Buses In Order Research Articles

휠체어 이용 장애인의 저상버스 이용 실태 및 경험에 관한 연구: 인천광역시를 중심으로

This study aims to provide policy implications based on the actual usage of low-floor buses operating in Incheon Metropolitan City and the experiences of people with disabilities who use them. For the purpose of this study, a combination of quantitative research using frequency analysis based on monitoring sites and qualitative research revealing the experiences of the researcher was conducted. For this purpose, four people with severe disabilities who use wheelchairs were recruited, and the objectivity of the research was ensured through training for the recruited people with disabilities. The results of the study were derived through frequency analysis and thematic analysis of the surveyed sites, and the results were as follows: first, 80.4% of the low-floor buses were accessible, but 19.6% were not. Second, 77.5% of the bus stops were accessible. Third, 24.5% of the platform lifts (ramps) were not operational for low-floor buses. Fourth, regarding the friendliness of low-floor bus drivers, 28.2% were found to be unfriendly. Fifth, the survey revealed various inconveniences related to the place of alighting. The results of this study led to policy recommendations on the need to eradicate discrimination, introduce universal design for low-floor buses, distribute low-floor bus manuals and driver training, and expand the number of low-floor buses in order to improve the mobility rights of people with disabilities using wheelchairs.

A New Generation of Hydrogen-Fueled Hybrid Propulsion Systems for the Urban Mobility of the Future

The H2-ICE project aims at developing, through numerical simulation, a new generation of hybrid powertrains featuring a hydrogen-fueled Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) suitable for 12 m urban buses in order to provide a reliable and cost-effective solution for the abatement of both CO2 and criteria pollutant emissions. The full exploitation of the potential of such a traction system requires a substantial enhancement of the state of the art since several issues have to be addressed. In particular, the choice of a more suitable fuel injection system and the control of the combustion process are extremely challenging. Firstly, a high-fidelity 3D-CFD model will be exploited to analyze the in-cylinder H2 fuel injection through supersonic flows. Then, after the optimization of the injection and combustion process, a 1D model of the whole engine system will be built and calibrated, allowing the identification of a “sweet spot” in the ultra-lean combustion region, characterized by extremely low NOx emissions and, at the same time, high combustion efficiencies. Moreover, to further enhance the engine efficiency well above 40%, different Waste Heat Recovery (WHR) systems will be carefully scrutinized, including both Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC)-based recovery units as well as electric turbo-compounding. A Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) aftertreatment system will be developed to further reduce NOx emissions to near-zero levels. Finally, a dedicated torque-based control strategy for the ICE coupled with the Energy Management Systems (EMSs) of the hybrid powertrain, both optimized by exploiting Vehicle-To-Everything (V2X) connection, allows targeting H2 consumption of 0.1 kg/km. Technologies developed in the H2-ICE project will enhance the know-how necessary to design and build engines and aftertreatment systems for the efficient exploitation of H2 as a fuel, as well as for their integration into hybrid powertrains.

Smart Helmet for Motorcycles

Abstract: Our India, the world's second-most populous nation, has a sizable young population. Today's youth like riding bikes, and due to fashion, they often choose not to wear helmets. Due to them, the number of fatal bike accidents is rising daily. Even triple riding causes a lot of fatalities. Head injuries are a major cause of fatalities and can be avoided by using a helmet. A helmet is a type of head protection equipment that prevents head injuries. The helmet primarily helps the skull protect the brain. Various sensors are used to build the smart helmet. The study also sheds light on how the smart helmet system has changed through time and how it functions now utilising cutting-edge technologies like the Internet of Things. Also, this paper discusses the intelligent helmet technology that warns the rider of approaching large vehicles or buses in order to prevent crashes.

A Price-Based Load Flow Algorithm in Decentralized Distribution Markets

With the addition of new elements such as distributed generation, demand response, and price-sensitive loads, as well as grid smartness, the operation and management of distribution networks have faced additional complexities. Hence, the electricity price has a vital role for all market participants and strongly affects the demand, generation, and subsequently, the load flow analysis in the network. In this situation, there is a need for a load flow algorithm in which price is integrated into load flow equations. Therefore, this paper seeks to present a suitable algorithm called price-based load flow which considers the electricity price as a state variable similar to technical variables. In this situation, the price is added to the load flow equations as a new state variable and the effect of location on the price is considered. Therefore, it is possible to use the radial structure of the distribution network and communication between adjacent buses in order to provide an effective and appropriate method to find the price simultaneously with technical variables. The numerical study on the IEEE 33-bus distribution network shows the performance of the proposed method. Unlike the centralized market structure, the method does not need all network information to calculate distribution locational marginal price using optimal power flow. In this method, each bus can perform its computation only by information exchange with adjacent buses.

Analisis Determinan Kinerja Keuangan

The following research aims to find out what factors influenced the financial performance of Islamic Commercial Banks at OJK and BI during the Covid-19 pandemic for the 2019-2021 period. The analysis methodology is panel data regression with Eviews 12. The sample used is 12 BUS for the 2019-2021 period. The variables used are Operational Costs to Operating Income (BOPO), Non Performing Financing (NPF), Inflation, and Statutory Reserves (GWM). The results is all variables simultaneously had a significant influence on the financial performance of BUS, based on F test. Meanwhile, on t test, the BOPO and GWM variables are proven to have an influence on the financial performance of BUS. NPF and inflation had no effect in BUS financial performance (ROA). So that it can be concluded that BUS at OJK and BI in 2019-2021 during the Covid-19 pandemic could handle their financial performance quite well. Thereforethat must used to evaluation for BUS in order to improve operational performance. In order to avoid a decline in financial performance during the Covid-19 pandemic, BUS in OJK and BI are required to prioritize strategic steps to improve their financial performance and if there’s a problem with the process, it can be handled properly.

Optimal Placement and Size of SVC with Cost-Effective Function Using Genetic Algorithm for Voltage Profile Improvement in Renewable Integrated Power Systems

Given the concern for maintaining voltage stability in power systems integrated with renewable power systems due to a mismatch in generation and demand, there remains a need to invoke flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices in the distribution network. The present paper deals with identifying the locations of placement of a static var compensator in an experimental IEEE 14-bus system; the voltage drop in different buses in an IEEE 14-bus system is calculated by the standard formula. The total voltage drop in the network (TVDN) is also calculated as a reference. The ranking of buses in order of decreasing voltage drop is made, and the weak buses are identified as those showing the maximum or near-maximum voltage drop for the installation of a Static Var Compensator (SVC). The optimum usable size is calculated using a Genetic Algorithm approach to optimize the installation cost. After size optimization, installing a 2 MW solar generator is considered for the weak and most potential bus, which suffers from voltage drops or power loss. Based on the generator at the weakest bus, the total power loss in the network is calculated and compared with a similar method to assess the efficiency of the proposed model. Thus, the voltage stability enhancement problem is solved by applying a Genetic algorithm (GA) to optimize SVC size and using the Total Voltage Drop in Network (TVDN) method to identify weak buses in the systems. It is found that the performance of the proposed system is comparable with another existing system. It is further observed that a gain in power loss to 6.56% is achievable by adopting the proposed strategy, and the gain is better than the other system.

Demonstration of Near-Field Capacitive Standard Communication Bus for Ultrathin Reconfigurable Sensor Nodes

<italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">We developed a near field capacitive standard communication bus in order to enable reconfiguration of flexible electronics systems. Through minimum software and hardware changes, it is possible to easily connect and disconnect any application layer to a core layer. The capacitive bus transmission was designed through physical and electrical modeling, to result in a 42 pF coupling needed. This study allowed setting up a demonstrator of Copper-ParyleneC ultrathin printed circuit board. Zero errors over a thousand SPI packet transmissions were demonstrated using 3 millimeters pads associated to specifically developed PDMS-glycerol dielectrics</i> .

A hybrid approach of artificial neural network-particle swarm optimization algorithm for optimal load shedding strategy

This paper proposes an under-frequency load shedding (UFLS) method by using the optimization technique of artificial neural network (ANN) combined with particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to determine the minimum load shedding capacity. The suggested technique using a hybrid algorithm ANN-PSO focuses on 2 main goals: determine whether process shedding plan or not and the distribution of the minimum of shedding power on each demand load bus in order to restore system’s frequency back to acceptable values. In the hybrid algorithm ANN-PSO, the PSO algorithm takes responsible for searching the optimal weights in the neural network structure, which can help to optimize the network training in terms of training speed and accuracy. The distribution of shedding power at each node considering the primary control and secondary control of the generators’ unit and the phase electrical distance between the outage generators and load nodes. The effectiveness of the proposed method is experimented with multiple generators outage cases at various load levels in the IEEE-37 Bus scheme where load shedding cases are considered compared with other traditional technique.

A Low-Cost Bidirectional People Counter Device for Assisting Social Distancing Monitoring for COVID-19

Accurately estimating the number of people is a useful information to monitor the occupancy level of spaces due to the COVID-19 pandemic in order to keep social distancing. Automated counters are responsible for accurately counting people movement. This paper proposes a cost-effective automatic counting system based on a microcontroller through an infrared sensor integration to monitor occupancy of indoor spaces. In order to evaluate the proposed system in real-world scenarios, experiments were carried out at the main campus of the University of Campinas—Brazil. For the first case, two prototypes were installed at both the front and rear door of a bus in order to count the number of passengers boarding and alighting on the vehicle during its operation. In the second case, three prototypes were installed in the university restaurant ticket gates in order to count the number of people entering during lunchtime. Experimental results showed an accuracy of 91.45% and 98.65% for Cases 1 and 2, respectively. The results are promising, showing that the device has potential to be used for different proposes, such as controlling access to public and indoor spaces, public transportation planning, occupancy monitoring, and security system.

Paving the Way Toward Mobile IAB: Problems, Solutions and Challenges

Deploying access and backhaul as wireless links, a.k.a. integrated access and backhaul (IAB), is envisioned as a viable approach to enable flexible and dense networks. Even further, mobile IAB (mIAB) is a candidate solution to enhance the connectivity of multiple user equipment (UE) moving together. In this context, different of other works from the literature, the present work overviews the basis for the deployment of mIAB by presenting: 1) the current status of IAB standardization in the fifth generation (5G) new radio (NR); 2) a new taxonomy for state-of-the-art works regarding fixed IAB and mIAB; 3) an extensive performance analysis of mIAB based on simulation results; and 4) open challenges and potential future prospects of mIAB. Specifically, the proposed taxonomy classifies IAB works according to different perspectives and categorizes mIAB works according to the type of mobile node. For each type of mobile node, the main studied topics are presented. Regarding the performance evaluation, we consider an urban macro scenario where mIAB nodes are deployed in buses in order to improve the passengers’ connection. The results show that, compared to other network architectures, the deployment of mIAB nodes remarkably improves the passengers’ throughput and latency in both downlink and uplink.

An optimal placement of phasor measurement unit using new sensitivity indices

This paper presents an alternative approach to solve an optimal phasor measurement unit (PMU) placement by introducing two new sensitivity indices. The indices are constructed from the information measured from PMUs such as voltage magnitude and angle. These two parameters are essential for power system stability assessment and control. Therefore, fault analysis is carried out to obtain the voltage magnitude and angle deviations at all buses in order to construct the indices. An exhaustive search method is used to solve the linear integer programming problem where all possible combinations of PMU placement are evaluated to obtain the optimal solution. Unfortunately, the traditional objective function to minimize the total number of PMU placement leads to multiple solutions. The indices can be used to assess multiple solutions of PMU placement from the exhaustive method. In this work, an optimal solution is selected based on the performance of PMU placement in according to the indices. The proposed method is tested on the IEEE 14 bus test system. Only four PMUs are required to monitor the whole test system. However, the number of PMUs can be reduced to three PMUs after applying zero injection bus elimination.

Comparative Study of the Voltage Stability of an Hight Voltage Power Grid: Case of the Power Grid of the Electric Community of Benin

The voltage profile at the buses of an higth voltage power grid makes it possible to predict the voltage stability of said power grid in order to guarantee production-consumption adequacy. The study presented in this paper is initially restricted to the variation of the active power demand of a consumption bus (PQ) in order to obtain the voltage profile of the entire electricity transmission network. Then, it makes it possible to predict the limit of the maximum increase in power demand at a PQ bus with the corresponding voltage level of all the other buses in order to anticipate the instability of the voltages liable to cause the collapse of the network. Finally, to correct the voltage levels linked to the observed instability, the study proposes the comparison by voltage sensitivity factors of two types of compensation such as shunt compensation and compensation by adding reactance to the line. transmission. The Newton-Raphson method coupled with Predictor-Corrector methods was used for the Continuation Power Flow (CPF) on the electricity transmission network of the Benin Electric Community (CEB). The results from the bus voltage profile curves for the case of the CEB power grid have shown that the two types of compensation make it possible to recover the lost voltage stability. However, shunt compensation is best due to its lower voltage stability sensitivity factor. This study has the advantage of allowing the power grid operator to anticipate the instability of the tensions in the power grid in order to avoid its collapse. It thus helps the manager to properly plan the voltage stability of his power grid.

ANALYSIS OF EXTERNAL COSTS OF CO2 EMISSIONS FOR CNG BUSES IN INTERCITY BUS SERVICE

Within the transport sector, road transport is the largest source of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions. Greater use of vehicles that run on clean alternative fuels can contribute to reduce CO2 emissions. This paper gives special attention to the Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) buses and their comparison with conventional diesel buses, which in countries such as Serbia have a dominant share. Justification of using CNG buses in order to mitigate climate changes is measured by realised annual and average external costs of CO2 emissions. These external costs provide a basis for future use of economic instruments by which negative impacts of transport on the environment can be limited. Research of CO2 emissions and external costs of CO2 emissions in intercity bus service was conducted for three technical-technological concepts of CNG buses in comparison to the two types of conventional diesel buses. Analysis was carried out according to four various scenarios that define different operating conditions on the road network of the Serbia. Obtained results show that CNG buses reduce annual external costs of CO2 emissions by 2…24% compared to conventional diesel buses. Obtained average external costs of CO2 emissions per 100 bus-kms show to what extent their changes are a result of changes of external costs of CO2 emissions and to what extent they are due to changes of operating conditions on the road network.

Application of FVSI, Lmn and CPF Techniques for Proper Positioning of FACTS Devices and SCIG Wind Turbine Integrated to a Distributed Network for Voltage Stability Enhancement

Induction power generators are the most popular wind energy conversion systems (WECS) because they do not require synchronization units. However, they usually draw a huge quantity of reactive power during disturbances. Hence, incorporating wind power into power networks may cause voltage instability. This paper presents the usage of STATCOM and SSSC FACTS devices for voltage stability enhancement of a distribution network with a squirrel cage induction generator (SCIG) wind power turbine. The continuation power flow (CPF) approach is utilized as a tool to determine the most suitable position of SCIG in the system. Also, voltage stability indices (FVSI and Lmn) are employed to estimate the stability margin of the system by figuring the weakest transmission lines and buses in order to locate the appropriate position where the FACTS devices should be installed. A comparison of the suitability of the FACTS devices to restore system stability was evaluated under 3-phase fault conditions. The results illustrated that STATCOM behaves better than SSSC when the system is restoring from a fault. Simulations and voltage stability assessment were carried out on the IEEE 14 bus test scheme using the PSAT simulation software package.

Design of a Low Cost Switching Board Enabling a Reconfigurable Remote Experiment

Most of currently remote laboratories implementations include interactive experimentation. In this case, students use real devices and equipment to perform real experiments, which need some flexibility of interaction with the hardware platform. The hardware platform is composed of a Raspberry Pi as a lab server, a switching board (SB), a practical work circuit board and some measurement instruments. The SB is used to make configuration of experimentation by establishing connection between the practical work circuit and measurement instruments. During the experimentation process, students change the setup using a web page. In the background, the hardware configuration is realized using SB, which is controlled by the lab server. The purpose of this work is to develop a new SB in order to provide more possibilities, interaction flexibility with the hardware platform, ease of use, improve performance in response time and finally reduce the cost of the hardware. The SB is based on switches instead of relays. This board can be plugged directly on a Raspberry Pi to facilitate the assembly. It extends the “SPI” bus in order to control some electronic components such as digital potentiometers. Its use is illustrated with a circuit with multiple combinations.

Hydrogen saving through optimized control of both fueling flows of the Fuel Cell Hybrid Power System under a variable load demand and an unknown renewable power profile

A new Energy Management Strategy to save hydrogen is proposed for the Hybrid Power Systems based on Renewable Energies Sources and Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell system used as additional energy sources and backup energy source, respectively. The Power Following control of the Fuel Cell boost converter compensates the requested power on the DC bus in order to mitigate the DC power dynamics due to variability of load demand and uncertainty about available power from renewable sources. Also, two optimization loops based on the Global Extremum Seeking algorithm are used to find the global optimum of the optimization function by real-time control of both fueling rates. The Static Feed-Forward strategy with the same Power Following control is implemented and used as reference in order to compare the hydrogen savings considering the same scenarios for the DC power dynamics (variable or constant load, without or with power from renewable sources).

Lyapunov Stability and Performance Analysis of the Fractional Order Sliding Mode Control for a Parallel Connected UPS System under Unbalanced and Nonlinear Load Conditions

Parallel-connected uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems have been used to maintain power supply to the critical load in order to increase power capacity and system reliability. This paper presents a robust and precise voltage control strategy for parallel-connected UPS systems. Each parallel-connected UPS system consists of a three-phase inverter with an output inductor-capacitor (LC) filter directly connected to an AC common bus in order to feed the critical load. Fractional-order sliding mode control (FOSMC) is proposed to maintain the quality of the output voltage despite linear, unbalanced and/or nonlinear load condition. The Riemann-Liouville (RL) fractional derivative is employed in designing the sliding surface. The voltage control strategy effectively eliminates the parametric uncertainties, external disturbances, and reduce the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the output voltage. Furthermore, it also maintains very good voltage regulation such as dynamic response and steady-state error under the nonlinear or unbalanced load conditions. The stability of the proposed controller is proven by applying Lyapunov stability theory. Droop control approach and virtual output impedance (VOI) loop are investigated to guarantee the accurate active and reactive power-sharing for parallel-connected UPS system. Finally, the implementation of the control scheme is carried out by using MATLAB/Simulink real-time environment.

Analysis on the Effect of Capacitor Banks Operation towards Total Harmonic Distortions (THD) in Distribution Network Test System

This paper purposely to examine and analyse the impact of the distribution capacitors banks operation to the transition of total harmonic distortion (THD) level in distribution network system. The main advantage of this work is the simplicity algorithm of the method and the system being analysed using free access open software which is known as electric power distribution system simulator (OpenDSS). In this paper, the harmonic current spectrum which is collected from the commercial site was injected to a node point on IEEE13 bus in order to provide the initial measurement of THD for the network. The proper sizing of the capacitors banks has been set and being deactivated and activated throughout the network to see the transistion in the THD level in the system. The results were achieved by simulation of the data on the configured IEEE13 bus. The simulation work was done by using the combination of C++ source codes, OpenDSS and Microsoft Excel software. From the output results, the THD current has increased up to two times from the initial value in certain phases and for the THD voltage, the THD has increased up to three times from its initial value in all phases.

USING VARIANCE NEIGHBOURHOOD SEARCH TO OPTIMIZE THE BUS WAITING ALLOCATION PROBLEM IN A MULTI-FLOOR BUS STATION

This research deals with a multi-floor bus station, which provides services for a large number of passengers. The bus station has a limited platform capacity and there is no temporary parking lot for buses. When a large number of buses move into one floor of the station, buses cannot move smoothly and may not even be able to move at all. When a floor is full, buses waiting outside cannot enter, and buses inside cannot move out. It is fortunate that the station is designed as a multi-floor structure. When a bus is scheduled to move onto a floor, which has no more space for parking, it can move to another floor temporarily to wait. This research proposes the use of integer-programming to optimize the assignment of temporary waiting floor for all incoming buses in order to minimize the maximum delay. A Variance Neighbourhood Search (VNS) is proposed to solve the problem. The results show that when temporary waiting on another floor is permitted, the total time delay can be reduced by up to 47.41%.

The development of low-emission public urban transport in Poland

Abstract The aim of the paper is to identify the main factors and mechanisms behind the development of low-emission public transport vehicles in Polish cities. This innovation is primarily connected with growing environmental requirements for transport, with the EU environmental and transport policies being the key factors. However, strategies of local governments and municipal transport companies as well as the organization of urban transport - which differs significantly between cities - also play an important role. Three basic types of approach towards low-emission buses can be observed in Polish cities: tests of electric and hybrid vehicles, purchases of small quantities of buses in order to implement new solutions, and finally attempts to replace the majority or even the entire transport fleet with low-emission vehicles. It should be emphasised that an important element which affects the development of low emission public urban transport in Poland is the fact that the country has become one of the main bus producers in Europe - a fact which is a result of both large-scale foreign investments and the success of Polish manufacturers.