Bus Type Research Articles

Mode Choice Analysis of Sustainable Public Transport in Bogor City of Indonesia

Public transport service scenarios must be well designed for public transport performance to be better and more sustainable. The aim of this study was to determine the percentage of the travelers move to public transportation in the Bogor City. The Stated Preference technique is used to know travelers responses to public transport service scenarios in utility functions. Furthermore, from the binomial logit model analysis obtained the probability of choice of public transportation mode. The results of the analysis have shown that the travelers responded positively to move to public transportation modes. In Corridor III, private car users and online-based motorcycle transport users choose the public transportation of non-economic medium bus type (scenario-2) with the greatest probabilities of 35.59 % and 61.02 %. In Corridor II, private car users choose the public transportation of non-economic big bus type (scenario-3) with the greatest probability of 36.31 %. Motorcycle users and online-based motorcycle transport users choose the public transportation of non-economic small bus type (scenario-1) with the greatest probabilities of 66.47 % and 70.64 %. The motorcycle users in Corridor II choose the public transportation in all scenarios with significant probabilities ranging from 62.03% to 66.47%. Keywords: mode choice analysis, public transportation, sustainable DOI: 10.7176/JESD/12-18-05 Publication date: September 30 th 2021

Generator and grid side converter control for wind energy conversion system

<p>This paper focuses on the modeling and control of a wind energy conversion chain using a permanent magnet synchronous machine. This system behaves a turbine, a generator, DC/DC and DC/AC power converters. These are connected on both sides to the DC bus, where the inverter is followed by a filter which is connected to the grid. In this paper, we have been used two types of controllers. For the stator side converter, we consider the Takagi-Sugeno approach where the parameters of controller have been computed by the theory of linear matrix inequalities. The stability synthesis has been checked using the Lyapunov theory. According to the grid side converter, the proportional integral controller is exploited to keep a constant voltage on the DC bus and control both types of powers. The simulation results demonstrate the robustness of the approach used.</p>

Green Assessment and Improvement Framework for Electric Bus Operational System

In response to the worldwide environmental problem and fossil oil dependency concern, electric bus (EB) has emerged as a promising green transport to alleviate air pollution. However, there is no available method on how to quantify the environmental (green) performance of EB operational system that could provide proper guidance to the bus operators. Thus, this study aims to develop a green assessment and improvement framework for EB operational system which is capable of capturing bus noise, emission, and energy consumption level explicitly in quantifying the respective green index. To do this, the approaches of Gini Index, Analytic Hierarchy as well as Weighted-grading are employed accordingly. The resultant Green Performance Index (GPI) is vital not only to enhance the green performance of EB operational system, but also to tackle the needs and preferences of the bus operators in meeting the demand of passengers. By analysing a study area in Putrajaya (Malaysia), the findings show that the green performance of EB operational system would vary across numerous operational factors, including load factor, bus frequency, and bus type. The results also highlight that the green weightage of energy consumption emerges with the highest value (approximately 69%). Besides that, it was found that the improvement strategy of load factor increment is beneficial to improve the GPI of the bus operator, up to 37.9%. Concisely, it is anticipated that the developed approach as well as the resultant findings would yield useful insights especially to the bus operators to operate EB in a greener and better manner.

Multi-Objective Energy Management and Charging Strategy for Electric Bus Fleets in Cities Using Various ECO Strategies

The paper presents use case simulations of fleets of electric buses in two cities in Europe, one with a warm Mediterranean climate and the other with a Northern European (cool temperate) climate, to compare the different climatic effects of the thermal management strategy and charging management strategy. Two bus routes are selected in each city, and the effects of their speed, elevation, and passenger profiles on the energy and thermal management strategy of vehicles are evaluated. A multi-objective optimization technique, the improved Simple Optimization technique, and a “brute-force” Monte Carlo technique were employed to determine the optimal number of chargers and charging power to minimize the total cost of operation of the fleet and the impact on the grid, while ensuring that all the buses in the fleet are able to realize their trips throughout the day and keeping the battery SoC within the constraints designated by the manufacturer. A mix of four different types of buses with different battery capacities and electric motor specifications constitute the bus fleet, and the effects that they have on charging priority are evaluated. Finally, different energy management strategies, including economy (ECO) features, such as ECO-comfort, ECO-driving, and ECO-charging, and their effects on the overall optimization are investigated. The single bus results indicate that 12 m buses have a significant battery capacity, allowing for multiple trips within their designated routes, while 18 m buses only have the battery capacity to allow for one or two trips. The fleet results for Barcelona city indicate an energy requirement of 4.42 GWh per year for a fleet of 36 buses, while for Gothenburg, the energy requirement is 5 GWh per year for a fleet of 20 buses. The higher energy requirement in Gothenburg can be attributed to the higher average velocities of the bus routes in Gothenburg, compared to those of the bus routes in Barcelona city. However, applying ECO-features can reduce the energy consumption by 15% in Barcelona city and by 40% in Gothenburg. The significant reduction in Gothenburg is due to the more effective application of the ECO-driving and ECO-charging strategies. The application of ECO-charging also reduces the average grid load by more than 10%, while shifting the charging towards non-peak hours. Finally, the optimization process results in a reduction of the total fleet energy consumption of up to 30% in Barcelona city, while in Gothenburg, the total cost of ownership of the fleet is reduced by 9%.

Assessment of microstructure and surface effects on vibrational characteristics of public transportation

This study analyzes the influence of surface effects on transportation vibrational properties. The evaluation of vibration impacts was done in accordance with the standards laid out in ISO 2631-1 for convenience on public transport (bus). The QCM (Quarter Car Model) with a quarter vehicle mass and variable was evaluated on exchange force between paving and three vehicle typologies (car, bus, and truck) using Matlab. The driver's, passengers in the center section, and passengers in the rear overhang's comfort is evaluated. The ten-degree oscillatory bus model has been designed for analytical requirements. First, the vibration propagation effects of different bus types are examined. Numerical methods are next briefly addressed to vibration propagation modeling inside the path and in the soil. Then a detailed discussion on the development of numerical models with an examination of the appropriateness of various modeling techniques for vehicle impact analysis will be given. Bus excitation has been created by using the asphalt-concrete road roughness power-spectral density as stated in the H. Braun model. This article illustrates how this dynamic overcharge might be predetermined according to the deterioration of the pavements' surface. This is a valuable resource for the design and maintenance of road pavements.

A comparative life cycle assessment of electric, compressed natural gas, and diesel buses in Thailand

The public transportation system in Bangkok, Thailand relies on environmentally costly diesel buses that contribute daily to Bangkok's air quality problem. Two potential improvements to this highly polluting public transportation system are the implementation of electric or compressed natural gas buses. This paper analyzes the life-cycle environmental impacts using the ReCiPe life cycle impact assessment method (in Global warming, kg CO2-eq, Stratospheric ozone depletion, kg CFC-11-eq, etc.), technical feasibility of implementation, and financial cost of implementing each bus type in Bangkok by calculating these metrics for a single bus and then scaling them to a fleet of that bus type. The entire life cycle of the buses as well as electric bus charging infrastructure is considered. It was found that shifting from diesel to electric or compressed natural gas buses would present a 54–55% or 37–41% decrease in overall damage to human and ecosystem health, an 88% or 80% decrease in resource depletion, and a 48% or 60% decrease in lifetime costs. If the entire diesel bus fleet in Bangkok of 14,127 buses is converted to electric or compressed natural gas buses, the reduction of fine particle (PM2.5) transportation emissions would be approximately 21% and 18%. Of compressed natural gas and electric buses, compressed natural gas buses are the less expensive alternative, while electric buses cause less damage to the ecosystem, human health, and resource depletion. As the environmental impacts of electric buses depend on the regional electricity grid, electric buses also have the potential to further reduce environmental impacts with cleaner electricity production.

Development of alternative steering models for ev bus: a preliminary study on the conversion of hydraulic to electric power steering

This study aims to develop alternative steering models for the EV bus. The EV bus uses its energy source from the main 384 VDC 300 Ah battery and the secondary battery with a capacity of 25.8 VDC 100 Ah. The use of energy in this electric bus is divided into the main components, namely the BLDC motor as the main drive of 200 kW, 15 kW of air conditioning, 7.5 kW of hydraulic power steering, a compressor for the air braking system of 4 kW, and accessory components. The other is 2.4 kW. It is expected that this 7.5 kW electric power can be reduced by an electric system by up to 20 %. This research will study the steering system with an electric power system (EPS) to convert the hydraulic steering system (HPS). With this EPS system, it is hoped that controlling the vehicle’s motion towards the steer by wire will be easier. Initially, data were collected from the types of large vehicles from various well-known brands about the steering system used. A large commercial vehicle that purely uses EPS is not yet found. The model developed for EPS on this electric bus is through the reverse engineering method by redrawing all the components involved in the previous steering system. Because this type of EV bus is included in the upper mid-size class, this paper proposes two new EPS models, namely the addition of an assist motor on the drag link and on the steering rack. The links involved in this system are wheel drive, steering column, lower steering column, rack and pinion gear, assist motor, drop link, drag link, drop link extension, drag link extension, tie rod, knuckle, kingpin, tire, axle beam and several others. The values of stiffness, inertia, and damping of each link will affect the driver’s torque and the assist motor as a wheel speed function on this electric bus. The steering structure of the EV bus consists of a truss structure and a frame structure with a kinematic structure consisting of two four-bar linkages joined together

Public Transportation Selection Application Based On Decision Support System

In Kuala Lumpur, there are various types of public transport such as bus and multiple types of rail transport. This facilitates the residents in Kuala Lumpur in terms of mobility and can reduce the level of traffic congestion around Kuala Lumpur. However, some people might get confused about the alternative routes when they are using the public transport. Next, road user might find information from maps and Internet which requires them to analyse and decide the routes by themselves. In addition, complex scheduling and routes of public transportation are hard to understand for the public. Besides, road users are not aware of better route and public transport available based on their requirement. In the end, they might be getting jam-packed on the road due to the limited information on the current available public transportation. Therefore, a decision support system is proposed to generate a type of public transport which suits with the criteria selected by the user. The system consists of five main modules and involves common users and system administrators. The application is written in Java programming language. Android Studio is used as software development and MySQL database. It is expected that this application will be able to help users to get public transportation options that suit the criteria they need.

Public Transportation Selection Application Based On Decision Support System

In Kuala Lumpur, there are various types of public transport such as bus and multiple types of rail transport. This facilitates the residents in Kuala Lumpur in terms of mobility and can reduce the level of traffic congestion around Kuala Lumpur. However, some people might get confused about the alternative routes when they are using the public transport. Next, road user might find information from maps and Internet which requires them to analyse and decide the routes by themselves. In addition, complex scheduling and routes of public transportation are hard to understand for the public. Besides, road users are not aware of better route and public transport available based on their requirement. In the end, they might be getting jam-packed on the road due to the limited information on the current available public transportation. Therefore, a decision support system is proposed to generate a type of public transport which suits with the criteria selected by the user. The system consists of five main modules and involves common users and system administrators. The application is written in Java programming language. Android Studio is used as software development and MySQL database. It is expected that this application will be able to help users to get public transportation options that suit the criteria they need.

FlexRay bus data fault diagnosis based on Zynq

CAN bus and LIN bus are widely used as communication bus in automobile industry.As a new type of automobile bus, FlexRay bus, with CAN bus and LIN bus do not have many advantages. FlexRay bus bandwidth is not limited by protocol mechanisms,and it use the synchronization-based access methods. And because of its unique dual-channel data transfer mode, which is especially suitable for the current automotive wire control system, it replaces the mechanical and hydraulic working mode of traditional automobile. And the FlexRay data transmission rate is fast, it can quickly transmit data to the car’s electronic control unit. Zynq as an extensible platform combining ARM and FPGA,satisfying the programmability of the software,it also meets the programmability of hardware. Zynq chip functions can be divided into two working parts, A PS,another is PL. PS is the ARM part, mainly responsible for data storage and display module control and other functions; PL is the FPGA part, the main functions are data acquisition processing and time unification. Using based on Zynq data diagnosis FlexRay vehicle bus, can make data transmission more reliable and efficient, It can also effectively reduce the power consumption of the whole system.

Using confirmatory factor analysis to evaluate the factor determining the bus usage in Surabaya City, Indonesia

Surabaya City is second biggest city in Indonesia which has a vital public transportation called as Suroboyo Bus. The city bus system provides route to connect the northern and southern part of the city with the central business district in the city centre. Policy of developing city bus system in north-south corridor aims to encourage the shifting of automobile to bus use as the traffic congestion is mainly caused by the high dependent of private mobility. The operation of Suroboyo Bus has been a concern because of the attractiveness of the quality with low deck and double-deck bus types, Suroboyo Bus also equipped a priority area, as well as a unique payment system with plastic bottle waste. This study aims to investigate the factors which influence the preference of Suroboyo Bus based on the user’s perceptions. Thus, the city bus system can be evaluated to achieve sustainable city mobility. Using the method of Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), the result shows that there are nine significant factors determining the use of Suroboyo Bus. The city bus usage is mostly influenced by the user characteristic and the service performance of the mode offered.

Bioaerosols in public and tourist buses

Public bus system worldwide transports daily more than 34 million people; therefore, air quality inside buses is an important urban air pollution issue. Airborne microbiological composition and abundance was examined inside five different fuel type buses (diesel (EURO IV and EURO V), hybrid diesel (HD), compressed natural gas (CNG), hybrid natural gas (HCNG) and electric vehicle (EV)) from Barcelona bus system, inside and outside the tourist bus and different periods of campaigns (summer: May–September and winter: November–March). Quantitative PCR was used to quantify total bacteria, Penicillium/Aspergillus and Cladosporium sp. and Kinetic Chromogenic Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) Assay for endotoxins. The targeted 16S rRNA genes were amplified and sequenced to asses bacterial community composition and biodiversity. Regarding the targeted microorganisms, the results showed low bioaerosol concentrations, being fungi and endotoxins below the detection limit, although bacterial airborne has a geometric average of 103 equivalent E. Coli genomes/m3. Airborne bacterial community biodiversity showed that Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria were the most abundant Phylum in the different sampled buses and in the two seasons (summer: May–September and winter: November–March). While regarding to genera taxonomic category, the different fuel type buses presented a high overlap degree, being Cutibacterium the most abundant and Paracoccus the one only detected inside. The different seasons showed that the different taxonomic genera decrease from summer: May–September to winter: November–March and in this case Paracoccus was the most abundant. Overall, biodiversity inside buses is greatly affected by the presence of humans inside, but also by the outdoor sources at the moment of the sampling, and the seasonal period, more than the type of bus.

Research on Cabin Integrated Equipment Based on GIS

Through the research on the principle of GIS gas insulated switchgear, a GIS-based cabin integrated equipment method is proposed. The insulation characteristics and engineering calculations of SF6 gas are analyzed, which provides a basis for the selection of 220kV and 110kV equipment. Analyzed the applicability of 220kV equipment selection of HGIS equipment and GIS equipment in modular substations. At the same time, it compared the floor area and other indicators, and finally decided to adopt the GIS plan, further optimize the product structure and layout, and improve space utilization It can reduce the equipment footprint and make the layout of the power distribution device more compact. Through the comparison and analysis of the main wiring types of the 110kV single bus three section and double bus wiring, it is found that there are three aspects of reliability, flexibility and economy. Single-bus three-section is better than double-bus wiring, so 110kV is determined to adopt single-bus three-section wiring. Under the premise of meeting the requirements for power supply safety, reliability, and flexibility, 110kV electrical main wiring is optimized to achieve The purpose of simplifying operation and maintenance procedures and saving investment.

PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF ELECTRIC BUSES

The depletion of fossil resources, energy dependence, rise in fuel prices, and environmental issues caused by fossil fuel vehicles, combined with advancements in battery technology and manufacturing processes, have accelerated the transition to electric vehicles. Evidence indicates that electric buses play an important role in public transportation if we are to reduce climate change and the environmental effects of fossil fuels. Several electric alternatives are currently operational, and the debate about which is the best is generating a lot of interest. This article examines the different performance characteristics of three types of electric buses: hybrid, fuel cell, and battery. Based on simulation models and operational data provided by various scholars in various contexts, the economic, operational, energy, and environmental characteristics of each technology are examined in depth. The study creates a systematic evaluation of electric buses based on a side-by-side analysis of 16 features that help people make better decisions. According to the report, the selection of electric technology is highly dependent on the operational background and energy profile. Furthermore, it emphasizes that hybrid buses would not have a substantial reduction in GHG emissions and are only ideal for short-term goals as a stepping stone toward complete electrification of transportation. While battery and fuel cell buses are arguably capable of meeting current operational needs, the initial investment is still a significant barrier. Given the anticipated advances in battery technology and the trend to use renewable sources in power generation, the Overnight Battery Electric Bus is advocated as the most appropriate option for bus transit contexts given the expected improvements in battery technology and the trend to utilize sustainable sources in electricity generation.

Key Technology and Open Test Method of Rail Train Field bus

With the continuous development of the rail transit field, the communication between trains and vehicles has received extensive attention. Therefore, various international organizations have studied and formulated various communication network standards. At present, the field buses used in rail transit at home and abroad (except Japan) are mainly TCN (Train Communication Network), WorldFIP bus and LonWorks bus. This article describes and compares these three types of field buses.

Improving BRT route design through code: the case of Bogotá’s BRT system, TransMilenio

This study presents the methodology used by TRANSMILENIO S.A. –the company in charge of managing the BRT lines in Bogotá, Colombia– to renew its operational design. TRANSMILENIO S.A. is increasing its bus fleet by acquiring higher capacity bi-articulated buses. This process demanded a redefinition of the frequencies, stops, and type of bus for all routes in the system. Therefore, a line scheme was selected based on the number of trips between corridors. A non-linear optimization model was then used to establish an initial route design that could satisfy passenger demand in the morning rush hour. Five algorithms were implemented to adjust the initial route design to the actual restrictions, namely, fleet and bus capacity at stops. The algorithms modified the type of bus employed, the defined stops of routes, and eliminated low demand routes. Different alternatives were tested for the execution order of algorithms. The alternative to implement was selected based on compliance of the defined restrictions. Algorithms were iteratively run. Between iterations, a trip assignment model was used to adjust route frequencies based on demand. The execution order of algorithms, its impact on the level of service indicators, and compliance of restrictions are part of this study’s discussion. Particular relevance and effects of each algorithm are also analyzed. Both methodology and results might be tested, adapted, and improved in further studies by other BRT systems as a reference or input for their own route design process.

Route Scheduling for Centralized Electric Bus Depots

Route scheduling is crucial for uninterrupted operation of modern bus fleets consisting of electric buses. This paper proposes an exact route scheduling optimization model for centralized bus depots based on mixed integer linear programming. In order to adjust to the current situation at many electric bus depots, the model considers a heterogeneous fleet consisting of multiple types of electric buses with different battery capacities. With additional charging scheduling the model can minimize the number of buses charging simultaneously which directly leads to load peak reduction. This allows considering further parameters, such as for example the grid capacity limit. The model can be used to minimize the necessary number of buses, to define the optimum composition of the fleet as well as to minimize the total cost of the fleet. The results show a clear cost advantage of operating a heterogeneous fleet as well as the benefits of combined route- and charging scheduling. Timetables from five real depots from the city of Hamburg in Germany were used as examples in this paper. Analysis of the proposed model using real data can provide a valuable input to other transportation companies preparing for the electrification of their fleet.

Optimal Railway Disruption Bridging Using Heterogeneous Bus Fleets

Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) systems, i.e. subway systems, all over the world, are experiencing an increase in ridership. This also means that in case of an unplanned MRT service disruption, the number of affected passengers is larger, requiring a fast and comprehensive response. In this paper, we thus study the disruption management of MRT systems. We develop an optimization model to identify the optimal bridging plan in response to an MRT disruption, so that the negative effects of a disruption could be minimized. Our approach supports deployment of multiple types of bridging buses, reflecting the diversity of vehicle types in a typical public transportation provider's vehicle fleet. The optimization objective of our approach is to decrease the travel delay of passengers and increase the number of passengers who can be served. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on a hypothetical case study in the central business district of Singapore. Moreover, we validate our analytical results with microscopic simulation, showing that our simplified analytical optimization approach can be used for disruption response planning. Some deviations indicate, however, that a combined simulation and optimization approach yields better results to obtain an effective bridging plan.

디지털운행기록장치 데이터를 활용한 세종시 버스 유형별 위험운전 행동 분석

본 연구는 세종시를 운행하는 버스(시내버스, 마을버스, 시외버스, 전세버스 등)의 위험운전행동 유형을 분석하여 어느 구간(도로)에서 위험운전행동 유형이 반복적으로 발생하는지 확인하고, 세종시 민원 자료와 매칭하여 실제 민원이 발생하는 구간이 어디인지, 위험운전행동을 감소시킬 수 있는 정책 등을 제언하는 것을 목적으로 수행되었다. 2019년 10월 7-13일까지의 버스 DTG 자료를 분석한 결과 시내버스는 위험운전행동 중 급가속 유형이 한누리 대로와 새롬중앙로를 중심으로 시간대 상관없이 많이 발생하였고, 마을버스는 위험운전행동 중 급감속 유형이 전동면과 연서면을 중심으로 오전첨두에 빈번하게 발생하는 것으로 분석되었다. 시외버스는 위험운전행동이 거의 발생하지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 전세버스는 위험운전행동 중 급가속 유형이 조치원읍의 국도 1호선(세종로)을 중심으로 많이 발생하는 것으로 분석되었다. 이는 버스 유형별 운행하는 지역이 상이하기 때문으로 판단되며, 실제 시내 버스 위험운전행동 민원과 비교 분석한 결과 일치함을 확인하였다. 향후 DTG 자료와 버스 노선번호와 매칭하여 실제 어느 버스 노선에서 위험운전행동이 빈번하게 발생하는지, 어떤 도로에서 위험운전행동 유형이 발생하는지에 대한 분석 수행이 가능할 것으로 판단된다. 해당 연구가 진행된다면 향후 세종시 도로별, 차종별 위험운전행동구간 통계 및 집계 정보 활용이 가능하며, 세종시에 대한 위험운전 유형별 발생 분포에 대해 확인이 가능할 것으로 보인다.

Holomorphic embedding approach for VSC‐based AC/DC power flow

With the rapid development of voltage source converter based high-voltage direct current, power flow analysis becomes increasingly important for AC/DC hybrid systems. This study extends the holomorphic embedding (HE) method to the VSC-based AC/DC power flow problem. With an appropriate embedding technique, a general embedded model is established for AC/DC power flow with VSCs, which can not only preserve the deterministic property of HE that enables it to derive the desired solution in an explicit manner but also flexibly accommodate various bus types, VSC configurations, control strategies and operating conditions. Moreover, the sparsity of the recursive matrix in power series calculations and the introduction of the iterative calculation of the inverse matrix (ICIM) to rational approximants contribute to the high computational efficiency of the model. The proposed method is shown to be feasible and efficient by illustrative cases and is further extended to multi-terminal (VSC-MTDC) configurations to verify its flexibility.