Forest Burning Research Articles

Retrospective and current state of forest territories of the border areas of the Bryansk region exposed to radioactive contamination

The aim of the study is to analyze the accumulated data on the study of forest territories of the border regions of the Bryansk region that have been exposed to radioactive contamination for their involvement in economic activity, as well as the possible transfer of radioactive materials in forest fires. The area of recorded and unaccounted forests was estimated according to the “Forest Plan of the Bryansk Region for the period 2019-2028” and the results of the analysis of remote sensing data of the earth, the assessment of radiation pollution – according to the radiation surveys of the forest fund and radioecological monitoring of forests, assessment of cesium-137 content – according to radiation monitoring. In the course of the work, the dynamics of the transition of forests from the range of a high level of radioactive contamination to lower ones from 1991 to 2018 slightly changes the total area of contaminated forests by regions was revealed. Top-level values of cesium-137 content in the main types of forest combustible materials, which a dangerous factor is contributing to a significant increase in the content of radiocesium in atmospheric air and the transfer of radionuclides beyond the limits of radioactive contamination zones in a forest fire. The most radiation-hazardous is the forest litter, which contains more than 70% of the total cesium-137 reserve in forest combustible materials, the values of which reach values of 224 kBq / kg in the Krasnogorsk district of the Bryansk region. The obtained forecast of cesium-137 content in the forest litter by the zones of radioactive contamination of forests in the most polluted areas of the Bryansk region for the period up to 2046 indicates the preservation of a high degree of radioactive contamination of forests in the Krasnogorsk and Novozybkovsky districts after more than 60 years after the Chernobyl accident power plants. Due to the high class of natural fire hazard of forests in the south-west of the Bryansk region and the high risk of fires in contaminated areas, it is necessary to assess the degree of danger in the prevention and suppression of radioactive forest fires, especially criterion of the absorbed dose for workers in order to avoid the deterministic effect.

Пожежостійкість і постпірогенний відпад соснових лісів лівобережної частини Харківської області за різних рівнів пожежної небезпеки за умовами погоди

Пожежі є одними з найнебезпечніших чинників дестабілізації лісів. Визначення особливостей постпірогенного розвитку сосняків дає змогу пом’якшити негативні наслідки, спричинені лісовими пожежами, та допомогти в прийнятті рішень стосовно ведення господарства в таких лісах. Виявлено, що санітарний стан насаджень залежав від значення комплексного показника пожежної небезпеки (КППН) на момент пожежі та погіршувався у міру його збільшення (r = 0,71; p = 0,05). За вищих значень КППН підвищуються інтенсивність тепловиділення під час пожежі та ступінь вигорання лісової підстилки. Встановлено, що за КППН від 1 500 до 3 000 балів індекс санітарного стану насаджень варіює від II,0 до III,9; частка відпаду сягає 20 %. За подальшого збільшення значень КППН понад 5 000 балів індекс стану насадження через рік після пожежі становить III,5–V,0. З’ясовано, що висота полум’я та висота нагару на стовбурах достовірно не залежать від рівня пожежної небезпеки за умовами погоди. Вдосконалено підходи до прогнозування постпірогенного відпаду на рівні насадження з урахуванням характеристик пожежонебезпечного сезону, ступеня пошкодження дерев у насадженні та його таксаційних характеристик.

Chemical characteristics of rainwater in the tropical rainforest region in northwestern Borneo

A comprehensive study of the chemical composition of rainwater was carried out from October 2016 to September 2017 in the equatorial tropical rainforest region of northwestern Borneo. Monthly cumulative rainwater samples were collected from different locations in the Limbang River Basin (LRB) and were later categorized into seasonal samples representing northeast monsoon (NEM), southwest monsoon (SWM), and inter-monsoon (IM) periods. Physical parameters (pH, EC, TDS, DO, and turbidity), major ions (HCO3-, Cl-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+) and trace metals (Co, Ni, Cd, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn, and Cu) were analyzed from collected rainwater samples. Rainwater is slightly alkaline with mean pH higher than 5.8. Chloride and bicarbonate are the most abundant ions, and the concentration of major ions in seasonal rainwater has shown slight variation which follows a descending order of HCO3-> Cl-> Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ in NEM and Cl- > HCO3- > Na+ > Ca2+ > K+ > Mg2+ in SWM and Cl- > HCO3- > Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ in IM period. Trace metals such as Fe and Ni have shown dominance in seasonal rainwater samples, and all the metals have shown variation in concentration in different seasons. Variation in chemical characteristic of seasonal rainwater samples identified through piper diagram indicates dominance of Ca2+-Mg2+-HCO3- and mixed Ca2+-Mg2+-Cl- facies during NEM, SWM, and IM periods. Statistical analysis of the results through two-way ANOVA and Pearson's correlation also indicates significant variation in physico-chemical characteristics. This suggests a variation in contributing sources during the monsoon seasons. Factor analysis confirmed the source variation by explaining the total variance of 79.80%, 90.72%, and 90.52% with three factor components in NEM, SWM, and IM rainwater samples with different loading of parameters. Enrichment factor analysis revealed a combined contribution of marine and crustal sources except K+ which was solely from crustal sources. Sample analysis of backward air mass trajectory supports all these findings by explaining seasonal variation in the source of pollutants reaching the study area. Overall, the results show that the chemical composition of seasonal rainwater samples in LRB was significantly influenced by natural as well as anthropogenic processes. These include (long-range and local) industrial activities, fossil fuel combustion, forest burning, transportation activities including road transport and shipping activities, and land-derived soil dust along with chemical constituents carried by seasonal wind.

ОБОСНОВАНИЕ РЕСУРСОЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ СЖИГАНИЯ ВОДОУГОЛЬНЫХ ТОПЛИВ С ДОБАВКАМИ БИОМАССЫ

Одной из наиболее актуальных проблем современности является экологическая безопасность. Загрязнение атмосферы Земли в последние десятилетия обусловлено в значительной степени работой тепловых электрических станций, сжигающих уголь, на территориях наиболее развитых государств (США, Китай, Индия и др.). Использование нового класса топлива – био-водоугольного – может позволить существенно снизить выбросы антропогенных газов, образующихся при сжигании углей в топках паровых и водогрейных котлов, в атмосферу Земли, расширить сырьевую базу современных тепловых электрических станций и повысить в целом ресурсоэффективность угольной теплоэнергетики. Цель: исследование влияния концентрации древесной биомассы в жидких композиционных топливах на интегральные характеристики процесса зажигания капель био-водоугольных топлив в условиях высокотемпературного нагрева. Объект: водоугольная суспензия на основе угля марки Т, воды и еловой хвои. Экспериментальные исследования проведены при следующих массовых концентрациях угля и биомассы: 50/0 %, 45/5 %, 40/10 %, 35/15 %, соответственно (50 % – вода). Метод: экспериментальное определение с использованием высокоскоростной видеокамеры Photron FASTCAM СА4 временных характеристик процессов зажигания капель био-водоугольных суспензий в условиях, соответствующих по интенсивности нагрева камерам сгорания паровых и водогрейных котлов; регистрация температуры среды с использованием хромель-алюмелевых термопар. Результаты. Установлено влияние массовой концентрации лесного горючего материала на времена задержки зажигания (tign) водоугольных топлив. Показано, что при содержании в топливной композиции 15 % биомассы времена задержки зажигания уменьшаются более чем в три раза по сравнению с водоугольным топливом без добавления биомассы при относительно низких температурах топочной среды. Результаты выполненных экспериментальных исследований также являются базой для развития моделей горения жидких композиционных топлив.

Manifestation of Sanctions Against Players of Forest and Land Burning in the Aspects of the Law on the Eradication of Corruption Criminal Acts

Forest fires are mostly caused by land preparation activities for various forms of agriculture and forestry business (ranging from small scale such as shifting cultivation to large scale such as the development of Industrial Plantation Forest or HTI as well as oil palm, rubber plantations, etc.) which consequently often exacerbated by extreme climatic conditions such as a long dry season Law enforcement against forest and land burning actors is able to provide a deterrent effect for the perpetrators as well as to compensate for any losses arising from forest and land burning. Correct knowledge through systematic steps This type of research is classified into normative legal research or library research, providing boundaries through applicable laws and regulations in order to minimize all forms of threats and ri risk of pollution and environmental destruction for the preservation of life and ecosystems, an area exposed to extensive haze disasters to exceed national borders certainly requires a concrete effort to end the haze disaster caused by burning land and forests. The strategy to ensnare perpetrators of forest and land burning, both corporations and individuals, the State of Indonesia, ensnaring the law through a criminal law approach actually provides an alternative to uphold justice. Moreover, the impact of forest and land fires is not small. The Corruption Law Approach can be used as a new option to ensnare perpetrators of forest and land burning.

Causes of Climate Change and Its Coping Up Strategies in Case of Gechi Woreda, Bunno Bedelle zone,South Western Ethiopia

This research was conducted to assess Causes of climate change and its coping up strategies in case of gechi woreda, south western Oromia, Ethiopia. Climate change refers to long term fluctuations of temperature, precipitation, wind and other elements of Earth’s climate system. It is a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global and/or regional atmosphere. In order to achieve the objective of the study both primary and secondary data were used. The quantitative data was analyzed using frequency, percentage and mean while the qualitative data was used to triangulate and substantiate the study. To select the sample population, two different sample sizes were used with different sampling procedures stratified random sampling techniques was used to classify 2 kebeles of the woreda in 2 separate strata and simple random sampling technique was used to select kebeles that represent those strata. The result of the study indicated that Natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods in the types of changes of temperature and rainfall. It occurs because of internal variability within the climate system and external factors. The external causes may be natural or human induced activity. Human activities cause climate change mainly due to fossil fuel burning and removal of forests. To overcome this motivation of communities through distribution of technological energy (alternative energy) sources to reduce the human dependency on natural resources of the environment ,early warning system, information management, community-based disaster preparedness, and humanitarian actions are going to be critically essential to substantiate enabling environment for climate change adaptation is an appropriate strategies to minimize the impacts of climate changes. Keywords: Climate change, Climate change variability, Climate change drivers, Climate change mitigation, Ethiopia DOI: 10.7176/JRDM/66-01 Publication date: June 30th 2020

Regeneration dynamics of Great Basin bristlecone pine in southern Nevada

Great Basin bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva D.K. Bailey) is an important and long-lived tree species found at high elevations in the interior southwest of the United States, but little is known about its regeneration requirements and response to disturbance. We conducted extensive surveys of seedling regeneration and environmental attributes of regeneration sites in undisturbed forest dominated by this species in the Spring Mountains of southern Nevada. Additional surveys tallied new seedling densities and site attributes 4 years after a wildfire in the same area. Seedlings, saplings, and juvenile trees were less abundant than adult trees in the unburned forest, and soils had lower bulk density and greater depth, moisture, and soil organic matter under adult trees than in open areas. Seedling distributions in both unburned and burned forest showed a negative relationship to a heat load index governed by aspect. The density of new seedlings after the fire was negatively related to distance from unburned forest edges. Seedlings were found in clusters and were associated with adult trees (live or dead) in both unburned and burned stands. Seedling emergence from animal-dispersed caches was more frequent in burned habitats than in unburned habitats. These natural regeneration dynamics provide potential guidance for restoration efforts in this ecosystem.

Spatial modelling of anthropogenic based peat land fire case study of the Kepulauan Meranti District

Forest fires in Indonesia are 99% due to human intentional factors. The practice of burning forests is done because it is easy, fast, and inexpensive, and the assumption that the ashes produced will fertilize the soil. The practice of burning forests is done primarily for the purpose of clearing agricultural land and plantations. Land and forest fires will be even worse if they occur on peat lands. Fires on peat lands consist of crown fire, surface fire, and ground fire which have a more severe impact on environmental, social and economic impacts. In terms of management, it is also more difficult and longer than fires on mineral land. On the other hand, pea tlands in Indonesia, 30%, are peat lands that have the potential for agricultural and plantation cultivation. The main objective of this paper is to use spatial modeling to provide an early warning system for forest fires on peat lands based on anthropogenic aspects in the Meranti Islands Regency, Riau Province. Data compiled based on anthropogenic aspects include: accessibility, population distribution, land clearing patterns, land use, and land status. Spatial analysis was carried out on anthropogenic aspects and the distribution of hotspots that had a level of confident (c> 80%). The results of the paper indicate that anthropogenic aspects that are dominant in the occurrence of forest fires are accessibility of road than river.

Soil characteristics of Eucalyptus urophylla × Eucalyptus grandis plantations under different management measures for harvest residues with soil depth gradient across time

Abstract The clear-cut burning method for forest clearing has been widely used in Eucalyptus plantations in Southern China for successive planting generations. Harvest residues can provide a considerable nutritional supply for Eucalyptus plantations by affecting soil fertility qualities. Thus, harvest residue management is crucial. This study aims to investigate the effects of different management measures for harvest residues on the soil fertility of Eucalyptus urophylla × Eucalyptus grandis plantations and the changes in soil characteristics at different times and soil depths. We selected an evergreen broad-leaved forest (CK0) and a third-generation E. urophylla × E. grandis plantation (CK) as the control. The experimental plots were burned and retained the harvesting residue after CK harvesting. Soil samples were obtained one month, one year, and five years after burning (B1, B2 and B3, respectively) and retaining (R1, R2, and R3, respectively) the harvest residues. All measured soil properties were significantly affected by depth, stand, and interactions, except for the pH value. Discriminant analysis showed that the effects of different stands on the primary physicochemical properties of soil were higher than those on the microelement and biological characteristics. Varying stands had a significant influence on the primary physicochemical properties of soil across time. All stands were classified into four grades according to soil quality assessment values. The findings showed that CK0 obtained the highest score for grade I, followed by R2 (grade II); B1, R1, and R3 (grade III); and CK, B2, and B3, which had the lowest grade. Soil parameters were affected not only by soil depth but also by different management measures for harvest residues across time. In addition, although no significant difference was found in soil fertility quality between burning and retaining harvest residues in the short term (about a month), the soil fertility quality of a forest retaining harvest residues was significantly higher than that of a forest burning harvest residues in the long term.

The Implementation Of Criminal Law To The Forester Of Land And Land Combustion In Blora Regency

The problems discussed in this study are how is the enforcement of criminal law against the perpetrators of forest and land burning in Blora Regency, as well as the factors inhibiting the enforcement of criminal law against perpetrators of forest and land burning in Blora Regency and its solutions. The approach method used is normative juridical, descriptive analytical research specifications. The data used is secondary data. Data collection method is a field study. The data analysis method uses qualitative analysis. As a knife for analysis, law enforcement theory, justice theory and legal certainty theory are used. The results showed that criminal law enforcement against perpetrators of forest and land burning in Blora Regency was not running optimally. This is evidenced by the absence of investigative efforts carried out by PPNS and the National Police in the crime of burning forests and land, so that there has never been a case of forest fires that has been resolved through a criminal route. Law enforcement efforts are preferred through preventive measures. The inhibiting factors of criminal law enforcement against forest and land arsonists in Blora Regency are the factors of laws where there is disharmony of laws governing forest and land burning crimes, difficulties in finding perpetrators and witnesses, limited costs in investigating forest crime and land and lack of public awareness. The solution to overcome these obstacles is to make criminal law the last resort in enforcing forest and land burning laws, not continuing forest fire cases to the investigation stage, and conducting socialization to the public about preventing forest and land burning.Keywords: Criminal Law Enforcement; Forest And Land Burning.

Development and evaluation of habitat suitability models for nesting white-headed woodpecker (Dryobates albolarvatus) in burned forest.

Salvage logging in burned forests can negatively affect habitat for white-headed woodpeckers (Dryobates albolarvatus), a species of conservation concern, but also meets socioeconomic demands for timber and human safety. Habitat suitability index (HSI) models can inform forest management activities to help meet habitat conservation objectives. Informing post-fire forest management, however, involves model application at new locations as wildfires occur, requiring evaluation of predictive performance across locations. We developed HSI models for white-headed woodpeckers using nest sites from two burned-forest locations in Oregon, the Toolbox (2002) and Canyon Creek (2015) fires. We measured predictive performance by developing one model at each of the two locations and quantifying discrimination of nest from reference sites at two other wildfire locations where the model had not been developed (either Toolbox or Canyon Creek, and the Barry Point Fire [2011]). We developed and evaluated Maxent models based on remotely sensed environmental metrics to support habitat mapping, and weighted logistic regression (WLR) models that combined remotely sensed and field-collected metrics to inform management prescriptions. Both Maxent and WLR models developed either at Canyon Creek or Toolbox performed adequately to inform management when applied at the alternate Toolbox or Canyon Creek location, respectively (area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curve [AUC] range = 0.61-0.72) but poorly when applied at Barry Point (AUC = 0.53-0.57). The final HSI models fitted to Toolbox and Canyon Creek data quantified suitable nesting habitat as severely burned or open sites adjacent to lower severity and closed canopy sites, where foraging presumably occurs. We suggest these models are applicable at locations similar to development locations but not at locations resembling Barry Point, which were characterized by more (pre-fire) canopy openings, larger diameter trees, less ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), and more juniper (Juniperus occidentalis). Considering our results, we recommend caution when applying HSI models developed at individual wildfire locations to inform post-fire management at new locations without first evaluating predictive performance.

Characteristics and conditions for ignition of bio-coal mixtures based on coal and forest combustible material

The results of the experimental studies of the ignition process of a pulverized fuel mixture based on coal and biomass — forest combustible material (FCM) have been given. As the second component of the fuel the wastes of various deciduous or coniferous species of trees have been used.The experiments have been carried out on the equipment that provides a fairly low level of error when registering the main characteristics (ignition delay time of the fuel particles tign, ambient temperature Tg) of heat and mass transfer processes occurring together during ignition of bio-coal fuel during thermal preparation. It has been established that the addition of biomass to coal leads to a significant reduction (up to 30%) of the entire ignition period of the fuel mixture. The video recording of the ignition processes has allowed to identify the main stages of thermal preparation and ignition of the bio-coal fuel particles. It has been established that the particles of biomass (leaf or fir needles) ignite faster than coal.A mathematical model has been developed based on the results of a detailed analysis of the videograms of the ignition process of the bio-coal mixtures describing the joint flow of the main processes of heat and mass transfer under conditions of the intense phase and thermochemical transformations. A numerical simulation of the ignition process has been carried out and the ignition delay times have been established. A comparative analysis of the theoretical and experimental values of tign has shown their good conformance.

Does post-fire salvage logging affect foraging activity by rodents?

Following wildfires, salvage logging is applied for silvicultural, safety or even aesthetic reasons. Such operations impact on biological legacies, impair natural vegetation recovery and may affect several animal species that depend on vegetation structure and specific plant resources. Rodents, such as wood and Algerian mice, use vegetation cover as protection against predators and are important prey, moderately effective seed dispersers and efficient seed predators. Different post-fire management strategies may either promote rodent abundance, enhancing their key biological roles, or result in low rodent abundance, creating a low seed predation window of opportunity when assisted regeneration of burnt forests is required. In order to evaluate the effects of post-fire salvage logging on plant-animal interactions, we compared plant regeneration, the availability of trophic resources (seeds and fleshy fruits), rodent foraging activity and rodent relative abundance between unlogged and logged burnt pine forests in the north-eastern Iberian Peninsula at different distances (up to 700 m) from the burnt area perimeter. The results show that vegetation recovered more slowly in salvage logged than in unlogged areas. Foraging activity of rodents increased both with the volume of woody debris, mainly derived from salvage logging, and with increasing foliage cover. Management strategies aimed at promoting the presence of rodents and associated biodiversity can, however, hamper assisted regeneration by seed sowing.

Effect of atmospheric oxygen on the kinetic parameters of thermal degradation of pine branch particles

Thermal degradation of forest combustibles plays an important role in the ignition and spread of wildland fires. Atmospheric oxygen affects thermal degradation mechanisms. In this paper, the thermal degradation behavior of pine branch (PB) particles of Pinus Sylvestris is investigated by using a thermogravimetric analyzer under inert and oxidative atmospheres. Results indicate that the thermal degradation process of PB particles in nitrogen differs from that in oxidative atmospheres, except for the initial stage from room temperature to 250 °C. Comparison between DTG and DSC curves under atmospheres with oxygen concentrations 5%–21% indicates that thermal degradation is promoted by increasing atmospheric oxygen. A unified scheme composed of four first-order reactions is used for kinetic analysis by simulating TG data with heating rates of 10, 15, 20, and 25 °C/min simultaneously. Kinetic parameters and reaction rate coefficients have been calculated based on multi-heating rate data, by the combined use of Genetic algorithm (GA) and nonlinear fitting algorithm. It is shown that the unified scheme is capable of capturing the characteristics of thermal degradation reactions under all heating rates and oxygen concentrations. It is found that the activation energies of four reactions first increase with oxygen concentration increasing from 0% to 15%, and then remain constant with oxygen concentration increasing from 15% to 21% except for reaction 2. The reaction rate coefficients of reactions 1, 3 and 4 obviously increase with oxygen concentration, while that of reaction 2 does not depend on oxygen concentration.

Legal analysis on the calculation of loss value for the case of industrial forest fire (Case study verdict No. 24/Pdt.G/2015/PN.PlgjoNo. 51/PDT/2016/PT.PLG)

PT. Bumi Mekar Hijau is an industrial forest company sued by Ministry of Environment and Forestry in the court for forest fire. In the lawsuit, Ministry of Environment and Forestry filed a lawsuit of IDR 7,986,605,000,000 in which the material compensation is paid in cash to the Plaintiff through State Treasury Account of IDR 2,687,102,500,000, while the defendant was required to recover the environment which was on fire, with a width of 20,000 hectares at the cost of IDR 5,299,502,500,000. The value of lawsuit against PT. Bumi Mekar Hijau is extremely large. It’s the largest lawsuit in the case of forest and land fire in Indonesia. In the verdict of Palembang District Court, the Judge rejected this lawsuit, considering that Judge did not see any loss caused by the fire since there was no extinction or ecological damage. Thus, soil can be planted again, while there was no intention of PT. Bumi Mekar Hijau to clear land by burning forest. When the fire occurred and who did it is not known, so the unlawful conduct cannot be proven. Decision of Palembang High Court No. 51/PDT/2016/PT.PLG annuls the first-degree decision by requiring the defendant, PT. Bumi Mekar Hijau, to pay compensation of IDR 78,502,500,000. This paper will discuss whether loss value claims submitted by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry are in accordance with the rules of environmental law. In addition, it also discussed whether the application of the law by the first-level Panel of Judges and the level of appeal were correct, specifically related to loss value or compensation.

Ignition of Forest Combustible Materials by a Group of Crystallizing Metal Particles

The physical mechanism of igniting a layer of forest combustible materials by a group of crystallizing metal particles of fairly small sizes (smaller than 3–4 mm) was determined. Results of a statistical treatment of data on the induction period between the first and second microflame in such a layer and on the instants of time these hotbeds of fire begin to grow are presented. It is shown that the indicated ignition process is probabilistic in character, and recommendations are given for the development of its mathematical model.

Localization of Ground, Crown, and Combined Forest Fires with the Use of a Barrier Strip

A comparative analysis of the results of experimental investigations on determination of the conditions necessary and sufficient for the localization of ground, crown, and combined forest fires with the use of a barrier strip of moistened forest materials has been performed. The rational volumes of water used for the formation of such a strip in front of a forest fire and its sizes were determined. Different variants of localization of flame combustion and thermal decomposition of forest combustible materials depending on the action of an air flow (wind) on them were analyzed.

The ignition of the bio water-coal fuel particles based on coals of different degree metamorphism

The results of the experimental studies of the processes of ignition of a new class of the fuels — bio water-coal fuel (Bio WCF) have been given, the main components of which are coals of various degrees of metamorphism, water and forest combustible material (FCM). It has been established that the addition of FCM to the composition of the water-coal suspension stabilizes the combustion process and leads to a decrease in the total induction period by 10–15%.The experiments have been conducted on the equipment that provides a fairly low level of error when registering the main characteristics of heat and mass transfer processes occurring together with ignition of the bio water-coal fuel particles. According to the results of the experiments, it has been established that the ignition of such fuel particles takes place in the gas phase, and during the combustion of volatiles a flame sphere is formed, the characteristic dimensions of which exceed the particle diameter by 2–3 times.The main result of the experimental researches is the substantiation of the possibility of using forest combustible fuel in the form of an additive that accelerates and stabilizes the process of initiating combustion of such a composite fuel.

Efektifitas Penegakan Hukum terhadap Pelaku Tindak Pidana Pembakaran Hutan di Provinsi Jambi

The problem of forest burning has become a problem in Jambi Province because it is considering the amount of smoke generated from forest fires that is detrimental to the people of Jambi Province. Therefore, there must be law enforcement against those who carry out forest fires so that forest fires do not happen again. However, in reality law enforcement also still has selective logging so that the cases revealed only involve individual actors, whereas for companies only one company is sealed. In addition, factors affecting law enforcement itself such as the lack of human resource capacity regarding understanding of environmental crime, improper equipment and the many regulations regarding evidence in the law so that future efforts in carrying out law enforcement against forest fires are resource human law enforcement must be improved, prepare sophisticated equipment and proof does not have a lot of evidence.

Wildfire Effects on Groundwater Quality from Springs Connected to Small Public Supply Systems in a Peri-Urban Forest Area (Braga Region, NW Portugal)

Peri-urban areas are territories that combine urban and rural features, being particularly vulnerable to wildfire due to the contact between human infrastructures and dense vegetation. Wildfires may cause considerable direct and indirect effects on the local water cycle, but the influence on groundwater quality is still poorly understood. The aim of this study was to characterize the chemistry of several springs connected to small public supply systems in a peri-urban area, following a large wildfire that took place in October 2017. Groundwater samples were collected in four springs that emerged within burned forests, while control samples were from one spring located in an unburned area. Sampling took place from October 2017 until September 2018, starting 15 days after the wildfire occurrence, to evaluate the influence of the time after fire and the effect of precipitation events on groundwater composition. Groundwater samples collected in burned areas presented increased content of sulfate, fluoride and nitrogen and variability in pH values. Iron, manganese and chromium contents also increased during the sampling period. Post-fire concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), mainly the carcinogenic ones, increased especially after intense winter and spring rain events, but the levels did not exceed the guideline values for drinking water.