Recently, self-driving cars have been eagerly studied and developed. In such applications, to transmit large-capacity data acquired by sensor devices such as radars, LiDARs, and high-definition cameras, optical fiber networks are promising as intra-vehicle systems. One type of intra-vehicle optical network has a unidirectional optical ring topology, in which the optical receiver operates in the burst mode. In this paper, we demonstrate an adaptive time-constant-control circuit that enables a quick response to the burst signal and high tolerance to large consecutive identical digit (CID) signals received during single-ended to differential conversion according to the input data patterns. We present operating principles underlying our proposed time-constant control method. The proposed circuit is designed in a 65-nm CMOS process. The experimental results show that the designed circuit operates quickly with 5-ns settling time and has a high tolerance to a large CID length of 66 bits at 10 Gb/s.