Bus Lines Research Articles

Analysis of the Trans Koetaradja bus services considering latent variables of bus line services

The Government of Aceh delivers a transport policy measure to combat autos dependency and severe traffic within the city by reforming conventional urban public transportation to modern bus system so-called the Trans Koetaradja (TK). The most critical issue for urban bus system is in how to maintenance existing users and attract new ridership’s. In this case, perceived service quality (PSQ) elements such as the easiness, comfort, and safety of bus system has an importance rule in determining user’s satisfaction. The PSQ is used in public transport planning and operation as a tool to establish the level of overall user’s satisfaction towards public transport services. Therefore, this study aims to examine the PSQ of the TK bus services by considering unobserved variable such as psychological indicators related to the bus line services from TK’s users. Revealed preference survey within 3 lines of TK was conducted in the mid of 2019. On board survey with a total of 450 samples were distributed and valid used in this study. The multivariate analysis of structural equation modelling so-called confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is used to deeply explore the behavioral intention of TK users toward the bus service attributes. The CFA result depicts that PSQ resulted to higher user’s satisfaction has significantly statistical relationship with the user intention to the bus services variables of “obedience when stopped”, “driver appearance”, “air condition”, “bus arrival time” and “the satisfaction of supporting bus facilities”.

Event-Driven Tactile Sensing System Including 100 CMOS-MEMS Integrated 3-Axis Force Sensors Based on Asynchronous Serial Bus Communication

This paper describes an event-driven tactile sensing system including 100 CMOS-MEMS integrated 3-axis force sensors of 2.7 mm square footprint for providing robot tactile sensation. The system has the following features: (1) the event-driven function of the CMOS LSI integrated in the sensor can reduce the number of stimulated sensors, (2) the stimulated sensors send data packets on a shared differential bus line of 90 cm by asynchronous serial communication, and (3) the data collision avoidance and adaptation functions of the sensor enable multiple sensors to be stimulated simultaneously. According to the event-driven function, the sensor sends data packets only when the digital sensing value is over a set threshold. The collision avoidance function detects data collisions, stops sending data, and avoids further collisions. The adaptation function varies the time interval between data packets and reduces the bus occupation by a specific sensor. These functions make the sensor autonomous to some extent that can judge whether and when to send data packets. The sensor in the system can operate at a data sending rate of 1 Mbps, 2 Mbps, 4 Mbps, or 8 Mbps by configurations. When 100 sensors with the same function settings are stimulated, almost the same amount of data packets are received from each sensor. As the data rate changing from 1 Mbps to 8 Mbps, the average sampling frequency of the 100 sensors is about 36.87 Hz, 73.00 Hz, 142.99 Hz, and 274.28 Hz with the data packet format of 244 bits.

Evacuating metro passengers via the urban bus system under uncertain disruption recovery time and heterogeneous risk-taking behaviour

The bus-bridging service has always faced problems in severe emergencies or catastrophes that require the large-scale evacuation of passengers. This paper provides an alternative evacuation scheme which uses the urban bus network in the case of common metro service disruptions; this is modeled by minimizing the total cost of the affected metro passengers, through jointly selecting the bus lines and frequencies. The uncertain recovery time of the service disruption and the heterogeneous risk-taking behavior of the affected metro passengers are incorporated in the scheme. Therefore, we build a linkage between the evacuation service design and the risk-taking behavior of passengers. A heuristic algorithm is proposed to calculate the optimal evacuation scheme. A numerical experiment using a real-world network is conducted to illustrate the validity of the model and algorithm.

Assessment of persistent indoor VOCs inside public transport during winter season

The present work intends to analyze the pollution level at the indoor environments of the public transport units of León Guanajuato, Mexico during winter season. An identification and quantification of persistent organic pollutants were carried out within three of the principal bus lines of the city in order to determine their possible origin, the differences in the levels of contamination between routes, and the potential risk to the health of the users, these analyses were carried out with different statistical techniques (ANOVA, PCA, and correlation network maps). Fourteen different organic compounds were identified as persistent pollutants. Although toluene and hexane were the compounds that were detected at the highest concentrations (average of 86.52 ± 56.1 μg m−3 and 183.33 ± 10.7 μg m−3, respectively), the correlation analysis showed that xylene, styrene, and ethylbenzene were the compounds that were mostly related to the other compounds identified as persistent. Otherwise, the statistical analysis of the concentration of these pollutants allowed to establish the fuel combustion vapors as the main source of these compounds. In the same way, the potential exposition health risk to the users were calculated in accordance to the Environmental Protection Agency of United States on those commuters grouped as students and workers. This analysis shown that the xylenes are the most representative organic pollutant in this particulate indoor spaces, and is the one with potential to generate a greater risk to the health of the bus-users, this without demising the potential danger of other pollutants.

Bus Travel Time: Experimental Evidence and Forecasting

Bus travel time analysis plays a key role in transit operation planning, and methods are needed for investigating its variability and for forecasting need. Nowadays, telematics is opening up new opportunities, given that large datasets can be gathered through automated monitoring, and this topic can be studied in more depth with new experimental evidence. The paper proposes a time-series-based approach for travel time forecasting, and data from automated vehicle monitoring (AVM) of bus lines sharing the road lanes with other traffic in Rome (Italy) and Lviv (Ukraine) are used. The results show the goodness of such an approach for the analysis and reliable forecasts of bus travel times. The similarities and dissimilarities in terms of travel time patterns and city structure were also pointed out, showing the need to take them into account when developing forecasting methods.

Comparison of main design concepts of auxiliary drives for DC catenary fed light traction vehicles: SiC JFET vs Si IGBT technology

ABSTRACT This paper presents a comparison of prospective design concepts of DC/DC isolated converters for auxiliary drives of DC catenary fed light traction vehicles. Auxiliary drives are mostly dedicated to generate standard power grid supplying various on-board equipment and to charge on-board batteries. The DC/DC isolated converter consists of full-bridge (FB) converter feeding a high frequency transformer (HFT) and SiC diode rectifier which produces a DC voltage bus line for 3-phase voltage-source inverter. The input FB converter is in our case designed using 1200 V devices in discrete (Si IGBTs) and module (SiC JFETs) version. The comparison deals both the hard switching and soft switching topologies of the converters. The investigated design concepts are experimentally tested up to the switching frequency of 200 kHz. The main aim of this paper is to compare efficiencies of SiC JFET and Si IGBT LLC full bridge converters operated under both continuous conduction mode (CCM) and discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). The introduced theoretical results and analyses are validated by the experiments made on developed prototype 8 kW, 400 V/600 V DC/DC isolated converter using SiC JFET and Si IGBTs

How do subways affect urban passenger transport modes?—Evidence from China

This paper examines how the opening of a subway affects urban passenger transport modes. The DID method is applied to a dataset of 43 Chinese cities where subway development plans were approved between 1994 and 2015. This paper finds strong evidence that subways affect people's choice of travel modes. Specifically, every new subway line put into operation annually diverts about 4.1 percent of bus passengers, which is equivalent to saving at least 10 bus lines. Furthermore, subways supplement the existing bus systems, but do not have a crowding-out effect on the number of buses or the length of bus lines. The opening of subways reduces the number of taxis and cars on the road.

Influence of Individual Perceptions on the Decision to Adopt Automated Bus Services

The rapid development of automated buses holds great potential for the development of transportation systems. As research into innovative forms of automated transportation systems gains momentum, it is important to understand the public’s perceptions of such public transport systems. Previous studies have contributed based on hypothetical scenarios, but not based on real observations. Based on an online survey in Stockholm in March 2019, the current research addresses this gap by investigating the public’s perceptions from a real, fully operational, automated public transportation service operated in a mixed traffic environment on public roads. The respondents were selected along the automated bus line in Barkabystaden, Stockholm. Our findings indicate that (1) The presence of onboard operators has a positive impact on respondents’ perceived safety, (2) People who have not taken automated buses before have a more negative perception of driving speed of the bus service than people who have taken the buses before, (3) Attitudinal factors, such as public perceptions of safety, driving speed, reliability, and convenience, have a significant influence on the acceptance of the new bus system, (4) As an emerging and innovative transportation mode, automated buses are expected to attract a high share of regular public transportation mode users and the younger generations in the future, (5) Social-demographic characteristics such as gender and income had no significant impacts on the adoption of the new technology. The results provide the characteristics of early bus adopters and their travel behavior and help to prioritize possible investments and allow the policymakers and private industries to identify the special needs of users.

How public transport subsidy policies in China affect the average passenger load factor of a bus line

This study applies inventory theory to illustrate the internal relationship between the average passenger load factor and choice of public transport subsidy policy by the government. Subsidy policies are broadly classified into four types: fixed amount subsidy, passenger volume subsidy, vehicle trip subsidy, and incentive mechanism subsidy. A bus supply model with the objective of minimizing expected loss is formulated with demand considered to be a continuous random variable. We then analyse, using numerical examples, how the four subsidy policies affect the model-related parameters and the average passenger load factor. Results show that, in terms of reducing the average passenger load factor, the fixed-amount subsidy has no effect while the passenger volume subsidy and vehicle trip subsidy have limited effects, although the latter is more effective than the former. Further, the incentive mechanism subsidy requires an appropriate unit penalty value to reach the appropriate average passenger load factor. A combination of the vehicle trip subsidy and an appropriate incentive mechanism subsidy is the most effective method to improve the average passenger load factor. However, the effectiveness is constrained by the bus supply capacity.

Traffic Congestion: Shift from Private Car to Public Transportation

Private Cars (PC) are becoming the most common way to travel daily. This is one of the effects of poor access to Public Transport (PT). As a result, increase air pollution, traffic congestion, noise, accidents. This study aims to develop a modal shift model for car users to shift to PT and determine the factors that effects the performance of the mode of transportation. A survey of 384 of PT users was conducted in Kajang city, Malaysia. Data were processed by SPSS software. A binary logit model has been used for three different lines (car, train and bus). The explanatory factors that looked at two models include trip distances, a trip rate per day, trip time, gender, age, and occupation, which are important variables. Mode Choice Model (Car vs Bus) show the travel time and distance travelled are significant factors to increase the use of public buses and reduce dependence on the car. While in Model (Car vs Train), the travel time is an important variable that effects of the switching decision between car and train. Younger people are more likely to switch in both models. Improve some factors like reliability in public transport services and change some fundamental policy could be the most effective measures for shifting from PC to PT.

P‐6: 4‐side Micro Border 8k4k LCD with Oxide‐TFT Gate Driver Embedded Array

We have realized the 4‐side micro (0.9x/0.9x/0.9x/0.9x mm) border 8k4k 120Hz LCD with Oxide thin‐film transistor (TFT) for the first time. Most of narrow border prototypes in past was 3‐side with 2‐COF process for both gate and data driving, but now, we have been developing the most cost effective 4‐side micro border LCD with only data COF. As core technology, 1G1D pixel driving and GDCIAA (Gate Driver Circuit in Active Area) with oxide TFT backplane are incorporated without any additional investment of module assembly. In practical point of view, this technology can render about 70% reduction of D‐IC cost and additional value up as a form factor of premium product compare to a‐Si TFT based LCD. Moreover, simplified 1G1D bus line structure can contribute to production yield improvement. In this report, we present the most valuable 8k4k LCD product with the latest AUOs Oxide TFT backplane technology.

Stop-skipping in rolling horizons

Stop-skipping (also known as expressing) is a typical control strategy in public transit operations with a dual objective: (i) reduce the trip delays and (ii) improve the travel times of on-board passengers. Dynamic stop-skipping approaches decide about the stop-skipping strategy of each bus trip in isolation, neglecting the effect of the skipped stops on future trips. To rectify this, we introduce a rolling horizon stop-skipping model that determines the stop-skipping strategies of several trips within a rolling horizon. Then, we model the rolling horizon stop-skipping problem as an integer nonlinear program, and we prove that it is (at least) an NP-complete decision problem which can be solved to global optimality for small-scale scenarios. Simulation-based tests using real data from bus line 15L in Denver demonstrate a potential performance improvement of 13% when using our rolling horizon stop-skipping approach in the presence of travel time uncertainty.

Taxi hailing choice behavior and economic benefit analysis of emission reduction based on multi-mode travel big data

During the passing decade, taxi floating car data (FCD) has become an important tool to investigate urban trip choice behaviors and activities. The corresponding taxi exhaust reduction issue is also with rather significance for traffic emission mitigation in urban areas. By taking Shanghai as an empirical case, this paper analyzed the spatiotemporal characteristics of multimode travelers by combining the taxi FCD (from Qiangsheng Inc.), the metro smartcard data and the GPS trajectories of Mobike, one of the most popular shared bicycles in China, 2018). Binomial logit models (BNL) were proposed to estimate mode choices for both peak and off-peak periods by incorporating socio-economic, demographic, urban morphology, land use properties, and various trip-related variables. The choices between metro and taxi, Mobike and taxi were analyzed, respectively, with the corresponding influential factors identified. The results indicated that the percentage of residential and commercial land uses, the number of educational facilities have significant impacts on travel mode choice during peak hours, while the percentage of commercial land, the number of hospitals and bus lines are more prominent during off-peak periods. To quantify the emission reduction benefits, localized calculation of automobile exhaust was established according to the Vehicle Specific Power (VSP) based measurements obtained from the Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS) experiments. Then, five corresponding emission mitigation schemes were proposed based on the model findings, and the cost-benefit of each countermeasure was further analyzed. Comparing with releasing the peak-hour crowdedness of metro stations, increasing Mobike supply, updating taxis into electric vehicles, and equipping taxis with catalytic converters, the scheme of removing non-motor vehicle restrictions was found with the shortest payback period and was consequently recommended as accordance with the proposal of urban eco and non-motorized transportation. Findings of this study is useful for transportation management in improving the mode share of metro and bicycles, thus to alleviate the congestion and auto emissions in urban areas.

Route Configuration Method for Highway Passenger Hubs from the Perspective of Transportation Integration: A Case Study of Nanjing, China

As a result of transportation integration, the role of highway passenger transport hubs has changed dramatically; these nodes act as important links to construct a seamless regional comprehensive passenger transport system which reflects the coordination and symmetry of public transportation and the integrated transportation system. In order to optimise the efficiency of transportation organisation and improve the quality of passenger transport services, in this study we developed an optimisation method for the allocation of passenger transport hubs based on the analysis of passenger flow demand and spatial distribution. Configuration models of the departure sites of single-station and multi-station hub lines were established according to the service scope of the stations and the relative generalised travel cost, respectively. The overall optimisation method of the route allocation scheme was proposed by checking and optimising the passenger volume of each station. The developed methodology was successfully validated by applying it to the highway passenger transport hub system of Nanjing, China. The proposed methodology is expected to help management agencies and business operators to optimise existing highway passenger bus lines, thereby improving the quality of their services.

Automatic Feature Engineering for Bus Passenger Flow Prediction Based on Modular Convolutional Neural Network

Deep Neural Network (DNN) has been applied in a wide range of fields due to its exceptional predictive power. In this paper, we explore how to use DNN to solve the large-scale bus passenger flow prediction problem. Currently, most existing methods designed for the passenger flow prediction problem are based on a single view, which is insufficient to capture the dynamics in passenger flow fluctuation. Thus, we analyze the passenger flow from scopes on both macroscopic and microscopic levels, in order to take full advantage of the information from a variety of views. To better understand the role of different views, decision-tree-based models are used in modeling and predicting passenger flow. The defects and key features of decision-tree-based models are then analyzed. The results of the analysis can assist the architecture design of the deep learning network. Inspired by the feature engineering of decision-tree-based models, a modular convolutional neural network is designed, which contains automatic feature extraction block, feature importance block, fully-connected block, and data fusion block. The proposed model is evaluated on the city-wide public transport datasets in Nanjing, China, involving 1,091 bus lines in total. The experiment results demonstrate the outstanding performance of the proposed method in real situations.

Using Open Big Data to Build and Analyze Urban Bus Network Models within and across Administrations

Urban bus networks play an important role, when the capacity of urban public services is evaluated. With recent advancements in Internet and Communication Technologies, there is an emerging interest in building an urban bus network model through open big data. This has rarely been investigated and exposes several challenges in the provision of transportation services in urban planning. On the one hand, it is necessary to combine bus stations based on spatial distance constraints due to their ambiguous definition in open big data; on the other hand, it is difficult and time-consuming to relocate and build new stations, but the optimization of bus lines is relatively easy to implement. This study aimed to develop an explicit methodological framework for building and analyzing two different types of urban bus network model using open big data. Thereafter, the framework was applied in two case studies in China, within a county-level administration and in a region including three county-level administrations. The key result shows that there was a shortage of urban bus services across these different administrations. This paper contributes to the body of research methodologies into public transport networks and to understanding the sharing of urban public services across administrations, improving the management of urban bus networks, and highlighting the importance of examining the characteristics of urban bus network in county-level administrations rather than just in large cities in China.

Mobile phone GPS data in urban customized bus: Dynamic line design and emission reduction potentials analysis

Customized Bus is a new mode of Internet-supported public transportation. It is regarded as one of the major strategies to reduce the usage of private cars and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from road traffic. For a customized bus system, a dynamic bus line planning system based on the demand can largely improve the performance and promote the public acceptance of customized bus service. This paper introduces a method to generate planning suggestions for bus lines and stops based on massive demand data. A link network is generated from the input to represent the sharing route of the demand. With community detection, the link network is segmented into communities with similar travel routes. By examining the core-peripheral structure and matching the core part of communities with the road network, the customized bus lines are generated. Boarding and alighting hotspots are identified as the suggestion for customized bus stops. The methodology is tested by using mobile phone data in Tokyo. With the input of one-day sample, the algorithm can generate the result in approximately 1 min and extract 29 bus lines. According to the shape and spatial location of the bus lines, three types of bus lines serving different travel patterns are classified: radiation type lines, ring-type lines, and suburban lines. Analyzing the emission reduction potential of the extracted bus lines manifestes that bus line planning of the proposed method has the potential to relieve emission pressure on urban expressways and to reduce approximately 13% of road traffic emission.

A new cost effective algorithm for online identification of line outage contingency using current phasor of PMU

Abstract In this study, a new algorithm has been developed for online identification of line outage contingencies. The proposed algorithm is based on two novel parameters i.e., generator bus current deviation index (GBCDI) and line current distribution factor (LCDF). The proposed GBCDI is used to select the principal bus (PB), and therefore a line is selected named as principal line (PL), which is connected with the PB. The proposed LCDF for different contingency cases can be easily calculated and available to the power system operators. Now, the current through PL is monitored, and the PMU provided observed current through the PL is compared with calculated line current using LCDF for different contingency cases via the proposed objective function. Furthermore, PMU error is also incorporated in the objective function to make the developed model realistic. Moreover, for the proposed scheme, the PMUs are required to be placed at generator buses only, and this ensures cost-competitiveness over several existing methods. Additionally, parallel line outage modeling is also demonstrated which reveals the ability of the proposed scheme to identify the outage of parallel line. The proposed technique is applied on IEEE 6 bus, 14 bus, 57 bus, 118 bus systems, and the test results are compared with existing literature. Test results show the superiority of the proposed approach over several existing schemes in terms of identification accuracy and cost-effectiveness.

A summary of research on customized bus route optimization for commuter needs

In order to solve the problems of inadequate existing road resources, rapid development of motor vehicles, and low comfort of traditional buses, a humanized customized bus is proposed, in which the network of customized buses is a key part of its operation. This article mainly summarizes the optimization of the customized bus line network at domestic and abroad, and finally draws the conclusion of this article.

Research on the integration of rail transit and conventional public transport—Taking Chongqing as an example

In order to achieve the urban development pattern led by rail transit and give full play to the role of rail transit, it must rely on the connection of conventional public transport. In this paper, the integration of urban rail transit in Chongqing is discussed from six aspects: bus stop, bus terminal, bus line network, transfer passenger flow, stop and go point and convenient service facilities. Based on the in-depth analysis of the current problems, combined with the requirements of existing integration standards and actual conditions, the improvement plan, implementation plan and construction mechanism are proposed Face.