Burning Building Research Articles

A Study of Fire Heating of a Propane Tank Located Near A Burning Building

A Study of Fire Heating of a Propane Tank Located Near A Burning Building

Treatment of Fractures Complicated by Burn or Head Injuries in Children*†

The treatment of fractures in children who have multiple injuries is often complex. Fractures that are complicated by burn or head injuries may be especially challenging because such injuries may be extremely severe and the prognosis may be poor. These children may be in extremis or in a very unstable condition at the time of presentation and thus may be poor candidates for anesthesia. Other injuries may be deemed to take precedence, and orthopaedic procedures tend to be postponed. However, because of the unique problems that occur in these patients both immediately after the injury and in the long term, operative stabilization of fractures often can provide great benefits. The coexistence of burn injuries and fractures is not unusual in children because of the association between fire and traumatic injury. Kaplan and Pruitt noted orthopaedic injuries in 197 (6.1 percent) of 3221 patients who had burn injuries11. Because burns and fractures complicate the treatment of each other, there must be some coordination between the trauma surgeon, the general surgeon, or the plastic surgeon who treats burns and the orthopaedic surgeon who treats fractures. ### Initial Evaluation and Resuscitation In the initial management of a patient who has both a burn and a fracture, priority must be given to the airway, breathing, and circulation. Injury to the airway, tissue oxygenation, and replacement of fluids and electrolytes are always concerns in the management of a patient who has a burn. Evaluation of musculoskeletal injury should be deferred until life-threatening conditions are assessed. The history is helpful in guiding the examiner. Children who have been injured in a motor-vehicle accident with a resulting fire and those who have jumped from a burning building are likely to have multiple injuries. The identification of deformity and crepitus is helpful in diagnosing a fracture. Tenderness that is due to …

Titian's Pastoral Scene: A Unique Rendition of Lot and His Daughters

AbstractTitian's drawing called Pastoral Scene or Landscape with a Sleeping Nude and Animals is no ordinary landscape, its unordinariness underscored by an unusual combination of elements, which I maintain reveals a new and unique version of Lot and His Daughters. I contend that the large, naked woman in the right foreground is one of Lot's daughters; the two small figures resting or sleeping beneath the trees are Lot and his other daughter; the thatched houses in the middle left represent the little town of Segor where Lot first fled; the sheep represent livestock that Lot brought out of Sodom, as do the boar and goat; the boar and goat, however, also serve as symbols of lust and lechery; and the distant city with burning buildings in the city's right quarter is Sodom. Titian's inventiveness created an iconographic variation of an ancient theme.

Erasing the Past: The Destruction of Libraries and Archives in Bosnia-Herzegovina

Three years have passed since the beginning of the war in Bosnia. Amidst the reports of human suffering and atrocities, another tragic loss has gone largely unnoted—the destruction of the written record of Bosnia’s past.On 25 August 1992, Bosnia’s National and University Library, a handsome Moorish-revival building built in the 1890s on the Sarajevo riverfront, was shelled and burned. Before the fire, the library held 1.5 million volumes, including over 155,000 rare books and manuscripts; the country’s national archives; deposit copies of newspapers, periodicals and books published in Bosnia; and the collections of the University of Sarajevo. Bombarded with incendiary grenades from Serbian nationalist positions across the river, the library burned for three days; it was reduced to ashes with most of its contents. Braving a hail of sniper fire, librarians and citizen volunteers formed a human chain to pass books out of the burning building. Interviewed by ABC News, one of them said: “We managed to save just a few very precious books. Everything else burned down. And a lot of our heritage, national heritage, lay down there in ashes.” Aida Buturovic, a librarian in the National Library’s exchanges section, was shot to death by a sniper while attempting to rescue books from the flames.

Do children retain what they are taught?

Burn prevention lectures instituted in early childhood education is believed to have decreased burn-related injuries in children. Validation of retention of information to verify effectiveness of school lectures is needed. A pretest and posttest were developed to measure the retention of burn prevention methods taught to students. The pretests were administered by the teachers to fourth and fifth graders (n = 500) one day before the prevention lecture. Programs were taught assembly style. The teachers were asked to reissue the posttest within 2 days after the program. The tests were then returned to the community educator. The test included 15 multiple choice questions. Questions addressed escaping a burning building and burn prevention items such as cooking, first aid tips, and other general prevention ideas. Test results showed overall improvement of scores. Additional analysis showed that though test scores improved, there was less improvement in scores of inner-city students. Pretesting and posttesting has provided valuable information regarding student learning. It has also identified target groups and areas where increased efforts of prevention programs must be directed.

Infinite Diversity in Infinite Combinations: Diegetic Logics and Racial Articulations in the Original Star Trek

60 Bernardi / Infinite Diversity Infinite Diversity in Infinite Combinations: Diegetic Logics and Racial Articulations in the Originai Star Trek Daniel Bernardi Intolerance in the 23rd century? Improbable! If man survives that long, he will have learned to take a delight in the essential differences between men and between cultures. He will learn that differences in ideas and attitudes are a delight, part of life's exciting variety, not something to fear. It's a manifestation of the greatness that God, or whatever it is, gave us. This is infinite variation and delight, this is part of the optimism we built into Star Trek. - Gene Roddenberry1 SuIu: Come with me, fair maiden! Uhura: Sorry, neither!2 In "Let That Be Your Last Battlefield" (1/10/69), the U.S.S. Enterprise is on an urgent rescue mission when it comes across a stolen shuttlecraft and its thief, a half white and half black humanoid named Lokai (Lou Antonio). "Judging by looking at him," Captain Kirk (William Shatner) says, "we know at the very least he is the result of a very dramatic conflict." Soon after encountering the odd alien, another half black and half white humanoid, BeIe (Frank Gorshin), boards the starship. Claiming to be the Chief Officer for the Commission of Political Traitors from a planet named Cheron, BeIe demands that the Enterprise take him and his "political prisoner," Lokai, back to their home world. Lokai, on the other hand, claims the he and his kind have been persecuted by BeIe and his kind, and demands political asylum. The difference between the two bicolored humanoids-and the cause of their conflict-is that they are oppositely colored: Lokai is white on the right side and black on the left side; BeIe is black on the right side and white on the left side. The black and white make-up signifies the struggle overthe meaning ofrace-what "race" meant politically, economically and socially-that dominated American politics and social movements during the 1960s.3 Falling under the umbrella of the Civil Rights Movement, such figures as Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcom X, the American' Indian Movement, the Chicano and Puerto Rican movements, the anti-war movement, among many others, struggled to redirect the meaning of race from a separate but inherently unequal reality toward a more egalitarian ideal. This was a period when images and stories Daniel Bernardi is a graduate student at the University of California, Los Angeles in the Department of Film and Television. Film & History, Vol. XXIV, No's. 1-2, 199461 of civil rights and anti-war demonstrations flowed into the homes of millions of viewers, forcing Americans to confront significant and even violent challenges to the existing color-line. As sociologists Michael Omi and Howard Winant have shown, during the 1960s: "... new conceptions of racial identity and its meaning, new modes of political organization and confrontation, and new definitions of the state's role in promoting and achieving 'equality' were explored, debated, and fought on the battleground of politics."4 Along with the make-up, the dialogue in "Let That Be Your Last Battlefield" is a site for the explicit correlation between Lokai's and Bele's struggle over their physiognomic duality and the non-fictional conflict over the meaning of race. In one scene, Lokai tries to secure sympathy for his position from various members of the Enterprise crew. Referring to Earth, Chekov (Walter Koenig), remarks: "There was persecution once. I remember reading about it in my history class." SuIu (George Takei) follows: "Yes, but it happened way back in the twentieth-century. There's no such primitive thinking today." In another scene, Kirk informs BeIe that the Federation will not allow extradition of Lokai on the grounds of "due process," a real space-time Fourteenth Amendment clause used by the Supreme Court to help dismantle segregation. These references to the "primitive" racism of Earth's past and to the concept of due process links an imaginary universe with the socio-political context of the 1960s. Editing, optical effects and graphic images of burning buildings add a powerful didacticism to "Let That Be Your Last Battlefield," as the episode rhetorically associates racial conflict with...

Psychological distress and alcohol use among fire fighters.

Few studies have investigated stressors to which fire fighters are subjected and the potential psychological consequences. One hundred and forty-five fire fighters were studied to enumerate potential occupational stressors, assess psychological distress and problems with alcohol use, and determine whether a relationship exists between these measures and self-reported stressors. Hearing that children are in a burning building was the highest ranked stressor. According to three self-report instruments, between 33 and 41% of the fire fighters were experiencing significant psychological distress, and 29% had possible or probable problems with alcohol use. These figures are significantly higher than would be expected in a typical community or working population. In a logistic regression analysis, no relationship was found between measures of psychological distress and alcohol use and the 10 most highly ranked work stressors.

Why Did Suffragettes Attack Works of Art?

D(XIlJMENTS Why Did Suffragettes Attack Works of Art? Rowena Fowler Mary Richardson's attack on the "Rokeby" Venus on 10 March 1914 was the first and most famous in a campaign of deliberate damage to works of art during the last months of suffragette militancy before the outbreak of war. Fourteen pictures were slashed and nine women arrested between March and July. The statements made by the women in self-justification and the reactions of public and government demonstrate the poUtical and sodal importance of works of art and their powerful symboUc status. The attacks received widespread pubUdty at first and were almost universally condemned. For nonmUitant suffragists, and even for some more radical sympathizers, the destruction of art was the crudal test of the validity and expediency of the campaign of violence. Even though the discussion of the rights and wrongs of the attacks often took place at a rudimentary level reminiscent of the ethical old chestnut about babies and paintings in burning buildings, the feelings of outrage and puzzlement cannot just be reduced, as the suffragettes argued, to hypocrisy. It was not necessary to be an art lover or connoisseur to be disturbed by the threat to a valuable but vulnerable national possession; it was genuinely upsetting to see beautiful things spoüed and to find "great" and "timeless" works of art forced into proximity with the messiness of contemporary poUtical conftid. It also contributed to the impad of the attacks that they were not carried out surreptitiously or anonymously but took place in pubtic during the open hours of museums and gaUeries. All the women involved were immediately apprehended and charged; only one gave a false name. I shaU discuss the reverberations of these seemingly irrational acts of violence, deliberately and conspicuously perpetrated by respectable and sometimes timid women against something they professed to care for and appreciate. Of particular interest is the surrogate nature of the pictures which were attacked; the way in which a painting of a woman or a portrait of a man was perceived as standing for female exploitation or male authority. For this reason I have concentrated on two female nudes and four portraits of important men. A list of the attacks can be found in the Appendix. Mary Richardson claimed that her slashing of the Velasquez Venus was a reprisal for the Glasgow arrest of Emmeline Pankhurst. In a statement sent to the office of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), she wrote: "I have tried to destroy the picture of the most beautiful woman in © 1991 Journal of Women-s History, Vol. 2 No. 3 (Winter) 110 Journal of Women's History Winter THE GASHES MADE IN VELASQUEZ'S "VENUS WITH THE MIRROR," IN THE NATIONAL A dastardly outrage took place in the National GaUery, in Trafalgar Square, on Tuesday, March 10, when a militant Suffragette attacked the world-famous Rokeby "Venus," of Velasquez, mutilating it with a smaU chopper. The actual damage done is shown in this illustration. The marks made by the woman on the canvas are exactly as is here shown; and they are here reproduced by authority of and courtesy of the "Times." That paper describes the damage as follows: 'To judge from the damaged frame, the first blow was struck at the point marked by the star in the reproduction of the picture-----What is described by one who afterwards saw the damaged masterpiece as probably the most serious blow has caused a cruel wound in the neck. For three or four inches, he says, it runs almost 1991 DOCUMENTS: ROWENA FOWLER 111 GALLERY: THE HARM WROUGHT BY THE MILITANT TO THE £45,000 MASTERPIECE verticaUy, and spreads out an inch wide. Another severe cut has been aggravated apparently by the chopper's having been twisted a Uttle as it was withdrawn for the next blow. Further, there is a broad laceration starting near the left shoulder and roughly forming, with two other cuts, a letter 7N/ Two of the limbs of that letter are six or dght inches long, and the third is a gash extending right beyond the body and some inches through the drapery bdow it. The other cuts...

Evaluation for Self-Extinguished-Phenominon of a Burning Building in an Urban Area

Evaluation for Self-Extinguished-Phenominon of a Burning Building in an Urban Area

Burns and Associated Nonthermal Trauma

Nonthermal trauma in patients with burns necessitates additional considerations in management. The charts of all patients with nonthermal trauma admitted to a regional burn center from 1977 to 1987 were reviewed. The causative events and types of injury were determined. The most common injuries were fractures caused by jumping from burning buildings. Fracture management varied, and the only complications that occurred among the 15 of 61 patients with fractures were associated with overlying burns. The mortality rate was 20%, which is comparable to that predicted from the patients' ages and the percent of total body surface area burned. The mortality rate predicted from the Injury Severity Score is much lower, which brings into question its use for analysis of this patient population.

Partiality, Favouritism and Morality

Many philosophers are impartialists: they maintain that morality requires us to allocate our time and resources without according special preference to our own goals and interests and without displaying favouritism or partiality towards those to whom we happen to be in some way specially related. Despite its widespread support from various versions of utilitarianism, socialism, Christianity and other creeds, impartialism is untenable. First, the practical feasibility of impartialism is very much in doubt. All of us accord massive priority to our own plans and projects, careers, families, loved ones, friends; it is not easy to see how any normal human being could seriously attempt to set about dividing up his time and resources in a way which ignored self-referential categories such as 'mine' and 'ours'. Second, and more important, reflection reveals that it is very doubtful whether we should even try to adopt an impartialist ethic; for when applied to actual cases, impartialism, so far from being a shining ideal at which to aim, is exposed as morally suspect. To choose to save one's own child from a burning building when an impartial consideration of the balance of general utility would favour rescuing someone else first, is not (as impartialists must claim) a perhaps understandable but nonetheless regrettable lapse from the highest moral standards; on the contrary, it is the morally correct course it is precisely what a good parent ought to do. A parent who leaves his child to burn, on the grounds that the building contains someone else whose future contribution to the general welfare promises to be greater, is not a hero; he is (rightly) an object of moral contempt, a moral leper.' This much has been established in recent attacks on impartialism.2 But if impartialism is untenable, are there not equal problems with its contrary, partialism? That is the subject of this paper. I shall argue that the partialist faces serious difficulties but that these can be overcome. As a crude first shot, I define partialism as the thesis that it is (not merely psychologically

Comprehensive fire-safety training for adult mentally retarded persons.

Proficiency in emergency fire-safety skills is important for developmentally disabled persons, especially if they are to live independently in the community. In this study, nine mentally retarded adults were taught functional repertoires for (a) exiting a burning building, (b) reporting a fire to the proper authorities and (c) extinguishing a fire on one's self or another person using the 'stop, drop and roll' technique. In a two-part study, five residents from one group home were taught these behaviours by skilled trainers using a training package consisting of instructions, modelling rehearsal, feedback, and social and descriptive reinforcement. In the second part, two residents from another group home were taught by the trainers, and an additional two subjects were taught by a staff member of the group home using the same training procedures. The results showed that developmentally disabled adults can be trained in emergency fire-safety skills by both skilled trainers and by direct-care staff.

4552140 Emergency escape device : John Cowley, Selby D Hussey, Toronto, IL, Canada assigned to Erie Manufacturing Co

Relatively simple inexpensive device uses reeled steel cable, is controlled by automotive-type shock absorber, and allows safe descent from burning building. Device is cheap to manufacture and assemble and requires neither skill, special knowledge, or athletic ability to operate. It is reliable and fireproof and can be deployed instantly.

Value of Hormone Measurements in Gynaecology

A burnt patient often has a problem before being burnt. Such injuries occur to the accident-prone: deprived children; the stressed or careless; epileptics, drug addicts, alcoholics, psychotics; the elderly; and those already sick. A burn is a serious injury, no matter how localized, and it affects the psychological, social, financial and often the medical status of the whole family. The manner of burning is directly related to the extent, depth and distribution of the injury. A detailed history taken as soon as possible after the injury from patient or observers will give vital clues as to the likely cause of the problem. Scalds are the commonest burn. They are often of limited extent and depth, and heal quickly with insignificant scarring. They may be extensive and deep, with all the metabolic problems particular to a major burn. The injury is usually confined to skin unless superheated steam has been inhaled when there may be a pulmonary injury. The heat of the liquid and how soon it cooled or was removed are facts which, if recorded, give guidance in the diagnosis of depth of injury. Flame burns are hot and invariably destroy the full thickness of part of the burnt area. If these burns are due to ignited clothing, the front of the body, neck and face and palms of the hands are burnt; if they are due to a burning building, hot or irritating gases may add a heat or chemical pulmonary burn. Head or internal injuries or fractures of limbs or spine, are common in those who have jumped or fallen from windows. Electrical burns at mains voltage are always 'full-thickness' burns. Damage is propagated along vessels and nerves since this plane constitutes the line of least electrical resistance. High tension electricity causes damage to skin at entry and exit sites, and extensive damage to muscle between the two points. Flash burns from explosion of inflammable gases or vapours or the discharge of electricity are always partial thickness, so long as clothing has not been ignited. Healing occurs in ten days. Contact burns are usually restricted to one surface (unless a hot press is involved), are of limited extent, but may be associated with a crush injury. Chemical burns, often the result of an assault, are usually of limited extent and confined to skin, unless the agenthas been swallowed or the patient has been accidentally immersed. Patients unconscious at the time of burning more commonly suffer deeper burns. A burn is infinitely variable and is an injury which affects all ages and complicates a variety of physical and psychological conditions. The primary effect is upon the surface of the body, but the metabolic effects of the injury and the treatment that follows it affect all systems to an amazing degree.

Fire spread tests—A critique

Propagation is perhaps the most alarming characteristic of a fire. Rate of advance is an extremely important factor in determining the likelihood of escape from a burning building and the ability of fire protection systems to protect property.

Chronic respiratory disease and respiratory function in a group of fire fighters.

A sample of 193 subjects drawn from the New South Wales Fire Brigade was studied to examine the prevalence of chronic respiratory disease and impairment of respiratory function. The prevalence of respiratory disease was less than that reported in other groups of firemen and reflects the lower level of occupational exposure, and possibly a survivor effect, within the New South Wales Fire Brigade. Among recent recruits, the effects of cigarette smoking far outweighed any contribution from occupational exposure. Among firemen with 20 years or more service a twofold increase in the prevalence of chronic bronchitis is considered to result from the additive effects of cigarette smoking and the high occupational smoke exposures consequent to the availability of respiratory protection and earlier attitudes to its use. The increasingly toxic nature of combustion products at fires was not accompanied by a discernible increase in the prevalence of chronic respiratory disease or impairment of respiratory function. The major combustion products responsible for respiratory damage were self-administered, arising from burning tobacco rather than from burning buildings.

Waking Up

Waking Up You never die in dreams, you wake up: From sucking sands, striking snakes, Skidding cars, burning buildings, Blazing pistols, the interminable fall You spring awake in the nick of time, victorious, Like Houdini bursting from his chains below And breaking the calm surface of the water To triumphant screams and cheers. Yet you mark your escape silently, stifling joy. In the cheerless dark You feel the cold chains Of an inescapable fact Permanendy coiled about you. And you know That wakingup from this dream Will kill you. ISAAC WALKER Isaac Walker teaches in the English Department of California Polytechnic State University at San Luis Obispo. ...

Measurements of the dynamics of structural fires

Experiments in which wood-frame buildings are burned were conducted to determine the dynamic characteristics of one type of structure. The burning rate, as measured by the weight-loss rate, was found to have a pulse shape similar to the pulse of radiant energy emitted during the fire. Radiant-flux levels surrounding the burning structures were well correlated with photographically estimated flame areas, through the Stefan-Boltzmann relationship. Carbon monoxide concentrations and air temperatures reached lethal levels at about the same time in these burning buildings, usually corresponding to a point just prior to flashover of the compartment. The results of this work offer encouragement to attempts at generalizing some of the dynamic characteristics of structural fires.

Some Physiologic Observations in Smoke Inhalation

Six persons were overcome by smoke inhalation when they were trapped within an elevator of a burning building. Evidence of bronchospasm as determined by spirometric examination was found in all six, but the only three who exhibited wheezing reported preexisting asthmatic conditions. An elevated carboxyhemoglobin was found in all. Three patients had metabolic acidosis but this finding did not correlate with the carboxyhemoglobin saturations. Two patients developed acute myocardial infarction; both had preexisting coronary artery disease. Our physiologic observations indicate that in addition to the routine use of oxygen, victims of smoke inhalation should be under careful surveillance, and may benefit from bronchodilators and corticosteroids. Arterial blood gas analysis should be done to determine the severity of hypoxemia. Metabolic acidosis, if present, should be treated with intravenous sodium bicarbonate.

The projection of flames from burning buildings

The American Iron and Steel Institute sponsored a series of tests by the Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc., to obtain information about flames from burning buildings that would be useful in estimating fire severity outside openings in burning buildings.