Bus Passengers Research Articles

Boarding stop inference with uncertain relationship between bus vehicles and mobile smart card readers

AbstractBoarding stop inference for bus passengers is essential for the improvement of bus transit services. Previous studies mainly focus on matching the bus trajectories with the bus stop locations, while the relationship between smart card readers—which collect the smart card data—and bus vehicles is usually given. However, uncertainties arise in practical applications regarding the matching of vehicles and card readers. To tackle this challenge, in this study, a data‐driven approach is proposed to dig into the spatiotemporal features of passengers' smart card data and bus vehicle operations. A weighted bipartite graph algorithm is developed to match the smart card readers with the bus vehicles automatically. To verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed approach, a case study is conducted on the Bus Anhong Line in Shanghai, China. The inferred results of boarding stops are compared with the data from passenger counting sensors installed in the bus vehicles. The matching accuracy rate achieves 0.9539, which validates the effectiveness of the proposed matching model. In addition, the inferred data are used to present the spatiotemporal patterns of boarding passengers and identify high‐demand bus stops.

A new methodology for the real-time limited-stop bus service design problem

Providing limited-stop bus services can improve the efficiency of bus systems. This paper proposes a new two-stage strategy for providing real-time limited-stop bus services for a corridor and the corresponding model is developed. In the first (tactical planning) stage, given the maximum number of different limited-stop services, an operator determines a set of limited-stop services based on historical bus travel times and passenger arrival rates. In the second (operational) stage, an operator selects one service from the set of limited-stop services obtained in the first stage for each limited-stop vehicle based on (short-term) predictive travel times and passenger arrival rates. Prediction errors are considered in the second stage. An enhanced artificial bee colony algorithm is developed to solve the first-stage model and the Monte Carlo Simulation method is adopted to solve the second-stage model. Numerical results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the strategy and the effect of prediction errors.

Sentiment Analysis of UINSU Students' Comfort Towards Trans Metro Deli Services at Taman Budaya Bus Stop Using the Naive Bayes Method

The large number of bus passengers at the Taman Budaya bus stop is one of the public transportation problems. Finding that the Metro Deli Bus Organizer is still operating. They are considered capable of meeting the requirements for choosing a mode of transportation. The purpose of this study is to determine the passenger transportation factors on the Trans Metro Deli Bus. The Trans Metro Deli Bus Passenger Transportation Factor is the purpose of this study. Data Collection Techniques Using Questionnaires Student comfort factors when using the Trans Metro Deli bus service. This study's methodology starts with problem identification and moves on to problem-solving techniques and assessment procedures. Respondents were given a questionnaire to fill out to collect data. The author of this study used Google Forms. The author of this study solved the problem using the Naïve Bayes algorithm. The Naïve Bayes algorithm model produces results with an accuracy of up to 71.43%, which is quite good. The accuracy results of 71.43% and approaching 100% show how accurate the sentiment analysis is using the Naïve Bayes classification. The accuracy results of 71.43% and approaching 100% show how accurate the sentiment analysis is using the Naïve Bayes classification. 'The bus took a long time to arrive' and 'didn't get a seat' were the most common negative reviews, indicating that some students felt uncomfortable. The Naïve Bayes results of the study showed that people who reviewed the Trans Metro Deli Bus expressed more positive opinions, with the highest score of 71.43%.

Exploring Potential Customized Bus Passengers Across Private Car Trajectory Data

Exploring Potential Customized Bus Passengers Across Private Car Trajectory Data

Exploration on boosting bus ridership in the post-pandemic era referring to bus rider behavior changes

Boosting bus ridership after pandemics is critical to green city and urban sustainability, to curb the rapid increase of private cars and to provide alternative trip choice to the public. Referring to bus passengers’ changes in trip behaviors from the pandemics, we may better focus on the bus service attributes to which passengers are sensitive, and devote the limited resources to improve these attributes for bus ridership growth. The reason for not comparing passenger behaviors between the pre- and post-pandemics, lies in that bus service system has changed significantly during the pandemics, and that we have to continue that passed on from the pandemics. With questionnaire and statistical analyses, passengers in the post-pandemics are found to accept more transfers, traveling over a shorter distance with fewer accompanies and more urgent purposes. Targeting at the frequent passengers, the factors of accepting longer access distance, longer wait time, and independence from private cars during the pandemics contribute positively to the frequent bus usage in the post-pandemics, in addition to being aged 50 years old or more and being female. Suggestions follow to keep sufficient stop distance for in-vehicle time saving, and to promote reliable transfer, accurate bus arrival information, long route reformation, service enrichment, trip pleasure creation, extensive connection, and special attention for frequent passengers. This research contributes comprehensive understanding of bus trip patterns in the post-pandemics to guide the respondent agencies to reform bus service delivered from the pandemics, and to promote bus ridership increase.

Real-Time Tracking System for City Bus Location And Passenger Count

This survey paper reviews the advancements in real-time tracking and passenger counting systems for city buses, emphasizing the growing need for efficient, data-driven public transit solutions. As urban populations rise, city transport systems face challenges in managing demand, reducing congestion, and improving service reliability. Real-time tracking systems using GPS, GIS, and IoT-enabled sensors enable passengers and transit authorities to monitor bus locations and optimize travel times. Additionally, passenger counting systems—utilizing infrared, AI-based vision models, and pressure sensors—provide data on bus occupancy levels, allowing commuters to make informed travel decisions and helping transit agencies manage resources efficiently. This paper examines existing technologies, compares various tracking and counting methods based on accuracy, cost, and scalability, and explores recent trends in artificial intelligence, big data analytics, and smart city integration. Furthermore, it identifies critical challenges, including data privacy, accuracy in urban environments, and energy consumption, proposing future research directions for enhancing the reliability, sustainability, and user-friendliness of these systems. Our findings underscore the transformative potential of real-time bus tracking and passenger counting in advancing public transportation infrastructure and enhancing urban mobility

A study of short-term passenger flow forecasting for public transportation based on the time series method

Abstract. In order to solve the conflicts between the supply and demand of urban transport, improve the living standard of urban residents, raise the level of urbanization, and promote the sustainable socio-economic development of the whole city, it is necessary to increase the pace of urban transport construction, planning and management in China. And at the same time, its necessary to take various measures to regulate the structure of urban transport and guide urban transport to develop in the direction of taking public transport as the mainstay. The experience of the development of urban transportation in China and abroad also proves that prioritizing the development of public transportation is the fundamental way to solve the problem of urban transportation. Public transport passenger flow data is the basis for optimizing public transport operations and scheduling. Accurate passenger flow forecasts on public transport routes can effectively guide public transport operation decisions, formulate operation scheduling plans and effectively improve the operational efficiency of the public transport system. The following are some of the key factors that can be taken into consideration when making passenger flow forecasts. The main contribution of this article is to propose the use of data mining technology, use bus IC card data and bus GPS data to integrate and organize them, conduct correlation analysis on the data, and on this basis, obtain the main distribution characteristics of bus passenger flow, and provide short-term Passenger flow forecast provides relevant ideas.

Performance Evaluation of Hydrogen-Powered Internal Combustion Engine City Bus for the Urban Mobility of Bologna, Italy

Abstract Due to its geographical features, northern Italy is particularly prone to poor urban air quality and air pollution. Vehicular emissions are one of the main sources of pollutants and greenhouse gases emissions. Reducing the number of vehicles and promoting collective urban sustainable mobility represent the best solution to cut-down emissions from the transport sector in urban contexts. Among the possible solutions, hydrogen-fuelled internal combustion engines are particularly attractive, due to the interesting compromise between low manufacturing cost and low emissions (CO2 is absent, while other pollutants can be easily kept under control). Despite the lack of a distribution network, the operational path of hydrogen urban buses is known a priori, allowing them to operate without relying extensively on distribution infrastructure. This study presents a performance evaluation of a hydrogen-powered internal combustion engine bus within the metropolitan area of Bologna, Italy, assessed on two distinct routes representing diverse typical operating conditions. Through a dedicated virtual vehicle model, the performance of the bus is assessed in terms of fuel efficiency and NOx emissions. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis is conducted to evaluate the impact of variations in both the bus weight and passenger load on its performance metrics. The findings of the present study provide valuable insights into the sustainability of hydrogen buses for urban contexts, paving the way for their adoption as a sustainable transport solution.

Dynamic Optimization of Exclusive Bus Lane Location Considering Reliability: A Case Study of Beijing

For metropolises like Beijing, heavy congestions cause transit passengers’ unreliable travel time, including in vehicle time and waiting time. Comparing with other managerial measures, designing a lane for bus use only is an effective method to improve travel reliability, for it can eliminate the influence on bus-driving conditions. This paper proposes a reliable and practical method to determine exclusive bus lanes (EBL). A reliability-based optimization model is established, in which the tradeoff among bus and private car passengers’ travel time, reliability, and EBL construction cost are considered. Based on the actual network, a user equilibrium demand assignment model is applied to estimate the dynamic bus flow distribution. Since the model is nonlinear, a two-step method is proposed where tangent lines are introduced to constitute an envelope curve to linearize the model. This work conducts the statistical modeling and fitting analysis with actual bus trajectory data, collected on EBL in Beijing during peak hours. Passenger travel time distributions are fitted to estimate the statistical passenger travel time; Lognormal distribution and Gaussian distribution are the best fit. The optimization results indicate that the passenger travel time reliability can be improved by 5.5% by the optimized EBL location scheme. This study will provide a theoretical basis and methodological support for improving the service level of the public transportation system in large cities through the scientific planning of exclusive bus lanes.

ПОВЫШЕНИЕ КАЧЕСТВА ОБСЛУЖИВАНИЯ АВТОБУСНЫХ ПЕРЕВОЗОК НА ПРИМЕРЕ МАРШРУТА №158 Г. САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГА

The article presents the characteristics of the bus route under consideration, as well as the territory under study, a method for examining passenger flows was selected, after which, based on the data obtained, appropriate measures were developed. In order to improve the quality of service of bus route No. 158, it was decided to change the section of the route, as well as the bus schedule on the route. Thus, thanks to the proposed measures, it was possible to improve the quality of service of passenger bus transportation, which is confirmed by calculations of the social effect.

Global carbon transition in the passenger transportation sector over 2000–2021

The high-emitting and hard-to-abate passenger transport sector plays a crucial role in global deep decarbonization. To lead an equitable and rapid transition in the passenger transportation, this work is the first to develop a bottom-up modeling framework integrated with the latest decomposing structural decomposition methodology to assess and compare historical emission patterns and decarbonization efforts of 28 countries over the past two decades. Results indicate: (1) Carbon emissions from the global passenger transport sector increased between 2000 and 2021, peaking in 2019, with GDP per capita and population size being key drivers of rising carbon emissions across countries. (2) The decarbonization efforts of the global passenger transport sector varied by traffic mode. The largest contributors were passenger buses [−0.46 megatons of carbon dioxide per year (Mt CO2/yr)], followed by trains (−0.4 Mt CO2/yr), and airplanes (−0.28 Mt CO2/yr), while passenger cars (1.04 Mt CO2/yr) hindered the decarbonization process. (3) Although the global passenger transport sector has cumulatively decarbonized 3005.9 Mt CO2 and achieved a decarbonization rate of 5.1 %, regional performance varied significantly, exhibiting uneven and inadequate progress. Overall, the study provides an effective data-driven assessment framework for reviewing and comparing global and national passenger transport decarbonization performance, which will facilitate the planning of decarbonization pathways by global emitters and the early achievement of zero-carbon transport.

ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ ПЕРЕСУВАНЬ ПАСАЖИРІВ В ІНДИВІДУАЛЬНИХ АВТОМОБІЛЯХ ТА В АВТОБУСАХ, ЩО НА ВИДІЛЕНИХ СМУГАХ

The effectiveness of dedicated lanes for public transport (buses) is determined based on the analysis of publi-cations on the peculiarities of vehicle traffic on the road networks with these lanes. The effectiveness is measured by the amount of reduction in the time it takes passengers to reach their destinations. However, if we are talking about dedicat-ed lanes by reducing their number for other vehicles (cars and trucks), we need to consider the increased travel time for road users in these vehicles. Relevant observations were made in the morning and evening rush hours during the three busiest working days of the week (Monday, Wednesday, Friday), having recorded indicators that can be used to assess traffic flows on sections of the urban road network without and with dedicated lanes (number of buses in dedicated lanes, their speed, travel time; the same for all road users without dedicated lanes). The sections were chosen so that the second one was a continuation of the first one without gaps between them. The result of the study was the establishment of the time and cost efficiency of passenger transportation in buses on a dedicated lane and the same inefficiency of passenger transportation in cars moving on the residual reduced number of lanes. The time costs by the latter were in average 52.61 times less that of passengers traveling in dedicated bus lanes. It is estimated that this increase costs UAH 0.117 per car passenger, compared to UAH 0.096 per bus passenger. In further studies with expanded geography on the implemen-tation of dedicated bus lanes, designers need to make compromise decisions, taking into account all traffic participants, not just buses. Keywords: section of urban road network, lane, dedicated lane, traffic flow, volume, speed, bus, car, duration, effectiveness.

ERGONOMIC AND LOGISTIC ENSURING THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE COMFORT DURING THE ORGANIZATION OF PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION IN A SMALL-CAPACITY BUS

Purpose. The most important advantage of passenger transport by road is the high quality of transport service, which depends on the organization of the transport process, structural features and technical condition of the rolling stock used and the route, the development of the route network and other factors. Comfort reflects the properties of bus passenger transportation, which lead to the creation of the necessary service conditions and convenience for passengers in the bus, at the start-end and transit points on the basis of regulatory documents approved in the prescribed manner. Features of the design of small-capacity buses in terms of comfort and safety of passenger transportation and provision of proper travel conditions mostly determine the scope of use of buses of this class by types of connections and length of routes. The purpose of the paper is the development of a structural model, based on the analysis of the main factors affecting the determination of the comfort of a small-capacity bus for urban transportation during the transportation of passengers. Methods. The analysis of literary sources showed that indicators of comfort (as well as indicators of information service, speed, timeliness, safety of cargo, safety), which refer to indicators of the quality of passenger transportation, are decisive in this group of indicators. From the point of view of Ukrainian legislation and regulatory framework, the concepts of passenger bus capacity and comfort are analyzed. The main factors that determine the comfort of small-capacity buses for urban transportation during the transportation of passengers are determined. Ensuring the comfort of passenger transportation in a small-capacity city bus is determined by compliance with ergonomic requirements, which, in turn, depends on the design features of the arrangement of the area intended for passengers. Scientific novelty. It is proposed to evaluate the comfort category in the urban public road transport system using a structural model that combines two sets of factors – logistic and ergonomic. The logistic set of factors includes characteristics in time and space, that is, characteristics of comfort outside the means of urban public road transport. The ergonomic set of factors includes characteristics that describe comfort in vehicles. Practical significance. On the basis of this model, possible ways of ensuring ergonomic requirements for the layout of the interior and interior of small-capacity buses for urban passenger transportation are proposed. It was established that the main factors of the redistribution of transport mobility between urban passenger transport and transport for individual use are the insufficient comfort of passenger transport or the insufficient density of the route network.

Comprehensive Analysis of Magnetic Flux Density and RF-EMF Exposure in Electric Buses: A Case Study from Samsun, Turkey.

This study investigates magnetic flux density (B) and radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) measurements on electric buses operating in Samsun, Turkey, focusing on two bus routes (called E1 and E4) during the morning and evening hours. Measurements were taken under diverse operational conditions, including acceleration, cruising, and braking, at locations of peak passenger density. Along the E1 route, the magnetic field intensity varied significantly based on the bus position, road slope, and passenger load, with notable increases during braking. In contrast, the E4 route showed a lower magnetic field intensity and RF-EMF values due to its straighter trajectory and reduced operational stops. The highest RF-EMF measurement recorded was 6.01 V/m, which is below the maximum levels established by the ICNIRP guidelines. In 11 out of the 12 different band-selective RF-EMF measurements, the highest contribution came from the downlink band of the base stations, while in only one measurement, the highest contribution originated from the uplink bands of the base stations. All data were subject to the Anderson-Darling test, confirming the generalized extreme value distribution as the best fit for both B and RF-EMF measurements. Additionally, the study assessed B levels inside and outside the bus during charging, revealing heightened readings near the pantograph. These findings significantly contribute to our understanding of electromagnetic field exposure in electric bus environments, highlighting potential health implications and informing the development of targeted mitigation strategies.

Modelling Passengers’ Travel Behaviour for Shared Autonomous Vehicle and Bus Considering Heterogeneity

The popularisation of autonomous vehicles will give rise to a new business model called shared autonomous vehicle (SAV). SAVs may attract a large number of passengers and lead to a decline in the share of buses, which can be interpreted by exploring passengers’ travel behaviour when confronting the SAV and bus modes. Thus, this paper addresses the SAV and bus passengers’ travel behaviour, aiming to examine the factors influencing travel behaviour and revealing the characteristics of SAV passengers. We classified passengers using latent class cluster analysis and modelled passengers’ travel behaviour based on confirmatory factor analysis and mixed logit model. The findings indicate a variation in travel preferences among different classes of travellers. Short-distance travellers pay less attention to travel time. Non-short-distance PT travellers are most likely to be affected by service attributes (waiting time, travel time and travel costs). Non-short-distance private car travellers are more likely to become early SAV adopters. Passengers travelling for short distances may be more likely to choose SAV, which reveals the potential of SAVs to become a first and last mile connection for public transport. Passengers lack trust in SAVs, which will affect their promotion.

Pengaruh Kualitas Layanan dan Fasilitas terhadap Kepuasan Pelanggan pada Perusahaan Bus PO. Gumarang Jaya

Consumer satisfaction can be created when passengers' expectations of the company's services meet or exceed them. The aim of the research carried out was to determine the influence of service quality and facilities on customer satisfaction at PT Gumarang Jaya. The research method used is quantitative research. The research location chosen was PT Gumarang Jaya. The distribution of members of the research population is PO.Gumarang Jaya Bus passengers and 150 people were selected as a sample. Data was collected through a questionnaire guided by a scale of 1-5. The data were analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis with the help of the SPSS Version 25.0 application. The results of research on the service quality variable obtained a value of tcount (5.851) > ttable (1.99) so that H0 was rejected. Then the results of the analysis on the facility variable obtained a value of tcount (5.612) > Ttable (1.99) so that Ho was rejected. The research conclusion is that service quality (X1) has a significant effect on customer satisfaction (Y) of PO.Gumarang Jaya buses. Facilities (X2) have a real influence on customer satisfaction (Y) of PO.Gumarang Jaya buses

The Influence of Social Media Marketing on Purchase Decisions: Exploring the Mediating Effects of Promotion and Customer Experience

Businesses must use social media if they want to survive in this modern era. Almost all industries need social media to increase market share, boost brand credibility, and increase customer trust. Social media is also necessary for the transportation industry to function properly. Until now, there has not been much research on transportation related to marketing activities on social media, especially buses. This study provides a new perspective on efforts to improve SMMA purchasing decisions. It was found that customer experience and promotion variables are necessary as mediating variables between SMMA and purchase decisions. This study collects and analyzes quantitative data. In this study, purposive sampling method was used to 506 sample bus passengers at PO Bejeu Jepara. The empirical model was tested with Smart PLS 4.0 software.

Integration between Dockless Bike-Sharing and Buses: The Effect of Urban Road Network Characteristics

Globally, dockless bike-sharing (DBS) systems are acclaimed for their convenience and seamless integration with public transportation, such as buses and metros. While much research has focused on the connection between the built environment and the metro–DBS integration, the influence of urban road characteristics on DBS and bus integration remains underexplored. This study defined the parking area of DBS around bus stops by a rectangular buffer so as to extract the DBS–bus integration, followed by measuring the access and egress integration using real-time data on dockless bike locations. This indicated that the average trip distance for DBS–bus access and egress integration corresponded to 1028.47 m and 1052.33 m, respectively. A zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) regression model assessed how urban roads and other transportation facilities correlate with DBS–bus integration across various scenarios. The findings revealed that certain street patterns strongly correlate with frequent connection hotspots. Furthermore, high-grade roads and ‘dense loops on a stick’ street types may negatively influence DBS–bus integration. The increase in the proportion of three-legged intersections and culs-de-sac in the catchment makes it difficult for bus passengers to transfer by DBS. These insights offer valuable guidance for enhancing feeder services in public transit systems.

Methodological approaches to the functioning of the passenger transportation market: Airline, road and railway segments

Passenger transportation plays a critical role in ensuring efficient functioning of the economy, as it provides labour mobility, access to markets, cultural, and social services, and promotes the development of international tourism and social integration. Thus, the purpose of the research was to analyse methodological foundations of the functioning of the passenger transportation market and to assess the war impact on the condition and development of air, bus, and rail passenger transportation. With the help of the bibliographic method, key scientific papers have been analysed in the article to study the theoretical foundation and identify problematic issues, calling for improvement and development. Using the generalisation method, leading organisations, ensuring the functioning of the passenger transportation market, have been identified and summarised, and the general principles of its functioning have been formulated. Using comparative and grouping methods, methodological approaches to air, bus, and rail passenger transportation in the context of economic, regulatory, technological, ecological, and social foundations have been proposed. The necessary prerequisites for the effective functioning of the passenger transportation market have been determined by grouping the most significant aspects, such as liberalisation and competition, state regulation and standardisation, investments and innovations, as well as effective cooperation between stakeholders in the field of passenger transportation. Using tabular and graphical methods, the war impact on air, bus, and rail passenger transportation has been considered through the lens of the caused damage, the amount of destruction, and the necessary restoration and reduction of passenger traffic. The peculiarities of enterprise operation in wartime have been identified with the emphasis on strategically important features of functioning and development, and patterns in passenger transportation have been revealed with the help of the content analysis method. The results of the research can be useful for specialists in the field of passenger transportation and tourism when analysing the passenger transportation market, forming strategies, and considering development trends

Legal Protection of Public Bus Service Users for Persons with Disabilities in Denpasar

Law no. 22/2009 concerning Road Transport Traffic states that people with disabilities have the right to support facilities for managing road traffic and transport. Providing access for people with disabilities on the Denpasar City Sarbagita Bus is not implemented in accordance with Law no. 22/2009 concerning Road Transport Traffic Gaps in regulations and implementation (das sollen and das sein). The problems raised in this research are a) What are the factors that cause the Road Transport Traffic Law and the Law on Persons with Disabilities to not be realized regarding providing accessibility for people with disabilities who use public buses in Denpasar? b) What are the government's efforts to achieve justice for disabled public bus passengers in Denpasar? This research uses empirical legal research with the rationale that this research will examine the government's efforts to achieve justice for disabled public bus passengers in Denpasar. The approach used in solving problems is through a statutory approach, a fact approach and also assisted by a legal concept analysis approach (Analytical and Conceptual Approach). The results of the research show that the factors causing the non-realization of Law Number 22 of 2009 concerning Road Traffic and Transportation and Law Number 8 of 2016 concerning Persons with Disabilities regarding providing accessibility for disabled people using public buses in Denpasar include: from in terms of costs, it must be adjusted to the budget/fees provided/budgeted by TAPD (the Regional Government Budget Team cannot just ask for funds, so that the facilities are adjusted to existing funds; there is rejection of additional facilities by the project owner (Ministry of Transportation); as well as minimal involvement of people with disabilities disabilities in formulating policies so as to avoid discrimination for people with disabilities. Government efforts to achieve justice for disabled public bus passengers in Denpasar include: the creation of Bali Provincial Regulation Number 9 of 2015 concerning the protection and fulfillment of the rights of people with disabilities; further efforts to collaborate and involve certain parties in formulating accessibility policies in public bus services in Bali; Advocacy for persons with disabilities in fulfilling their rights in public services; invite people with disabilities to participate actively; and invite the general public to be aware that people with disabilities must pay attention to their existence so that it does not cause the disabled community to become jealous of non-disabled people.