Busbar Design Research Articles

New modified design of high direct current bolted busbar joints

A method is presented for estimating the dimensions of the bolts joining the two parts of an L-shaped rectangular busbar joint carrying direct current. The current distribution along the two joint parts and the corresponding electromechanical stresses are obtained. The method presented is the only exact available theoretical base for busbar joint bolts design. >

Effects of Low Voltage Electrical Stimulation on the Quality of the Round from Young and Mature Cows

The quality characteristics of semimembranous (SM), biceps femoris (BF) and semitendinosus (ST) roasts obtained from young and mature cow carcasses subjected to low voltage (110V) electrical stimulation (ES) were determined. ES was applied for 2min with a redesigned probe of open busbar design. Evaluations were conducted on meat obtained from control young and mature sides (no ES), aged 7 days, and from ES young and mature sides, aged 48h.ES caused a reduction (p<0.001) in pH values at 1, 4 and 24h post-mortem but had no effect on temperature. The lean of rib-eye muscle from ES and control carcasses was similar in firmness, fineness and “heat ring”. Rib-eye muscle color of ES young cows was lighter (p<0.01) than that of young controls. Generally, cooking losses of roasts were not affected by ES. For all roasts from young cows and for SM and ST roasts from mature cows, trained panelists detected no significant effects due to ES. However, BF roasts from ES mature cows were less soft (p<0.01) and had more residual connective tissue (p<0.001) than those from control mature cows. Using the OTMS-Kramer shear, BF roasts from ES mature cows required more force to shear (p<0.05) than control mature cows. Differences due to this low voltage ES techniques were not consistent for all muscles and, therefore, appear to be of no practical importance.Animal maturity had some effects. The raw rib-eye muscle of young cows was finer in texture (p<0.01) than that from mature control cows. BF roasts from ES young cows were lower in total collagen (p<0.05) than those from control mature cows. Sensory data showed BF roasts from control and ES young cows were softer, more tender (p<0.05) and had less (p<0.001) and softer (p<0.05) residual connective tissue than those from ES mature cows.

Bus-bar design for high-frequency induction heating

This article concentrates on the range of frequencies commonly generated by induction alternators, tabulating current-carrying capacity, resistance, and reactance per unit length for 10,000, 3,000, and 1,000 cycles. However, equations applicable to much higher and lower frequencies are included.

Bus bar design for high-frequency induction heating

WHERE motor-generator sets are used, induction heating coils are frequently located at points remote from the high-frequency generator in a manufacturing plant. In such cases, one or more transmission lines are required. These may be either of the cable or rectangular bus bar type. A subsequent paper will consider the use of cables. The present paper deals with rectangular bus bars. Primary attention is given to the range of frequencies commonly generated by inductor alternators. Current carrying capacity and resistance and reactance per unit length are tabulated for 10,000, 3,000, and 1,000 cycles. Equations are given which apply to much higher and lower frequencies as well. The information supplied has not previously been available to users of induction heating equipment.

Skin effect in rectangular conductors

IN THE DESIGN of bus bars for generating stations and substations, particularly of the isolated-phase type, there is need for more complete information on the skin effect, at commercial frequencies, in large conductors of rectangular cross-section. The present paper describes a method of measurement and presents data that were obtained for conductors of various ratios of width to thickness.

Skin effect in rectangular conductors

IN THE DESIGN of bus bars for generating stations and substations, particularly of the isolated-phase type, there is need for more complete information on the skin effect, at commercial frequencies, in large conductors of rectangular cross-section. The present paper describes a method of measurement and presents data that were obtained for conductors of various ratios of width to thickness.