Bursa Region Research Articles

Determination and Evaluation of Noise Pollution in Layer Hen House: A Bursa Case Study

Both animals and employees need to improve the indoor conditions in livestock barns and keep them at an optimum level. With the development of automation systems for increased productivity and mechanisation, more systematic production occurs within the poultry houses and the need for a workforce is reduced. However, the increase in industrialisation and herd size can cause noise pollution problems in the poultry house. In this study, noise levels were measured and statistically evaluated in a laying hen farm operating in a battery-type cage in the Bursa region. It is aimed to be assessed according to environmental pollution and animal welfare. It was measured in the corridors between the rows of cages and on the cage floors with the studied facility's noise meter (EXTECH SDL600). The obtained noise data were determined by the SPSS statistical program, the variance analysis of the differences between the corridors and the relationship between the layer hen house environmental factors (temperature, humidity and wind speed) and the regression analysis. According to the results measured throughout the year in the investigated enterprise, the maximum noise intensity was measured as 80.6 dB, and the minimum noise intensity was measured as 76.3 dB. The differences between the noise values measured in the aisles and floors of the cage rows are statistically significant.

Prognostic factors for COVID-19 patients.

Determining prognostic factors in patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) can have great impact on treatment planning and follow-up strategies. Herein, we aimed to evaluate prognostic factors and clinical scores for confirmed COVID-19 patients in a tertiary-care hospital in the Bursa region of Turkey. Patients who had been diagnosed with COVID-19 microbiologically and/or radiologically between March and October 2020 in a tertiary-care university hospital were enrolled retrospectively. Adult patients (≥ 18 years) with a clinical spectrum of moderate, severe, or critical illness were included. The dependent variable was 30-day mortality and logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate any variables with a significant p value (< 0.05) in univariate analysis. A total of 257 patients were included in the study. The mortality rate (30-day) was 14.4%. In logistic regression analysis, higher scores on sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) (p < 0.001, odds ratio (OR) = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.42-2.45) and CURB-65 pneumonia severity criteria (p = 0.001, OR = 2.60, 95% CI = 1.47-4.57) were found to be significant in predicting mortality at admission. In deceased patients, there were also significant differences between the baseline, day-3, day-7, and day-14 results of D-dimer (p = 0.01), ferritin (p = 0.042), leukocyte (p = 0.019), and neutrophil (p = 0.007) counts. In our study of COVID-19 patients, we found that high SOFA and CURB-65 scores on admission were associated with increased mortality. In addition, D-dimer, ferritin, leukocyte and neutrophil counts significantly increased after admission in patients who died.

Efficacy of neural prolotherapy versus local corticosteroid soft tissue injection for treatment of chronic anserine bursitis: a prospective randomized clinical trial

BackgroundAnserine bursitis is characterized by the presence of spontaneous pain with tenderness at the inferomedial aspect of the knee joint. Neural prolotherapy aims to relieve pain of a variety of chronic musculoskeletal disorders. The study aim was to explore the short-term efficacy of neural prolotherapy (subcutaneous perineural injection of dextrose 5% solution) versus local corticosteroid injection for pain relief and improvement of function in patients with chronic anserine bursitis. The enrolled patients were randomly assigned to receive neural prolotherapy (subcutaneous perineural injection of dextrose 5% solution) (neural prolotherapy group) or a single local soft tissue injection of corticosteroid (corticosteroid group). Outcome measures included Western Ontario McMasters Universities osteoarthritis index, assessment of overall anserine bursitis pain severity using the visual analogue scale, patient’s global assessment of anserine bursitis severity using the visual analogue scale, and clinical assessment for the presence of tenderness on the anserine bursa region. Patients were evaluated before injection and after intervention by 4 weeks.ResultsThe study included 67 lower limbs from 43 patients with chronic anserine bursitis. No significant differences were found between both treatment groups regarding all assessed parameters at the start of the study. After 4 weeks, within-group analysis showed that there was a statistically significant improvement in Western Ontario McMasters Universities osteoarthritis index and its subscales (P ≤ 0.0001), overall anserine bursitis pain severity (P ≤ 0.0001), and patient’s global assessment of anserine bursitis severity (P ≤ 0.0001), as well as there was significant improvement regarding the presence of tenderness at the anserine bursa region in both groups in comparison to the preinjection assessment. At the postinjection assessment, between-group analysis showed that there were no significant differences regarding all assessed outcome parameters. All patients in both groups tolerated the injection procedure and were satisfied with the procedure. There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding patients’ satisfaction to the procedure results. Improvement was achieved in 86.4% of patients included in the neural prolotherapy group versus 95.2% of patients included in the corticosteroid group.ConclusionsNeural prolotherapy was effective in relieving pain, improving local tenderness and function in patients with chronic anserine bursitis similar to local corticosteroid injection.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, registration number: NCT04509440. Registered 12 August 2020—Retrospectively registered,

A new natural hybrid of Verbascum L. (Scrophulariacae) from Turkey

Verbascum × aytachii nothosp. nov. H. Duman &amp;amp; Uzunh. (sect. Bothrospermae) is described and illustrated as a new natural hybrid from the Orhaneli (Bursa Region) area in Western Anatolia, Turkey. This species is identified to have some intermediate morphological and palynological characteristics that place it between the parents which are V. ekicii and V. basivelatum. A comprehensive description, ecology, a distribution map and a detailed illustration are provided. Furthermore, pollen morphological properties of V. × aytachii and its parents are compared via light (LM) and scanning electron microscopes (SEM).

Reconstruction of Residential Land Cover and Spatial Analysis of Population in Bursa Region (Turkey) in the Mid-Nineteenth Century

The historic reconstruction of residential land cover is of significance to uncover the human-environment relationship and its changing dynamics. Taking into account the historical census data and cadastral maps of seven villages, this study generated residential land cover maps for the Bursa Region in the 1850s using a model based on natural constraints, land zoning, socio-economic factors and residential suitability. Two different historical reconstructions were generated; one based on a high density residential model and another based on a low density model. The simulated landcover information was used as an ancillary data to redistribute aggregated census counts to fine scale raster cells. Two different statistical models were developed; one based on probability maps and the other applying regression models including Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) models. The regression models were validated with historical census data of the 1840s. From regression models, socio-economic and physical characteristics, accessibility and natural amenities showed significant impacts on the distribution of population. Model validation analysis revealed that GWR is more accurate than OLS models. The generated residential land cover and gridded population datasets can provide a basis for the historical study of population and land use.

The estimation of non-irrigated crop area and production using the regression analysis approach: A case study of Bursa Region (Turkey) in the mid-nineteenth century.

Agricultural land cover and its changing extent are directly related to human activities, which have an adverse impact on the environment and ecosystems. The historical knowledge of crop production and its cultivation area is a key element. Such data provide a base for monitoring and mapping spatio-temporal changes in agricultural land cover/use, which is of great significance to examine its impacts on environmental systems. Historical maps and related data obtained from historical archives can be effectively used for reconstruction purposes through using sample data from ground observations, government inventories, or other historical sources. This study considered historical population and cropland survey data obtained from Ottoman Archives and cropland suitability map, accessibility, and geophysical attributes as ancillary data to estimate non-irrigated crop production and its corresponding cultivation area in the 1840s Bursa Region, Turkey. We used the regression analysis approach to estimate agricultural land area and grain production for the unknown data points in the study region. We provide the spatial distribution of production and its cultivation area based on the estimates of regression models. The reconstruction can be used in line with future historical research aiming to model landscape, climate, and ecosystems to assess the impact of human activities on the environmental systems in preindustrial times in the Bursa Region context.

Evaluation of energy use and carbon dioxide emissions from the consumption of fossil fuels and agricultural chemicals for paste tomato cultivation in the Bursa region of Turkey.

This study was aimed to determine the fossil fuel consumption, energy use, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in per unit production area (ha) considering the petroleum products (PP) directly used and the chemical fertilizers and pesticides for the cultivation of paste tomatoes in open-field conditions in Bursa region of Turkey. The primary data of the study consisted of data collected by making face-to-face surveys with the producers of paste tomatoes in the Bursa region. The direct energy inputs and CO2 emissions related to diesel fuel and lubricant oil consumptions of engines of agricultural tractors for cultivation operations and the indirect energy inputs and CO2 emissions related to the manufacturing of chemical fertilizers and plant growth regulators used for plant nutrition and pesticides used for plant protection were determined for paste tomato cultivation. A total of 288.6 L diesel fuel and 0.067 L lubrication oil are consumed per hectare when using tools and machinery in paste tomato production. A total of 408 kg of chemical fertilizers and 15.5 kg of pesticides are used per hectare in paste tomato production in the Bursa region of Turkey. A total of 2343.45 MJ/ha and 2700.5 MJ/ha indirect energy is used in the application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, respectively. A total of 792.43 kg and 0.189 kg CO2 is released as a result of diesel fuel and lubricant oil consumptions. For the production of one kilogram of paste tomato, 2.68 grams (g) diesel fuel and lubricating oil, 175.02 kilojoules (kJ) of energy is consumed, and 15.88 g CO2 is released in the Bursa region of Turkey.

Air quality measurements in four sheep barns part II: pollutant gas emissions.

Pollutant gas emissions from animal barns affect indoor air quality, the health and well-being of farmers, and the surrounding environment. This study was carried out in four sheep barns (SB) in Bursa, an important region for animal husbandry operations. Concentrations of NH3, CO2, H2S, and CH4 were measured in four sheep barns by monitoring throughout 24 h in 1 year. Pollutant gas emissions from barns were also calculated and modeled. The average pollutant gas emissions obtained in this study were 5 kg day-1 barn-1 for NH3, and 18 kg day-1 barn-1 for CH4. The average NH3 and CH4 emissions from each barn were 2.1 and 2.7 kg day-1 barn-1 for SB1; 9.4 and 12.9 kg day-1 barn-1 for SB2; 4.0 and 3.6 kg day-1 barn-1 for SB3; and 4.5 21 kg day-1 barn-1 for SB4, respectively. There are statistically significant differences between daytime and nighttime for pollutant gas emissions. Pollutant gas emissions in the monitored barns are generally higher in summer than in other seasons. Models for estimating NH3, and CH4 emissions were developed using measured temperature and relative humidity values in the barns. These models can only be used in the Bursa region. The results of this study were compared with other studies under similar conditions in the literature.

Artificial intelligence with deep learning algorithms to model relationships between total tree height and diameter at breast height

Aim of Study: As an innovative prediction technique, Artificial Intelligence technique based on a Deep Learning Algorithm (DLA) with various numbers of neurons and hidden layer alternatives were trained and evaluated to predict the relationships between total tree height (TTH) and diameter at breast height (DBH) with nonlinear least squared (NLS) regression models and nonlinear mixed effect (NLME) regression models.Area of Study: The data of this study were measured from even-aged, pure Turkish Pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) stands in the Kestel Forests located in the Bursa region of northwestern Turkey.Material and Methods: 1132 pairs of TTH-DBH measurements from 132 sample plots were used for modeling relationships between TTH, DBH, and stand attributes such as dominant height (Ho) and diameter (Do).Main Results: The combination of 100 # neurons and 8 # hidden layer in DLA resulted in the best predictive total height prediction values with Average Absolute Error (0.4188), max. Average Absolute Error (3.7598), Root Mean Squared Error (0.6942), Root Mean Squared error % (5.2164), Akaike Information Criteria (-345.4465), Bayesian Information Criterion (-330.836), the average Bias (0.0288) and the average Bias % (0.2166), and fitting abilities with r (0.9842) and Fit Index (0.9684). Also, the results of equivalence tests showed that the DLA technique successfully predicted the TTH in the validation dataset.Research highlights: These superior fitting scores coupled with the validation results in TTH predictions suggested that deep learning network models should be considered an alternative to the traditional nonlinear regression techniques and should be given importance as an innovative prediction technique.Keywords: Prediction; artificial intelligence; deep learning algorithms; number of neurons; hidden layer alternatives.Abbreviations: TTH (total tree height), DBH (diameter at breast height), OLS (ordinary least squares), NLME (nonlinear mixed effect), AIT (Artificial Intelligence Techniques), ANN (Artificial Neural Network), DLA (Deep Learning Algorithm), GPU (Graphical Processing Units), NLS (nonlinear least squared), RMSE (root mean squared error), AIC (Akaike information criteria), BIC (Bayesian information criterion), FI (fit index), AAE (average absolute error), BLUP (best linear unbiased predictor), TOST (two one-sided test method).

Estimation of Environmental Effects of Industrial Tomato Cultivatıon in Field by the Life Cycle Assessment Method

Ülkemizde domates üretimi her bölgede yapılabilirken, ticari anlamda sanayi tipi domates yetiştiriciliği Marmara ve Ege bölgelerinde yoğunlaşmaktadır. Domates üretimi geleneksel yetiştiricilikte sera ve tarla olmak üzere iki farklı şekilde yapılmaktadır. Gelişen teknoloji ile yeni yetiştiricilik şekli olan topraksız tarımda hidroponik domates yetiştiriciliği de üretim şekilleri arasına eklenmiştir. Üretim sistemlerinin farklılaşması ile üretim sistemlerinin girdilerinin farklılaşmasına ve dolayısıyla da çevresel etkilerinin farklılaşmasına neden olmaktadır. Bu çalışma kapsamında ülkemizde, sürdürülebilir domates üretimi ve domates sanayi için, tarla domatesi üretiminin çevresel etkilerinin yaşam döngüsü değerlendirmesi yöntemi kullanılarak ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada Bursa bölgesinde tarlada sanayi domatesi üreten bir işletme ele alınmıştır. İşletme ile yapılan görüşmeler sonucunda yaşam döngüsü analizinde kullanılacak olan su tüketimi, üretimin tüm aşamalarındaki enerji tüketimi, kullanılan organik ve kimyasal gübre miktarı, araç kullanımı, araçların yakıt tüketimleri vb. bilgiler toplanmıştır. Girdiler kullanılarak yapılan üretim sonucunda ortaya çıkan son ürünler, domates, emisyonlar, atıklar ve kimyasal gübreden kaynaklanan kimyasallar olarak alınmıştır. Çalışmada üretimin neden olabileceği olası çevresel etki kategorileri seçilerek analiz gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada küresel ısınma, asidifikasyon, ötrofikasyon, ozon incelmesi, iklim değişimi, ekosistem-arazi kullanımı, ekosistem-toplam, insan zehirlenmesi ve doğal kaynak tüketimi etki kategorileri seçilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda seçilen etki kategorilerinden ötrofikasyon, alan kullanımı ve toplam ekosistem etkisi kategorilerinde diğerlerine oranla yüksek etki değerleri elde edilmiştir. Tarlada domates yetiştiriciliğinde uygulanan kimyasal ve organik gübre miktarlarının yüksek olması çevresel etkileri ötrofikasyona kaydırmaktadır. Sonuç olarak yetiştiricilerin arazilerine uygulayacakları kimyasal ve organik gübre miktarlarına son derece dikkat etmeleri ve toprağın ve bitkinin gereksinimini ile uygulama döneminde meteorolojik şartları da gözeterek uygun miktarları arazilerine uygulamalıdır.

Performance of Drip Irrigation Systems Used in Bursa Region

Tarımsal üretimin en önemli parametresi olan suyun, tasarruflu bir şekilde kullanılması hem su kaynaklarının korunmasını, hem de fazla sulamadan kaynaklanacak çevre sorunlarının bertaraf edilmesine katkı sağlar. Damla sulama yöntemi bu açıdan tam da istenilen faydaları sağlayabilecek bir sulama yöntemidir. Sistemin tasarım ve projelendirme aşamalarında, kurulumun yapılacağı arazi için gerekli testlerin ve ölçümlerin yapılması çok önemlidir. Ayrıca, sisteme uygun işletme biçimlerinin de belirlenip kullanıcıya benimsetilmesi diğer bir önemli husustur. Mevcut durumda sistemlerin büyük bölümü belirtilen şekilde kurulmadığı için her açıdan beklenilen katkıları, tasarrufları ve kolaylıkları sağlayamamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Bursa ili sınırlarında meyve bahçelerinde kullanılmakta olan damla sulama sistemlerinin performansı incelenmiştir. Test edilen manifoldların Damlatıcı Debi Türdeşliği (EU) değerleri %60-89 arasında değişmiş olup, sadece 10 tane işletmenin EU değeri iyi sınıfta (%80 -89) yer almıştır. Dağılım Türdeşliği (DU) değerleri, %71-94, Türdeşlik Katsayısı (UC) değerleri % 81-97, İstatistiksel Eş Dağılım (Us) değerleri ise %68-96, Sistem Su Uygulama Randımanı (Ea) değerleri %85-95 ve Alt Çeyrek Gerçek Potansiyel Uygulama Randımanı (PELQ) değerleri ise %64-85 arasında değişim göstermiştir. Sonuçlar dikkate alındığında, test yapılan işletmelerin hem damla sulama sistemlerinde hem de bunların işletilmesinde ciddi problemlerle karşı karşıya oldukları söylenebilir.

P.146: The investigation of the effect of Bursa region’s organ transplantation coordinators’ working conditions to the rates of family donation.

P.146: The investigation of the effect of Bursa region’s organ transplantation coordinators’ working conditions to the rates of family donation.

308.5: The pmp rate in all brain deaths comparison to pmp rate of donors with family permission reported in provinces connected to Bursa Region Coordination Center which has the highest pmp rate in Turkey.

308.5: The pmp rate in all brain deaths comparison to pmp rate of donors with family permission reported in provinces connected to Bursa Region Coordination Center which has the highest pmp rate in Turkey.

ORGANİK OLARAK YETİŞTİRİLEN ÇİLEK VE YABANMERSİNİ MEYVELERİNİN FENOLİK BİLEŞEMİNİN İNCELENMESİ

The present study aimed to investigate phenolic compounds of strawberry which is organically-grown in Bursa region and blueberry in Trabzon region. The phenolic acids and flavonoids were detected by RP-HPLC according to their retention times with the help of diode array detector at 280 nm, 320 nm and 360 nm. Investigated compounds were gallic acid, epigallocatechin, catechin, epicatechin, epicatechin gallate, 2 coumaric acid, 3 coumaric acid, 4 coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, cafeic acid, neochlorogenic acid, trans resveratrol, ferulic acid, quercetin, kaempferol and myricetin. According to results it was determined that bluberry fruit contains high amounts of chlorogenic acid (644.25 mg/kg) and among the phenolic acids in strawberries, 4 coumaric acid is regarded as major phenolic compound (3.76 mg/kg). The highest level of myricetin compounds was measured in blueberry (14.41 mg/kg), on the contrary, myricetin was not identified in strawberry fruits but this fruit is especially rich in catechins (58.34 mg/kg).

Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University kidneya transplant center results of renal artery duplication anomaly

PurposeThe aim of this study is to retrospectively evaluate duplication anomalies of renal artery in cadaveric kidney transplants performed in our Organ Transplant Center opened in 2015 in the Bursa region. MethodOf the patients with renal artery duplication anomalies, 4 were female (7.5%), 8 were male (15%), the mean age was 55 (25–74) and the mean follow-up period was 24 months (6–42). Transplant of 11 of the patients was from the cadaver, 1 was from live donor. Artery duplication was present in all of the patients. The arteries were reconstructed with ex vivo pantaloon (side-to-side) anastomosis into a single large artery and an end-to-side anastomosis to external iliac artery was performed. Upper polar artery was ligated in a patient with a very small lower polar artery. FindingAcute tubular necrosis developed in 3 patients postoperatively. 4 patients had lymphocele that does not require intervention and 1 patient had perirenal hematoma.Kidneys became functional in patients with ATN after an average of 3 weeks. Hematoma spontaneously resolved in the patient with perirenal hematoma. ResultsThe use of kidneys with renal artery duplication in transplantation involves some risks theoretically. Acute tubular necrosis, delayed graft function and rejection may be more frequent due to the prolonged cold and hot ischemic period. We think that a large single renal artery anastomosis may reduce the risk of vascular complications by ex vivo pantaloon (side-to-side) anastomosis in renal artery duplication.

Evaluation of Irrigation Schemes by Statistical Methods in Bursa Region

Sulama şebekelerinin işletme aşamasında izlenmesi ve değerlendirilmesi şebekelerin verimliliğinde en önemli unsurdur. Sulama şebekelerinin performanslarının belirlenmesinde dünyada en çok kullanılan göstergeler üretim değeri ile ilişkili göstergelerdir. Bu çalışmada; Bursa bölgesinde bulunan 9 sulama şebekesi materyal olarak alınmıştır. Değerlendirmede; proje alanı brüt üretim değeri (PABÜD), sulanan alan brüt üretim değeri (SABÜD), şebekeye alınan su miktarı brüt üretim değeri (ŞASMBÜD), sulama suyu ihtiyacı brüt üretim değeri (SSİBÜD) ve sulama oranı (SO) karşılaştırma göstergeleri kullanılmıştır. Yapılan veri zarflama analizinde; şebekeye alınan su miktarı ve çalışan personel sayısı girdi, üretim değeri ve sulanan alan ise çıktı olarak kullanılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda 4 yıllık ortalama veriler ve varyasyon katsayısı incelendiğinde en iyi durumda olan sulama şebekeleri PABÜD [1198.61 (15.18)] ve SABÜD [2147.75 (9.06)] performans göstergesi değerine göre Boyalıca Pompaj Sulaması, ŞASMBÜD [0.40 (10.62)] performans göstergesine göre İznik Pompaj Sulaması, SSİBÜD [0.48 (24.17)] ve SO [76.51 (7.56)] performans göstergesine göre ise Bursa Yeraltısuyu Sulaması (YAS) sulamasıdır. Veri zarflama analiz sonuçları incelendiğinde 9 sulama şebekesi içinde Bursa YAS pompaj sulamasının en etkin olduğu ve başarılı bir yönetim sergilediği görülmektedir.

Oocyte retrieval after heterotopic transplantation of ovarian tissue cryopreserved by closed vitrification protocol.

A device for closed vitrification was designed to reduce the risk of contamination and investigated on its efficacy for ovarian function recovery after cryopreservation and heterotopic transplantation. Ovarian tissues from green fluorescence protein transgenic mice (10 GFP mice) were vitrified using the device, and warmed ovarian tissues were transplanted into the ovarian bursa region in wild-type female mice (6 mice). Fresh ovarian tissues were similarly transplanted as a control. After recovery of the estrous cycle, mice were mated with male mice. Ovarian tissues from six cynomolgus monkeys were vitrified and warmed with the device for autologous, heterotopic transplantation. Fresh tissue transplantation was not performed for the control. Ovarian function was examined by recovery of the hormonal cycle. Histological examination was conducted. The number of live pups per recipient mouse was not significantly different after transplantation of fresh or vitrified-warmed ovarian tissue, although the pregnancy rate was reduced with vitrified tissues. The hormonal cycle was restored in 5/6 monkeys after heterotopic transplantation of vitrified-warmed ovarian tissue. Follicles were harvested at eight sites in the omentum and 13 sites in the mesosalpinx. In vitro maturation (IVM)/IVF produced embryo but did not develop. Resumption of the hormonal cycles, follicle development, and oocyte retrieval from vitrified-warmed ovarian tissue transplants may indicate that the use of vitrification for ovarian tissue in a closed system has a potential of clinical application without the risk of contaminations. More detailed analyses of the effects of vitrification on ovarian tissue, such as gene expression patterns in oocytes and granulosa cells, may be needed for establishing a standard procedure for cryopreservation of ovarian tissues in human.

Does the Bursa Pre-Macularis protect the fovea from shear stress? A possible mechanical role

Purpose of present study is to evaluate whether the Pre-Macular Bursa (PMB) modifies Wall Shear Stress (WSS) at the retinal surface during saccadic movements. We created a mathematical model consisting of 25,000 grid cells and simulated a horizontal saccade spanning 50° in 0.17s, both in absence and in presence of the PMB. Wall Shear Stress SS was computed throughout the retinal surface and the posterior pole was divided into 3 Zones comprising 400 nodes each: Zone 1 (radius 3.5 mm; 0°–17°) corresponding to the PMB area; Zone 2 (concentric annular area 5 mm in radius; 22°) and Zone 3 (concentric annular area 5.5 mm; 28°). The PMB reduced WSS significantly at the macula and increased it in the immediate surroundings. Average WSS in Zone 1 was 1.53 ± 1.01 (max 4.23 Pa) with PMB Vs 6.94 ± 9.23 (max 35.83 Pa) without. Zone 2 WSS was 9.39 ± 10.33 (max 48.36 Pa) with PMB Vs 6.95 ± 9.40 (max 38.60 Pa) without Zone 3 WSS was 8.41 ± 10.03 (max 43.16 Pa) with PMB Vs 6.88 ± 9.42 (max 39.43 Pa) without (p < 0.001 in all cases). The PMB significantly reduces WSS over the retinal surface underlying the bursa region; conversely, WSS slightly increases it in the immediate neighboring areas.

Is Donor Age an Important Factor in Cadaveric Organ Donation?

Introduction We previously observed that organ donation rate is low among young donors. In this studywe aimed to investigate whether this observation is valid or not and what are the reasons of refusing organ donation in young donors’relatives. Methods Organ donation records in Bursa region between 2011‐2015 years were evaluated and relationship of organ donations with donor age was investigated. A questionnaire, composed of ten questions was prepared for family members of brain death patients who refused donation. The survey was conducted by phone calls and answers were recorded. Results Between the years of 2011‐2015 (5-year) 750 brain death declarations were reported and 508 of them did not accept donation. The donation rate under 30 years of age was lower than the older aged patient group (23,8% vs 32,9%, p: 0.026). From 96 of 126 brain death cases, aged ≤30, concent for organ donation could not be obtained. The most common reason they reported was related to religious issues (29.6%) and the second most common reason was concerns about corruption of bodily integrity (18.5%). Other reasons commonly expressed by the families were that they were skeptical about transplantation of donated organs to appropriate patients and negative behaviors of health care providers. Although, 40.7% of families reported that they had refused organ donation since their patients was too young, only 18.5% of them told that they would accept organ donation if their patients were older. Among those who rejected organ donation 18.5% expressed that they were regretful about their decision and 25.9% stated that they might accept organ donation though it is asked today. The most striking answer to question why they rejected organ donation was that deceased people did not register their intent to donate their organs when they were healthy or alive. It was declaired by the 62.9% of family members who rejected organ donation that they would have accepted donation if there was testament. Conclusions For family members of patients who deceased at young ages emotional attitudes are very important about the decision of organ donation. The testament of person about organ donation is the most important factor affecting the decision of family members.

The Investigation of the Socio-Demographic and Cultural Properties of Organ Donational Families

Objective It is aimed to examine the demographic characteristics of donor families in the year 2015 in the Bursa Region and to question the donor's will in the family consent. Methods The socio-demographic characteristics of 80 donor-families reported in 2015 were researched by face to face interviews or by phone and in the second step the reasons of the donors decision were investigated. Results 80 donors were taken into consideration and at least 1 and at most 2 relatives were interviewed from each family.When the characteristics of the donors were examined, 32 women, 48 men and a mean age of 55.9 were identified. In interviews with relatives of family members who have decided to donate an organ, the following has been reached; When gender distribution is analyzed, it is seen that 34.19% female, 65.81% male, 21.29% primary school, 15.48% secondary school, 56.12% high school and 7.09% are university graduated. When occupational distributions are examined, 27.74% are housewives, 33.54% are workers, 12.9% are retired, 4.5% are farmers, 7.09% are civil servants and 14.19% are self-employed. Out of the 80 donors receiving family approval,83.75% were donated by family decision, 16.25% donors were donated by means of donor. 43.22% daughter-son, 23.87% wife, 13.54% siblings, 11.61% parents, 7.74% were donated by family decision-making donor cases. The outcome When the socio-demographic characteristics of 2015 donor families are examined, it is seen that most of the donors are male and the organ danation decision is given by male children, the rate of organ donation with will is low and the rate of organ donation by families with secondary education is higher. The relation of donors will and organ donation are as low as 16% among all organ donations. It is taken into consideration that the donation rates can be increased with training and awareness-raising activities.