receiving farm assistance, use of credit, and land ownership status. Meanwhile, the variable of farmer gender has no significant effect.</em>

Optimizing the performance of MSMEs through financial reporting training

The Moncongloe District is an environment that is rich in potential with many Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). Business owners in this sector face challenges in managing business finances effectively. Limited financial knowledge is due to the fact that MSMEs do not have a financial background or formal education in this field. This makes it difficult for MSMEs to understand the terms and concepts used in financial reports. This community empowerment program aims to make a positive contribution to business development in Moncongloe District, particularly in recording business finances. The implementation method is through workshops, discussions, questions and answers, and evaluations to provide an understanding of the importance of financial reports for MSMEs. The results of the community empowerment program show that workshop participants experienced an in-depth increase in knowledge about the importance of financial reports which can improve business performance for MSME entrepreneurs and Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDES) in Moncongloe District, Maros Regency. In addition, participants succeeded in understanding the tools for starting a business, namely the Business Model Canvas, and making simple financial records that can help community empowerment partners in developing more structured and innovative MSME businesses.

Pengaruh Efektivitas Sistem Informasi Akuntansi terhadap Kinerja Individual melalui Motivasi Kerja

The digital era certainly has an impact on all levels of society including financial institutions, both banking and non-bank, such as Village Credit Institutions (LPD). LPD is an institution belonging to a traditional village, which can only operate in the area of its traditional village, which refers to the Business Model Canvas. The most important thing to do is to maintain a customer relationship. This study aims to examine the effect of the effectiveness of accounting information systems in increasing work motivation thereby increasing individual performance on LPD. This research was conducted at an LPD located in Mengwi District, Badung Regency. The sample in this study were 114 LPD employees using purposive sampling method. The data analysis technique in this study uses Path Analysis. The results in this study indicate that the effectiveness of accounting information systems has a positive significant effect on employee performance, the effectiveness of accounting information systems has a positive significant effect on work motivation. work motivation has a positive significant effect on individual employee performance and SIA effectiveness has an indirect effect on individual performance through work motivation.

Business Model Canvas Innovation at Luki Mas Fish Business in Bandung City

LUKI MAS is a business engaged in fisheries located at Jalan Pasir Impun Bandung. Based on research in the field, researchers raised problems in company activities that have not succeeded in the business model used by LUKI MAS. The purpose of the research conducted was to provide the right strategy and business model to LUKI MAS based on the Business Model Canvas, Know the Business Model Canvas applied to LUKI MAS and know the right business model design for LUKI MAS. The research method used is a descriptive qualitative method. Primary data collection techniques use source triangulation through participatory observation, structured interviews, audio and visual materials, while secondary data collection is carried out by literature studies. Data analysis techniques use the Miles and Huberman model through the process of data collection, data reduction, data presentation and conclusions. Based on the data obtained from the results of the study, that the description of the LUKI MAS business model using the Business Model Canvas in general can be said to be quite good and based on the results of the evaluation using SWOT analysis produces recommendations for new business strategies, the business model that is currently running is able to meet the nine elements of the Business Model Canvas Building blocks. The results of the Business Model Canvas Analysis on the LUKI MAS customer segments have target customers from children to adults.

Transforming Academic Research: A Business Model for Chemical-Computational Laboratory

The Business Model Canvas (BMC) is a transformative tool in business strategy, streamlining the creation of dynamic models for organizational success. In the evolving field of academic research, computational chemistry undergoes significant changes due to increased computational capabilities and algorithm refinement. Despite these advancements, the challenge remains in effectively translating computational insights into commercial outcomes. This study addresses the task of formulating a business model for a computational simulation research lab and integrating a strategic Strengths-Weaknesses-Opportunities-Threats (SWOT) analysis. Also, to identify predominant trends within computational chemistry research articles through literature review and keyword frequency analysis. A nine-block business model for a computational chemistry research lab was crafted using the BMC template. SWOT analysis was applied to each block of the business model. Trends in computational chemistry appear to be in drug discovery, following material design. Business model designing, meticulous market analysis like literature review trends, and strategic planning doing SWOT analysis are essential pillars supporting the successful execution of research projects.

ANALISIS PENGEMBANGAN MODEL BISNIS “HANIFFA KOST” DENGAN PENDEKATAN BUSINESS MODEL CANVAS

This research aims to analyze and develop the Haniffa Kost management model with the goal of identifying effective solutions to address existing problems and improve service quality for customers. Additionally, the study examines whether the Haniffa Kost business model requires adjustments using the latest Business Model Canvas and Lean Canvas after applying competitor analysis and SWOT analysis concepts. Furthermore, the approach used is qualitative with a descriptive approach. The research findings identify various key elements in the Haniffa Kost business model that need to be maintained or developed. Firstly, the market segment should remain focused on students and working professionals studying or working around the boarding house location, while innovation and diversification are crucial aspects to maintain Haniffa Kost's appeal and relevance. Developing capacity and facilities are important steps to meet growing demand, and social media communication is an effective way to market boarding house services. Improving service quality and sustaining innovation are key to maintaining competitive advantage. Additionally, the research designs relevant recommendations for changes to the Haniffa Kost business model.

Quality Competition Among Internet Service Providers

Internet service providers (ISPs) have a variety of quality attributes that determine their attractiveness for data transmission, ranging from quality-of-service metrics such as jitter to security properties such as the presence of DDoS defense systems. ISPs should optimize these attributes in line with their profit objective, i.e., maximize revenue from attracted traffic while minimizing attribute-related cost, all in the context of alternative offers by competing ISPs. However, this attribute optimization is difficult not least because many aspects of ISP competition are barely understood on a systematic level, e.g., the multi-dimensional and cost-driving nature of path quality, and the distributed decision making of ISPs on the same path. In this paper, we improve this understanding by analyzing how ISP competition affects path quality and ISP profits. To that end, we develop a game-theoretic model in which ISPs (i) affect path quality via multiple attributes that entail costs, (ii) are on paths together with other selfish ISPs, and (iii) are in competition with alternative paths when attracting traffic. The model enables an extensive theoretical analysis, surprisingly showing that competition can have both positive and negative effects on path quality and ISP profits, depending on the network topology and the cost structure of ISPs. However, a large-scale simulation, which draws on real-world data to instantiate the model, shows that the positive effects will likely prevail in practice: If the number of selectable paths towards any destination increases from 1 to 5, the prevalence of quality attributes increases by at least 50%, while 75% of ISPs improve their profit.

Switched-Capacitor Enhanced Circuits for Voltage-Boosting DC-DC Converters: Principles and Applications

With rapid advancement of DC-DC converter, the non-isolated dc-dc converters has caught much attention from academia and industry, owing to its advantages including low cost and compacted structure. Especially, the non-isolated dc-dc converters have taken the dominant position in topology design of power source. This paper introduces the concept of output section evolution in non-isolated dc-dc converters, with the aim of integrating high ratio voltage boosting capacity. To achieve this, a series of novel output enhanced circuits are proposed and discussed in detail. These circuits are structured using capacitors and diodes, making them applicable to various positive output dc-dc converters. Notably, the derived topologies in this paper eliminate the need for additional power switches and transformers. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated through application cases based on both the classical boost converter and the developed voltage-lift SEPIC converters. These cases showcase the practical application and benefits of the proposed method. By following the topology construction method outlined in the paper, engineers can gain valuable insights and guidelines for designing circuits in the field of power electronics. Theoretical analysis has been verified in experimental prototype and the provided resources also serve as an educational tool for those studying power electronics engineering.

Business model innovation of 3D-printing garment enterprises in digital transformation: business model innovation canvas approach

Purpose3D printing has been warmly welcomed by clothing enterprises for its customization capacity in recent years. However, such clothing enterprises have to face the digital transformation challenges brought by 3D printing. Since the business model is a competitive weapon for modern enterprises, there is a research gap between business model innovation and digital transformation challenges for 3D-printing garment enterprises. The aim of the paper is to innovate a new business model for 3D-printing garment enterprises in digital transformation.Design/methodology/approachA business model innovation canvas (BMIC), a new method for business model innovation, is used to innovate a new 3D-printing clothing enterprises business model in the context of digital transformation. The business model canvas (BMC) method is adopted to illustrate the new business model. The business model ecosystem is used to design the operating architecture and mechanism of the new business model.FindingsFirst, 3D-printing clothing enterprises are facing digital transformation, and they urgently need to innovate new business models. Second, mass customization and distributed manufacturing are important ways of solving the business model problems faced by 3D-printing clothing enterprises in the process of digital transformation. Third, BMIC has proven to be an effective tool for business model innovation.Research limitations/implicationsThe new mass deep customization-distributed manufacturing (MDC-DM) business model is universal. As such, it can provide an important theoretical reference for other scholars to study similar problems. The digital transformation background is taken into account in the process of business model innovation. Therefore, this is the first hybrid research that has been focused on 3D printing, garment enterprises, digital transformation and business model innovation. On the other hand, business model innovation is a type of exploratory research, which means that the MDC-DM business model’s application effect cannot be immediately observed and requires further verification in the future.Practical implicationsThe new business model MDC-DM is not only applicable to 3D-printing garment enterprises but also to some other enterprises that are either using or will use 3D printing to enhance their core competitiveness.Originality/valueA new business model, MDC-DM, is created through BMIC, which allows 3D-printing garment enterprises to meet the challenges of digital transformation. In addition, the original canvas of the MDC-DM business model is designed using BMC. Moreover, the ecosystem of the MDC-DM business model is constructed, and its operation mechanisms are comprehensively designed.