Burn Injury In Rats Research Articles

Cellular basis of burn-induced cardiac dysfunction and prevention by mesenteric lymph duct ligation

BackgroundMyocardial contractile depression develops 4 to 24 h after major burn injury. We have reported previously that in a rat burn injury model (≈40% of total body surface area burn), mesenteric lymph duct ligation (LDL) prior to burn prevented myocardial dysfunction. However, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms are not well understood. Materials and methodsLeft ventricular myocytes were isolated from sham burn (control), sham burn with LDL (sham + LDL), burn, and burn with LDL (burn + LDL) rats at 4 and 24 h after burn or sham burn. Electrophysiological techniques were used to study myocyte size, contractility and L-type Ca2+ channel current (ICa). Further studies examined changes in the messenger RNA expression levels of pore-forming subunit of the L-type Ca2+ channel, α1C, and its auxiliary subunits, β1, β2, β3, and α2δ1, which modulate the abundance of the ICa in post-burn hearts. ResultsDepressed myocyte contractility (≈20%) developed during 4 to 24 h post-burn compared with control, sham + LDL, or burn + LDL groups, a pattern of changes consistent with whole heart studies. There was no significant alteration in myocyte size. The ICa density was significantly decreased (≈30%) at 24 h post-burn, whereas the messenger RNA expression levels of Ca2+ channel gene were not significantly altered at 4 and 24 h after burn injury. ConclusionsThese results suggest that the post-burn contractile phenotype in vivo was also present in isolated myocytes in vitro, but cellular remodeling was not a major factor. The results also suggest that changes in ICa regulation, but not from Ca2+ channel gene modification, may be a key element involved in post-burn contractile depression and the beneficial effects of LDL.

Wound healing effect of cuttlebone extract in burn injury of rat

Burn injury, one of the most common diseases in primary care, is also a major cause of death and disability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cuttlebone (CB) extract in thermal burn wounds in rats and to compare its effects with those of silver sulfadiazine (SSD), the most widely used burn treatment. Burn injury was produced in rats by immersion of the shaved dorsal area to hot water. CB or SSD was applied topically after burn injury. Histological analysis, CBC counts and malonialdehyde (MDA) activities were evaluated 1, 4, 7, and 14 days post-treatment. CB and SSD significantly increased re-epithelialization in burn wounds and decreased WBC levels after 14 days of treatment. These drugs also reduced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6. By FT-IR, we characterized chitin the main component of CB. Taken together, these results suggest the wound healing effects of CB and its therapeutic value in the treatment of burn injury.

Comparison of healing activity of jethimadh with triphala on experimentally induced thermal burn wound in rats

Comparison of healing activity of jethimadh with triphala on experimentally induced thermal burn wound in rats

EVALUATION OF WOUND HEALING ACTIVITY OF SILVER SULFADIAZINE EMULGEL (1%) IN THE RAT BURN WOUND MODEL AND ITS SKIN IRRITATION STUDY

The study provides a scientific evaluation of the biological and therapeutic properties of new topical formulation of silver sulfadiazine emulgel (1%) as an alternative for the treatment of burn wounds. The solid dispersion was prepared with poloxomer 407 by melt method and is used for emulgel formulation. The prepared silver sulfadiazine emulgel (1%) was compared with marketed silver sulfadiazine creamon healing of burn wounds in rats. Burned area evaluations on the 4th, 8th, 12th and 16th days showed statistically significant better burn wound healing in silver sulfadiazine emulgel (1%) as compared to marketed silver sulfadiazine (1%) group. Moreover, it showed no irritation when tested in rabbit skin irritation test. In conclusion, application of silver sulfadiazine emulgel may be more effective in healing burn related skin wounds in the rat model.

Brown adipose tissue and its modulation by a mitochondria-targeted peptide in rat burn injury-induced hypermetabolism.

Hypermetabolism is a prominent feature of burn injury, and altered mitochondria function is presumed to contribute to this state. Recently, brown adipose tissue (BAT) was found to be present not only in rodents but also in humans, and its activity is associated with resting metabolic rate. In this report, we elucidate the relationship between burn injury-induced hypermetabolism and BAT activity and the possible role of the mitochondria-targeted peptide SS31 in attenuating burn injury-induced hypermetabolism by using a rat burn injury model. We demonstrate that burn injury induces morphological changes in interscapular BAT (iBAT). Burn injury was associated with iBAT activation, and this effect was positively correlated with increased energy expenditure. BAT activation was associated with augmentation of mitochondria biogenesis, and UCP1 expression in the isolated iBAT mitochondria. In addition, the mitochondria-targeted peptide SS31 attenuated burn injury-induced hypermetabolism, which was accompanied by suppression of UCP1 expression in isolated mitochondria. Our results suggest that BAT plays an important role in burn injury-induced hypermetabolism through its morphological changes and expression of UCP1.

Anti-inflammatory effect of low-intensity laser on the healing of third-degree burn wounds in rats

Third-degree burn wounds are considered severe injuries because they destroy all the skin layers and may affect subcutaneous tissues, fasciae, muscles, and bones. To favor the healing process of the injured tissues, it is very useful to diminish the occurrence of the inflammatory process. The present study was aimed at comparing the effect of different energetic densities of AlGaInP laser on the inflammatory process and in the healing of third-degree burn wounds in Wistar rats. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee, in which 36 adult male rats were selected and suffered the induction of third-degree burn injury. These rats were divided as follows: group 1-control (treated with silver sulfadiazine), group 2-received energy density of 3J/cm(2), and group 3-received energy density of 6J/cm(2). All animals daily received an occlusive bandage with silver sulfadiazine and 8% papain. The laser therapy was performed alternatively three times a week. The animals were evaluated on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st days after the initial lesion and euthanized for the macroscopic, histologic, and morphometric analysis. A higher production of collagen was observed at 7days and a greater re-epithelialization at 21days in group 3 (6J/cm(2)). Furthermore, the latter when compared to the other groups presented macroscopically a better aspect of the scar at 21days with more granulation tissue and fibrosis. We conclude that the AlGaInP laser used in dosages of 3 and 6J/cm(2) favors the healing of third-degree burn wounds induced in rats.

76 Less common indications for LLLT

Burn wounds exhibit impaired healing as the progression through the normal sequential stages of tissue repair gets hampered by epidermal barrier disruption, compromised blood circulation, abrogated defence mechanism, pathologic inflammation, and septicemia. Our earlier results reported that superpulsed 904 nm LLLT enhanced healing and attenuated inflammatory response in burn wounds. The present study investigated the effect of superpulsed 904 nm LLLT (200 ns pulse width; 100 Hz; 0.7 mW mean output power; 0.4 mW/cm2 average irradiance) on biochemical and molecular markers pertaining to bioenergetics and redox homeostasis on full-thickness burn wounds in experimental rats. Results indicated that superpulsed laser irradiation for 7 days post-wounding propelled the cellular milieu towards aerobic energy metabolism as evidenced by significantly enhanced activities of key energy regulatory enzymes viz. HK, PFK, CS and G6PD, whereas LDH showed reduced activity as compared to the non-irradiated controls. LLLT showed a significant increased CCO activity and ATP level. Moreover, LLLT also regulated redox homeostasis as evidenced by enhanced NADPH levels and decreased NADP/NADPH ratio. Western blot analysis demonstrated that LLLT produced an up-regulation of GLUT1, pAMPKα and down-regulation of glycogen synthase1 (GS1). Our findings suggest that superpulsed 904 nm LLLT augments burn wound healing by enhancing intracellular energy contents through modulation of aerobic metabolism for maximum energy output. Bioenergetic activation and maintenance of redox homeostasis could be one of the noteworthy mechanisms responsible for the beneficial NIR photobiomodulatory effect mediated through superpulsed 904 nm LLLT in burn wound healing.

78 Photodynamic therapy in treating peritonitis (experimental study)

Burn wounds exhibit impaired healing as the progression through the normal sequential stages of tissue repair gets hampered by epidermal barrier disruption, compromised blood circulation, abrogated defence mechanism, pathologic inflammation, and septicemia. Our earlier results reported that superpulsed 904 nm LLLT enhanced healing and attenuated inflammatory response in burn wounds. The present study investigated the effect of superpulsed 904 nm LLLT (200 ns pulse width; 100 Hz; 0.7 mW mean output power; 0.4 mW/cm2 average irradiance) on biochemical and molecular markers pertaining to bioenergetics and redox homeostasis on full-thickness burn wounds in experimental rats. Results indicated that superpulsed laser irradiation for 7 days post-wounding propelled the cellular milieu towards aerobic energy metabolism as evidenced by significantly enhanced activities of key energy regulatory enzymes viz. HK, PFK, CS and G6PD, whereas LDH showed reduced activity as compared to the non-irradiated controls. LLLT showed a significant increased CCO activity and ATP level. Moreover, LLLT also regulated redox homeostasis as evidenced by enhanced NADPH levels and decreased NADP/NADPH ratio. Western blot analysis demonstrated that LLLT produced an up-regulation of GLUT1, pAMPKα and down-regulation of glycogen synthase1 (GS1). Our findings suggest that superpulsed 904 nm LLLT augments burn wound healing by enhancing intracellular energy contents through modulation of aerobic metabolism for maximum energy output. Bioenergetic activation and maintenance of redox homeostasis could be one of the noteworthy mechanisms responsible for the beneficial NIR photobiomodulatory effect mediated through superpulsed 904 nm LLLT in burn wound healing.

Development of Metabolic Indicators of Burn Injury: Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) and Acetoacetate Are Highly Correlated to Severity of Burn Injury in Rats.

Hypermetabolism is a significant sequela to severe trauma such as burns, as well as critical illnesses such as cancer. It persists in parallel to, or beyond, the original pathology for many months as an often-fatal comorbidity. Currently, diagnosis is based solely on clinical observations of increased energy expenditure, severe muscle wasting and progressive organ dysfunction. In order to identify the minimum number of necessary variables, and to develop a rat model of burn injury-induced hypermetabolism, we utilized data mining approaches to identify the metabolic variables that strongly correlate to the severity of injury. A clustering-based algorithm was introduced into a regression model of the extent of burn injury. As a result, a neural network model which employs VLDL and acetoacetate levels was demonstrated to predict the extent of burn injury with 88% accuracy in the rat model. The physiological importance of the identified variables in the context of hypermetabolism, and necessary steps in extension of this preliminary model to a clinically utilizable index of severity of burn injury are outlined.

Study on protective effect and mechanism of Fufang Tangshang Gao on deep grade II skin burn in rats

To observe the protective effect and mechanism of Fufang Tangshang Gao (FFTSG) on deep grade II burn wounds in rats. The deep grade II skin burn model was established. FFTSG was adopted for wounds once everyday for 21 d. Samples were collected at different time points after burn to determine the wound healing rate, the wound tissues water content, VEGF, TNF-alpha and IL-1. At different time points, FFTSG (0.4, 0.2, 0.1 g x g(-1)) could increase the wound healing rate and VEGF content and decrease the tissues water content, TNF-alpha and IL-1. FFTSG shows a notable protective effect on deep grade II burn wounds in rats by obviously promoting the wound healing and decreasing the wound tissues water content. Its mechanisms may be related with the increase in VEGF synthesis and release of wound tissues and the decrease in TNF-alpha and IL-1 in rat blood serum.

Modulation of TNFα and TGFβ1 in botox treated rats with burn wounds (62.2)

Abstract Abstract Many attempts have been made to improve wound healing using growth factors and a large array of medications. This study reexamined the effect of Botox on second degree burn wound in rats. Histological alterations and temporal evolution of two cytokines TGFβ1, and TNF-α were assessed in presence and absence of Botox. Fifty adult Sprague Dawley rats were used; one group was injected 10 units of Botox into wound. Daily observation and transepidermal water loss were assessed. Punch biopsies were taken on days 0, 3, 8, 14 and 28 for RNA extraction and PCR, and for routine light microscopy. Botox treated rats showed a delayed inflammation, necrosis, and earlier crust detachment compared to controls. On day 14, a better and smoother epithelialization was noted in the Botox groups. Finally, by day 28, the wound surface area was smaller and the quality of the skin was better with more fibroblasts in the regenerated dermis of Botox group, which expressed 2-4 times more TGFβ1. It peaked on days 3 and 8 and then decreased to almost half the control group by day 28. On the other hand, the TNF-α peaked immediately after burn to almost 20 times the control, then decreased between 2.72 to 5.5 times during the rest of the experiment very much like TGFβ1, or lower. Botox could possibly play an alleviating role and have a positive effect on burn wound healing.

In vivo wound-healing efficacy and antioxidant activity of Achyranthes aspera in experimental burns

Context: The floral richness of the North-East Indian region cannot be neglected in context to its medicinal importance. Achyranthes aspera Linn. (Amaranthaceae; Prickly Chaff flower) is an indigenous plant species of this region. Although the local traditional healers have ethnomedical knowledge on the use of this plant, there is no scientific study on wound-healing activity of this plant.Objective: The healing efficacy of methanol leaf extract of A. aspera (MEAA) in granulation tissue of burn wound and its antioxidant activity are investigated.Materials and methods: Methanol extract of leaves of A. aspera was used for compounding 5% (w/w) ointment, which was applied topically twice daily in experimental burn wound in rats. Healing potential was assessed by rate of wound contraction, antioxidant and biochemical assay which was supported by gelatin zymography and histopathology.Results: In the present study, 5% ointment of A. aspera showed significant (p < 0.05) wound healing, which was evident by wound contraction, elevation of various antioxidant enzymes viz. SOD, catalase, vitamin C and prohealing and biochemical parameters like hydroxyproline and protein content than the control animals. Up-regulated expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and 9) was also observed by gelatin zymography. Histopathological examination of the granulation tissues in the A. aspera-treated animals showed collagen deposition, fibroblast proliferation and formation of epidermis.Discussion and conclusion: The methanol leaf extract of A. aspera showed excellent wound-healing activities which has great potential for development of plant-based product.

Healing potential of Iranian traditional medicinal plants on burn wounds in alloxan-induced diabetic rats

Malva sylvestris, Punica granatum, Amygdalus communis, Arnebia euchroma and Scrophularia deserti are important medicinal plants in Iranian traditional medicine (Unani) whose have been used as remedy against edema, burn, and wound and for their carminative, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. The ethanol extracts of M. sylvestris and P. granatum flowers, A. communis leaves, A. euchroma roots and S. deserti stems were used to evaluate the burn healing activity in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Burns were induced in Wistar rats divided into nine groups as following; Group-I: normal rats were treated with simple ointment base (control), Group-II: diabetic rats were treated with simple ointment base (control), Groups-III and -VII: diabetic rats were treated with simple ointment base containing of extracts (diabetic animals), Groups VIII: diabetic rats were treated with simple ointment base containing of mixed extracts, Group-IX: diabetic rats received the standard drug (Silver Sulfadiazine). The efficacy of treatments was evaluated based on wound area, epithelialization time and histopathological characteristics. Wound contraction showed that there is high significant difference between the different groups (p<0.001). At the 18th day, A. euchroma, S. deserti, A. communis and mixed extract ointment treated groups healed 80-90%. At the 9th and 18th days the experiment, the best results were obtained with A. communis and standard drug, when compared to the other groups as well as to the controls. It may be concluded that almond leaves (sweet and bitter) formulated in the simple ointment base is effective in the treatment of burns and thus supports its traditional use.

The effect of captopril on brain apoptosis after burn injury in rats

The purpose of this study was to determine the possible protective effects of captopril treatment against apoptosis in the brain induced by burn injury. Under ether anaesthesia, Wistar albino rats (200-250 g) were exposed to a 900C (burn) or 250C (sham) water bath for 10 s. The ACE group was treated with i.p. 10 mg/kg captopril immediately after burn injury and this treatment was repeated twice daily. At the end of the 24 hours, brain samples were taken. Apoptotic brain cells marked by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated d-UTPnick end labeling (TUNEL) were evaluated in the cerebellum and midbrain of rats. Apoptotic cells in the cerebellum were significantly decreased after captopril treatment and found to be lower when compared to the burn group (p < 0.001). In the midbrain of rats, the numbers of TUNEL-positive cells and apoptotic bodies were significantly increased in the burn group when compared to the control group (p < 0.001). The burn-induced changes were reduced in the captopril-treated burn group (p < 0.01). Captopril has beneficial effects in burn injury and should be assessed as a therapeutic agent in the management of this condition.

Prolonged C1 Inhibitor Administration Improves Local Healing of Burn Wounds and Reduces Myocardial Inflammation in a Rat Burn Wound Model

In a previous study, the authors found persistent presence of acute inflammation markers such as C-reactive protein and complement factors locally in burn wounds. This persistence of acute inflammation may not only delay local burn wound healing but also have a systemic effect, for instance on the heart. Here, the effects of C1 esterase inhibitor (C1inh), an inhibitor of complement activation, on burn wound progression and the heart were analyzed in rats. Dorsal full-thickness burn wounds (2 × 4 cm) were induced on female Wistar rats (n = 14). The rats were divided into two groups (n = 7): a control group (just burns) and a C1inh group. C1inh was administered daily intravenously for 14 days. The burn wound, healthy skin from the hind leg (internal control), and the heart were then fixed in formalin. Tissues were analyzed for granulation tissue formation, reepithelialization, amount and type of infiltrating inflammatory cells (granulocytes and macrophages), and inflammatory markers (complement factors C3 and C4). C1inh treatment significantly reduced the amount of granulation tissue and significantly increased reepithelialization. C1inh also significantly reduced macrophage infiltration. Burns induced infiltration of macrophages into the ventricles of the heart and remarkably also into the atria of the heart. This effect could be counteracted by C1inh. These data show that systemic treatment with C1inh acts at different levels resulting in improved healing locally in burn wounds and systemically reduced inflammation in the heart. Therefore, C1inh might be a possible therapeutic intervention for burn wound patients.

Alginate films containing Lactobacillus plantarum as wound dressing for prevention of burn infection

The topical application of lactobacilli is receiving attention for the prevention of superficial skin and burn wound infections. We studied the properties of Lactobacillus plantarum immobilized in calcium alginate films and investigated the antibacterial activity of these films in a model burn wound in rats. A multiresistant clinical isolate, VIM-2-metallo-β-lactamase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa, was used as the indicator strain. Films incorporating L. plantarum at cell concentrations of 10(8)cfu/mL caused a reduction of 5-6 log(10) in P. aeruginosa in the model burn wounds. L. plantarum immobilized in freeze-dried calcium alginate films remained viable during six months of storage at 4 °C.

Skin-specifically transgenic expression of biologically active human cytoxic T-lymphocyte associated Antigen4-Immunoglobulin (hCTLA4Ig) in mice using lentiviral vector

Xenogeneic skin, especially porcine skin, has already been used to cover large wounds in clinic practice of wound care. Our previous data showed that transgenic expression of human cytoxic T-lymphocyte associated antigen4-immunoglobulin (hCTLA4Ig) in murine skin graft remarkably prolonged its survival in xenogeneic burn wounds without extensive immunosuppression in recipients, suggesting that transgenic hCTLA4Ig expression in skin graft may be an effective and safe method to prolong its survival in xenogeneic wounds for coverage. Lentiviral transgenesis provides an extremely efficient and cost-effective method to produce transgenic animals. However, tissue-targeted transgenic expression of biologically functional protein by lentiviral transgenesis is rarely reported. In this work, a recombinant lentiviral vector (LV), named FKCW in this article, was constructed by inserting a skin-specific hCTLA4Ig expression cassette consisting of keratin 14 (K14) promoter, hCTLA4Ig coding sequence and an intronic fragment. Its efficacy for transgenesis and skin-specific expression of bio-active hCTLA4Ig protein was tested using mice as models. The LV FKCW was readily to be packaged and concentrated to high titres (1.287-6.254 × 10(9) TU/ml) by conventional lentivirus package system. Using eggs collected from only five mated females having been subjected to conventional super-ovulation treatment, 8 hCTLA4Ig transgenic founder mice were generated with the concentrated FKCW vector, and transgenic founder per injected and transferred egg was 6.3%, which was nearly 9-fold higher than that for DNA micro-injection with a similar transgene construct in our previous work. The lentiviral transgenic hCTLA4Ig exhibited strictly skin-specific expression at a level comparable to or even slightly higher than that of transgenic hCTLA4Ig delivered by micro-injection in a similar cassette. Lentiviral transgenic hCTLA4Ig protein remarkably suppressed human lymphocyte proliferation in vitro to a degree comparable to that of commercially purchased purified hCTLA4Ig protein with defined activity at similar concentrations. Besides, lentiviral hCTLA4Ig transgenic mouse skin grafted into rat burn wounds exhibited remarkably extended survival compared to wild-type skin of the same strain (13.8 ± 3.8 vs. 6.8 ± 3.0 days), indicating that lentiviral transgenic hCTLA4Ig did inhibit immune rejection against xenogeneic skin graft in vivo. These results laid down the foundation to further efficiently generate transgenic pigs skin-specifically expressing bio-active hCTLA4Ig by lentiviral transgenesis, and provided a demonstration that transgenic animals with tissue-targeted expression of biologically functional protein can be efficiently produced using LV.

Gelam (Melaleucaspp.) Honey-Based Hydrogel as Burn Wound Dressing

A novel cross-linked honey hydrogel dressing was developed by incorporating Malaysian honey into hydrogel dressing formulation, cross-linked and sterilized using electron beam irradiation (25 kGy). In this study, the physical properties of the prepared honey hydrogel and its wound healing efficacy on deep partial thickness burn wounds in rats were assessed. Skin samples were taken at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after burn for histopathological and molecular evaluations. Application of honey hydrogel dressings significantly enhanced (P < 0.05) wound closure and accelerated the rate of re-epithelialization as compared to control hydrogel and OpSite film dressing. A significant decrease in inflammatory response was observed in honey hydrogel treated wounds as early as 7 days after burn (P < 0.05). Semiquantitative analysis using RT-PCR revealed that treatment with honey hydrogel significantly (P < 0.05) suppressed the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-6). The present study substantiates the potential efficacy of honey hydrogel dressings in accelerating burn wound healing.

Fucoidin, a neutrophil rolling inhibitor, reduces damage in a rat electrical burn injury model

Background Electrical injuries induce progressive tissue loss caused by free oxygen radicals released from neutrophil aggregates. Fucoidin, a potent inhibitor of L-selectin function, reduces the aggregation of neutrophils. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of fucoidin on tissue damage in rat electrical burn injury model. Methods Forty-two male Wistar albino rats (250–300 g) were divided into 3 groups (Group A ( n = 6), control group without electrical burn injury; Groups B ( n = 18) and C ( n = 18), electrical burn injury groups without and with fucoidin therapy, respectively). Three separate analyses were performed at different time points on 6 out of 18 mice from Group B and C at each time point. Biochemistry (myeloperoxidase and malondialdehyde levels) and histopathology (number of neutrophils) of the skin and muscle biopsies at 1st hour; tissue edema (ratio of wet weight/dry weight of extremities) at 24th hour; and necrotic areas at 7th day after electrical injury were evaluated. The electrical burn was induced by exposing rats to 220 V AC between their left upper extremity and right lower extremity for 10 s. Fucoidin was administered as 25 mg/kg intravenous bolus injection at 15 min after electrical burn injury. Results Myeloperoxidase and malondialdehyde levels, number of neutrophils, tissue edema, and necrotic area were significantly less in fucoidin-applied rats than the group without fucoidin therapy. Conclusions Fucoidin inhibits tissue damage induced by electrical burn injury in rats by reducing necrotic area, edema and number of neutrophils.

Sea cucumber (Stichopus hermanii) based hydrogel to treat burn wounds in rats

Malaysian sea cucumber was incorporated into hydrogel formulation by using electron beam irradiation technique and was introduced as novel cross-linked Gamat Hydrogel dressing. This study investigated whether Gamat Hydrogel enhanced repair of deep partial skin thickness burn wound in rats and its possible mechanism. Wounds were treated with either Gamat Hydrogel, control hydrogel, OpSite® film dressing or left untreated. Skin samples were taken at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days post burn for histological and molecular evaluations. Gamat Hydrogel markedly enhanced wound contraction and improved histological reorganization of the regenerating tissue. Furthermore, the dressing modulated the inflammatory responses, stimulated the activation and proliferation of fibroblasts, and enhanced rapid production of collagen fiber network with a consequently shorter healing time. The level of proinflammatory cytokines; IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-6, were significantly reduced in Gamat Hydrogel treated wounds compared with other groups as assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In summary, our results showed that Gamat Hydrogel promoted burn wound repair via a complex mechanism involving stimulation of tissue regeneration and regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The resultant wound healing effects were attributed to the synergistic effect of the hydrogel matrix and incorporated sea cucumber.