Burnt Clay Research Articles

Ductility Performance of Reinforced Rubberised-Burnt Clay Powder Concrete Beams

Application of rubberised concrete in earthquake prone areas is of paramount significance. Although investigations have been conducted to research on the ductility of rubberised concrete, the behaviour of rubberised concrete with Burnt Clay Brick Powder (BCBP) is not well understood. This study was focused at capturing the ductility behaviour of rubberised concrete containing BCBP. In this study, 3 beams were investigated in flexure while the other 3 beams were made to fail in shear and flexure. For the beams that failed in flexure, ductility of concrete beams containing 5% BCBP and 10% Waste Tire Rubber (WTR) improved by 23.47% compared to control beam. This increase in ductility was evidenced with only 15.31% reduction in flexural load. Moreover, the beam containing 5% BCBP and 10% WTR failing in shear and flexure exhibited 14.60% ductility improvement with 16.33% load reduction in comparison to the control beam. Eventually, the study concluded that it is possible to achieve improved ductility without substantial loss in ultimate failure load by using 5% BCBP and 10% WTR. Such properties established this rubberised concrete with 5% BCBP as potential candidate in seismic applications.

The influence of burnt clay brick waste addition on recycled brick

Ceramic materials especially clay soil (CS) have been used in construction for decades now. This CS has been used either unmixed or mixed with several other constituent materials to produce materials with interesting engineering properties. The study in this paper is a contribution to the re-use of broken burnt clay bricks (BCB) by mixing it in various proportions and different grain sizes (0.08 mm to 0.1 mm and 0.25 mm to 0.5 mm) with the initial CS to produce useable bricks. Physical properties (density, porosity and water absorption) and mechanical properties (compressive strength and flexural strength) of the resulting brick are then analyzed. The formulations of these products are done using the following percentages of burnt clay powder (BCP): 0% (reference brick), 20%, 40% and 50%. Whatever the grain size of the samples, the results show a decrease in density (from 1.86 g/cm3 to 1.2 g/cm3) and in the water absorption rate with the burnt clay (BC) content. There is also a decrease in the compressive strength and flexural strength of the bricks with the amount of burnt clay. The loss of mechanical resistance in compression between the reference sample and the highly loaded one (50% burnt clay) is 37.86%, for the flexural strength it is 64.52%. Nevertheless, a small addition of BC (20%) reduces the loss in resistance to 17.4% for compression and 10.7% for flexural strength. Equally, there is an increase in the mechanical strength of the samples with decrease in grain size. The studies carried out shows that a small quantity of burnt clay waste (20%) of the finer grain size can result in bricks with properties similar to those of the reference brick.

Removal of textile dyes from industrial effluents using burnt brick pieces: adsorption isotherms, kinetics and desorption

Textile dyes, namely Sumifix Blue Exf (Dye 1), Sumifix Rubine Exf (Dye 2) and Sumifix Yellow Exf (Dye 3), show their characteristic λmax values at 605 nm, 545 nm and 415 nm, respectively. Gel electrophoresis of the three individual dyes investigated indicates that all of them are negatively charged. Among different adsorbents, brick clay shows the highest efficiency for the removal of dyes from aqueous solution. The optimum values of experimental parameters, namely treatment temperature, adsorbent dosage, shaking time, settling time and initial solution pH determined to be 200 °C, 4.0 g, 15.0 min, 15.0 min and pH Dye 3 (3333 mg kg−1 min−1), and further, real dye effluent containing each of the above dyes having calculated initial concentrations of 42 mg L−1 (Dye 1), 106 mg L−1 (Dye 2) and 39 mg L−1 (Dye 3), shows, 87%, 86% and 45% removal efficiencies at their λmax values with the treatment of burnt brick clay particles under optimized conditions. Desorption of the dyes from the dye-adsorbed adsorbent indicates that desorption prefers basic conditions.

Imprints of paleo-environmental conditions and human activities in mineral magnetic properties of fired clay remains from Neolithic houses

Fire as a global phenomenon plays crucial role in the Earth’s climate feedbacks and forcing. However, human’s influence is becoming increasingly important during the Anthropocene epoch. Burnt Neolithic houses are among the most impressive remains from fire-related ancient human activities. Mineral magnetic properties and firing temperature estimates using magnetic susceptibility method were carried out on a collection of burnt clay remains from house destructions originating from 18 Neolithic sites from Bulgaria. All of the sites/dwellings ended their existence after extensive fire. The general aim of the study was to explore the mineral magnetic properties of fired clay materials against the most important environmental factors. The main magnetic minerals identified in the burnt structures were magnetite, maghemite and hematite, as well as recently reported in several studies ε-Fe2O3. The latter evidences high intensity fire since this specific mineral can be synthesized at temperatures exceeding 900 °C. Magnetic susceptibility and percent frequency dependent magnetic susceptibility at site level were considered in relation to the climatic conditions, as defined in the published anthracological studies involving most of the sites. The major difference in lithology of the outcropping rock formations between North and South Bulgaria may influence variations in magnetic enhancement of the burnt clay across the sites at similar other conditions. Firing temperature estimates vary in wide range – between 580 °C and 1050 °C. Estimated average firing temperatures at site’s level showed higher values in Early Neolithic sites (Tfire average = 815 °C) as compared to Late Neolithic ones (Tfire average = 746 °C and 713 °C). We suggest that possible hypotheses for the trend observed could be: difference in climate regimes across the territory, leading to different “fire weather”; or difference in the vegetation fuel used in house construction; and intentional burning of Early Neolithic houses.

Burnt clay or terra bruciata in coastal basins of Southern Lazio, Italy: Evidence for prehistoric ignicoltura or resulting from drainage of Holocene pyritic sediments?

In the Agro Pontino and Fondi basin (Southern Lazio, Italy), burnt clay type material is common and was generally ascribed to the impact of ignicoltura. Based on the widespread occurrence of this material it was hypothesized that in these areas such ignicoltura was widely practiced in pre- and protohistoric times. However, direct evidence thereof, in the form of distinctly fired material, is extremely scarce. Earlier published and recent observations and analyses of a number of characteristic burnt clay sites together provide strong evidence for a pedogenetic origin of this material, i.e. by weathering of Holocene pyritic humic to peaty clays, brought about by their drainage. The process is well known from studies on acid sulphate soils and results in the accumulation of secondary iron concretions that resemble burnt clay but have a pedogenetic origin. Other products formed include jarosite and eventually gypsum, both regularly found in connection with burnt clay type material in these Holocene coastal basins. It is concluded that current hypotheses concerning the role and intensity of ignicoltura in both areas need to be seriously revised. Lastly, it seems likely that such pedogenetic burnt clay also occurs in other Mediterranean coastal basins where during the Holocene pyritic sediments formed and later on were drained for agriculture.

Assessing the Effect of Different Mortar Mixes on Strength of Burnt Clay Brick Masonry Wall

Assessing the Effect of Different Mortar Mixes on Strength of Burnt Clay Brick Masonry Wall

Various Chemical Properties and Advantages of Green Cement Manufacturing

It is an idea of using environmentally friendly materials in concrete, to make the system progressively supportable. These are referred to as the useless energy in their production and produces less CO2 which causes Global Warming. Concrete wastes like slag, power plant wastes, recycled concrete, mining and quarrying wastes, waste glass, burnt clay, sawdust, combustor ash and foundry sand.

Assessment of Artisan Clay Bricks for Structural Strength, Chemical Stability and Durability

The artisan clay bricks in Uganda are characterised with low strength, erosion, tiny cracks, lime pop out, warping, efflorescence occurrence and high-water absorption. The raw clay and artisan burnt clay brick samples were collected from artisan brick making places (sites) from Eastern, Central and Northern Uganda. The sampling was done using IS-5454 procedures. Testing was carried out for; water absorption, mineral percentage investigation in natural and purified clay in terms of SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3 & CaO, compressive strength of the artisan clay unit, improved chemical composition artisan clay units from purified clay and improved molded bricks from raw clay. Results indicated mineral requirements for manufacturing bricks was not satisfactory, for artisan bricks, they had very low characteristic strengths of 0.63N/mm2 for Lira and 0.38N/mm2 for Mukono. Refining and change on molding process was done and the raw clay structure shifted to the positive side of the required mineralogy. Fired bricks on testing gave higher characteristic strengths of 2.2 (improved chemical composition bricks) and 3.3 (improved molded bricks) for Lira, 5.12 (improved chemical composition bricks) and 2.62N/mm2 (improved molded bricks) for Mukono, slight efflorescence and low water absorption. Studies therefore recommend that the artisan do include both refining processing and constant force kneaded clay pressing in the manufacturing process.

Burnt Clay Brick Aggregate for Internal Curing of Concrete under Adverse Curing Conditions

In this study, properties of concrete with brick aggregate as internal curing medium has been investigated under adverse curing conditions. Brick aggregates, commonly known as brick chips (BC), have high porosity and absorption capacity. Desorption tests of different sizes of BC revealed that BC could desorb about 90% of its absorbed water. It was also observed that smaller size BC had higher desorption capacity than that of larger ones. Moreover, higher internal relative humidity was observed for all internally cured (IC) samples as compared to control samples made with 100% rock aggregate particles commonly known as stone chips (SC). Internally cured samples with three different percent replacements (15%, 20% and 25%) of SC with BC were prepared and subjected to six simulated adverse curing conditions. The performance of internally cured concrete under different curing conditions was evaluated in terms of compressive strength, rapid chloride permeability test (RCPT) and linear shrinkage test. The internally cured samples exhibited higher strength and less permeability and shrinkage as compared to their control counterparts under all adverse curing conditions considered in the study. Based on the findings of the study, 20% partial replacement of SC with BC of 9.5 mm in size can be recommended as a guideline for producing internally cured concrete under adverse curing conditions.

Enhance the properties of concrete using pre-developed burnt clay chips as internally curing concrete aggregate

Materials of internal curing concrete have been developed in many countries. Some of those materials are superabsorbent polymers, light weight aggregate (LWA), normal weight aggregate, recycled aggregate, bentonite clay, furnace slag and bottom ash. The most popular internal curing material is LWA. LWA are not available in most countries. Thus, the production of internal curing concrete (ICC) was limited for few countries. Consequently, this research was focused on the utilization of burnt clay chips as a new material to enhance the properties of ICC. Furthermore, water–cement (w/c) ratio and workability of ICC were investigated to develop high strength internal curing concrete (SICC). The water absorption and desorption capacity of porous aggregates are basically depends on the capillary interaction between water and the pore structure. Thus, formation of an effective pore structure within the burnt clay chips becomes the most important thing. Thus, Red clay was selected and different pore structures were developed within the clay mass by heating trough furnace. The heating temperature ranged from 800 to 1300 °C. The burnt clay chips produced at 900 °C was identified as an effective ICC aggregate. Afterwards, the pre-developed burnt clay chips (DBCC) were produced in larger scale. During the production of burnt clay chips, clay blocks (150 × 250 × 14 mm) were produced and heated at 900 °C using industrial furnace. Subsequently, heated clay blocks were crushed and sifted through 4.75 mm sieve to obtain fine clay chips. The water absorption capacity and the dry apparent density of DBCC was recorded as 15.5% and 1.8 g/cm3 respectively. Finally, grade 25, 30 and 35 concretes were prepared to study the effect of workability and w/c ratio. Moreover, three different concrete samples were prepared from each concrete grade; external curing concrete (ECC), ICC and SICC. ICC samples increased the slump value in 12%. Furthermore, the compressive strength of ICC and ECC were almost same for all three concrete grades. SICC sample increased the compressive strength in 9% while maintaining the required workability and same cement content of ECC sample. Thus, it is concluded that, DBCC can be used as an effective internal curing agent to increase the compressive strength and workability of ICC.

The Technology of Obtaining Modified Sorbents Based on Silicate Production Waste

The article deals with the problem of rational use of waste of enterprises for the production of silicate cement. Currently the production gliezh waste (burnt clay) does not find its application and is disposed of. A method of obtaining a sorbent based on the gliezh waste is suggested, the aluminium oxide content in which ranges from 15 to 40 % and silicon oxide – from 55-75 %. Pre-burnt clay is treated with sulphuric acid, and then calcined in a muffle furnace at t = 300 °C. The resultant sorbent has high rates of wastewater treatment from heavy metals.

Comparative Study on Breaking Strength of Burnt Clay Bricks Using Novel Based Completely Randomized Design (CRD)

The aim of this study is to present the results of breaking strength tests for burnt clay bricks from various historical deposits. The native clay bricks production technique is the known method of brick making, particularly in South Asian countries. Numerous studies have been conducted on hand-molded formed bricks. The clay bricks that were considered for the comparative study, were made from four different clays sources. Their breaking strength was determined using for examining the maximum load at failure and the effects were investigated subsequently. The basic objective of this experimental study was to compare the breaking strength of locally fired clay bricks using a novel based completely randomized design via a single factor with four levels of clay sources representing the factors. For this purpose, 24 brick samples were made from four different clay sources while the breaking strength of each sample was measured. Pairwise comparison trials, including Duncan’s multiple range, Newman–keuls, Fisher’s least and Tukey’s tests were conducted. Based on experimental investigations, the results revealed that using analysis of variance at 95% CI, the difference in breaking strength between clay source of Hyderabad (A) and Rawalpindi (B), followed by Kohat (C) and Peshawar (D) was significant and also the difference among the means of these clay courses was significant which clearly exposed that the clay site and chemical composition has a great impression of the breaking strength of the burnt bricks.

Use of burnt clay aggregate as phase change material carrier to improve thermal properties of concrete panel

In this research, the thermal properties of paraffin-impregnated burnt clay aggregate (PIA) concrete were studied. Paraffin was used as a phase change material (PCM) carrier and was incorporated into the burnt clay aggregates using heat and pressure. The compressive and flexural strengths of the concretes and the thermal insulation of the concrete panels were tested. The results of these tests revealed that the strengths and thermal insulation of the standard burnt clay aggregate concrete were improved with the use of PIA. The panels with PIA required more time to reach peak temperature and exhibited a larger drop in peak temperature relative to the control panel without PIA.

Rock-magnetic and color characteristics of archaeological samples from burnt clay from destructions and ceramics in relation to their firing temperature

Determination of ancient firing temperatures of archaeological pottery is a widely discussed topic in archaeometry. Here, a set of magnetic characteristics (magnetic susceptibility, isothermal and anhysteretic remanences, hysteresis parameters) and color parameters were studied for a collection of pottery fragments and burnt clay from house destructions. The results show that magnetite and hematite of superparamagnetic to single domain grain size are the main iron oxides produced during heating. Hematite fraction is more important and frequently detected in pottery sherds than in burnt clay from destructions. An inverse linear regression was obtained between the estimated firing temperature and the ratio value/chroma, which is shown to be site specific for pottery samples. For burnt house destructions, the regression is less well constrained and most probably reflects differences in the raw material. Consideration of rock-magnetic parameters against firing temperature estimates reveals a direct link between saturation magnetization and ancient firing temperature for burnt clay from house destructions. In contrast, this link is inverse and worse defined for pottery materials. This different behavior is attributed to different prevailing processes of iron oxide transformations in burnt clay and pottery, related to the specific firing conditions.

AN EVALUATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FRESH PROPERTIES OF SELF-CONSOLIDATING CONCRETE INCORPORATING BLENDED PALM OIL FUEL ASH AND PULVERISED BURNT CLAY

Although the application of palm oil fuel ash and pulverised burnt clay in selfconsolidating concrete is gaining prominence, their application singly in binary mixes is associated with some setbacks. In this study, a blend of Palm oil fuel ash (POFA) and pulverised burnt clay (PBC) was used as partial replacement of Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) to produce self-consolidating high performance concrete (SCHPC). Fifteen different mixes were prepared with varying percentages of blended POFA/PBC, high range water reducing admixture (HRWR) and water to binder ratio (W/B) ranging from 0.30-0.40. Three key fresh properties were investigated. The filling ability was evaluated based on the slump flow, 500mm slump flow time (T500), inverted slump cone flow spread and time, Orimet flow time and v-funnel flow time. The passing ability was evaluated with respect to J-ring flow and L-box blocking ratio. Furthermore, the segregation resistance was determined based on the sieve segregation index and column segregation factor. A comparative analysis was carried out on the results based on the correlations established among the fresh properties of the respective mixes. The research findings revealed strong correlations between most of the fresh properties of the respective SCHPC

Bond Development in Burnt Clay and Fly Ash-Lime-Gypsum Brick Masonry

AbstractFly ash bricks are used for load-bearing masonry. The bond development between the masonry unit and the mortar is mainly due to the mechanical interlock of cement hydration products in the ...

Rice Husk Char-Clay Composite for the Adsorption of Methylene Blue Dye

Contamination of water bodies due to the release of wastewater containing dyes is a worldwide environmental problem and hence treatment before discharging is particularly important. In this study, adsorption of Methylene Blue dye from aqueous solutions onto a novel adsorbent; rice husk char-clay composite; was studied. Rice husk was burnt at 300° C at a heating rate of 100 C increase per minute with the total residence time of 45 minutes. Rice husk char thus obtained was grounded and the composite was prepared by mixing rice husk char and clay to the weight ratio of 9:16 and extruding to approximately 0.5 cm diameter pellets. Two types of adsorbents were prepared with clay burnt at 450° C for 1 hour and with unburnt clay. A series of batch adsorption experiments were performed to determine the factors affecting adsorption. For both types of composites, maximum removal of dye was observed at an initial dye concentration of 20 mg/l. In particular, an extensive analysis was made on solution pH variation during the adsorption process. Batch experiments at various initial pH values were carried out, and solution pH profiles with the adsorption time were also evaluated. The pH values considered for the experiment were 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10. Optimum pH values for the maximum dye removal were obtained for burnt clay at 7 and for the unburnt clay at 10. Composite made of burnt clay showed higher dye removal compared to unburnt clay composite. Experimental data were fitted to pseudo first order and second order kinetic models and related parameters, initial adsorption rate (h) and rate constant (k2) were estimated. The results showed that kinetic data of the system best fits the pseudo second order model for burnt clay composite with initial adsorption rate (h) as 12.937 mg g-1 min-1 and rate constant (k2) 0.136 g mg-1 min-1. The highest initial dye uptake of 12.9 mg/g was observed for burnt clay composite. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used to fit the equilibrium data successfully and constants were calculated. Accordingly, for burnt clay these values were obtained adsorption coefficient (b) as 1.28, constant related to adsorption capacity (k) as 4.96, constant related to adsorption intensity (n) as 2.42 and amount of solute adsorbed per unit weight of adsorbent corresponding to complete coverage of available sites (𝑞𝑜) as 10.21 mg g-1. Results revealed that Freundlich isotherm fits the burnt clay composite and Langmuir model fits the unburnt clay composite. Based on these experimental results, application of rice husk char burnt clay composite in removal of dye from wastewater is suggested. Keywords: Rice husk char, Adsorption, Methylene-blue

Effects of Pulverized Burnt Clay Waste Fineness on the Compressive Strength and Durability Properties of Blended Cement Concrete

Effects of Pulverized Burnt Clay Waste Fineness on the Compressive Strength and Durability Properties of Blended Cement Concrete

Efficiency factors of burnt clay and cement kiln dust and their effects on properties of blended concrete

Abstract This research examines the efficiency factors (k) of burnt clay (BC) and cement kiln dust (CKD) and their effect as a substitute for Portland cement (PC) on the properties of concrete. Different blends were tested under different points in time. X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques were used for determining mineralogical composition and characterizing of the material used. Results showed that, replacing PC with up to 20% CKD had a negligible effect on concrete strength and durability while addition of higher percentages of CKD and the presence of BC resulted in reduction of strength. The CKD-concrete blends resulted in higher k and strength than the BC blends. The changes in k values after the age of 28 days were negligible in both materials at all percentages of replacement. The alkali-silica reaction (ASR) tests showed that all specimens experienced changes in length. In general, these changes in specimens lengths tended to reduce with time. The initial surface absorption tests (ISAT) showed that blended concrete experienced a reduction in flow rate compared with the control mixture. The XRD, XRF and SEM analyses showed different concentrations of binders for the different concrete blends.

Sustainable Construction – High Strength Concrete with Crushed Burnt Clay Brick Waste Aggregates

Sustainable Construction – High Strength Concrete with Crushed Burnt Clay Brick Waste Aggregates