Burning Time Research Articles

Collaborative Care for Injured Older Adults

Older adults with recent injuries can have impaired long-term biopsychosocial function and may benefit from interventions adapted to their needs. To determine if a collaborative care intervention, Trauma Medical Home (TMH), improved the biopsychosocial function of older patients in the year after injury. This was a single-blinded, randomized clinical trial conducted at 4 level I trauma centers in Indianapolis, Indiana, and Madison, Wisconsin. Between October 2017 and October 2021, patients aged 50 years and older with an Injury Severity Score (ISS) of 9 or greater and without traumatic brain or spinal cord injury were enrolled. Exclusions were significant brain injury or a spinal cord injury with a persistent neurologic deficit at the time of enrollment, extensive burns, pregnancy, incarceration, neurodegenerative disease, visual or auditory impairment that would preclude study participation, a life expectancy of less than 1 year, significant alcohol or drug use history, and acute stroke during admission. Of 10 276 patients screened, 430 were randomized and 299 completed 12-month follow-up. Data were analyzed from March to July 2023. Intervention patients received 6 months of TMH delivered by a nurse care coordinator guided by an interdisciplinary team (trauma surgeon, pulmonary critical care and geriatrician physicians, nurses, and psychologist) in partnership with primary care. The care coordinator used standard protocols to monitor and treat biopsychosocial symptoms. Primary outcomes were Medical Outcome Study Short Form-36 (SF-36) score and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) score at 12 months. Secondary outcomes were Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) score, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale-7 (GAD-7) score, and health care utilization. A total of 429 participants (228 [53.1%] female; mean [SD] age, 69.3 [10.8] years; mean [SD] ISS, 12.3 [4.6]) completed baseline assessments and were randomized. Follow-up was 76% (n = 324) at 6 months and 70% (n = 299) at 12 months. There were no differences between the TMH and usual care groups at 12 months in SF-36 Physical Component Summary score (mean [SD], 40.42 [12.82] vs 39.18 [12.43]), SF-36 Mental Component Summary score (mean [SD], 53.92 [10.02] vs 53.21 [10.82]), or SPPB score (mean [SD], 8.00 [3.60] vs 8.28 [3.88]). Secondary outcomes were also no different. Planned subgroup analysis revealed patients with baseline symptoms of anxiety or depression (high GAD-7 and PHQ-9 scores) experienced improvement in the Mental Component Summary score when randomized to the TMH intervention. The TMH intervention did not significantly influence quality of life, depressive and anxiety symptoms, or physical function of older adults with injury at 12 months. Subgroup analysis showed positive impact in patients with a high burden of anxiety and depression symptoms at enrollment. Collaborative care interventions may improve long-term outcomes of select patients, but further research is needed. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03108820.

Formulation and Evaluation of Mosquito Repellent Candles using Dried Catnip Leaves

A mosquito is a little fly that is a member of Culicidae family. They are said to be among the deadliest insects on the planet, spreading illness and taking millions of lives in the process. For many years, diseases spread by mosquitoes have been the primary cause of illness and mortality in humans. Types of Mosquito Repellents: 1) Physical methods of Mosquito Repellent 2)Mechanical method of mosquito repellent 3) Chemical method of mosquito repellent. In this research focuses on natural method of mosquito repellenant property. The Active constituent used is dried leaves of catnip. Various other ingredients like sawdust, camphor, eucalyptus oil was used. It's burning time, smoke visibility was seen.The main purpose of this formulation is to make a mosquito repellent which is free from side effects and does not cause any irritation and harm to the Humanlives

Bioethanol burner operating parameters optimization: Effects of burner opening area modulation on heat output and flue gas composition

Bioethanol burners are significantly expanding devices in Europe, still considered preferably as the design element while its possible importance in the energy system of the household used to be neglected. The aim of this study was to determine the operating techno-environmental parameters as the heat output and the flue gas composition of the bioethanol fireplace with vortex flame. The measurement methodology was based on actual valid standard EN 16647 Fireplaces for Liquid Fuel. In general, three ethanol-based fuels were tested in combination with one bioethanol burner equipped with different regulation rings changing burner opening area. The average reached heat energy output ranged between 3.97 and 2.22 kW with maximal burner opening area (without the usage of regulation rings) for different fuels. By usage of the regulation rings, the heat energy output was reduced to 35 – 40 % of the nominal average heat output. Simultaneously the time of the burning of one fuel dose can be increased by regulation ring usage up to 195 % of the combustion time without the regulation ring. By placing the regulation rings on the burner bowl opening area, the flue gas composition was affected positively in terms of CO and negatively in terms of NOx.

Exploring the combustion mechanism of single micron-sized aluminum particles with a numerical model

In this work, we explore the combustion mechanism of single micron-sized aluminum particles using a numerical model. The Burcat database and Catoire mechanism is considered as the thermodynamic data and the kinetic mechanism for our numerical model of aluminum combustion. Two independent experiments, including particle temperature profiles, ignition delay and burning time, are selected to evaluate the performance of the numerical model. The model shows great agreement for all considered properties. A parametric study is further conducted to identify the effect of involved physical parameters on the combustion process. The diffusion coefficient (D) of oxidizers and the activation energy of surface kinetics (Esurf) and evaporation coefficient (α) of aluminum impact the particle temperature the most. Burning time is most sensitive to the activation energy of surface kinetics (Esurf). The optical measurement in a solid propellant combustion indicates that the contact angle of the oxide cap on Al particle is between 10° and 20°. It is found that the selection of contact angle of the oxide cap significantly impacts the prediction of combustion time and residual of active aluminum. The current work highlights the importance of physical properties on the prediction of Al combustion, suggesting that more detailed evaluation from experiments and theory is encouraged.

Sabango charcoal: A basis for a proposed community extension program

Numerous negative environmental impacts result from deforestation brought by the production of charcoal can be seen on news, and experienced by certain communities. Due to the high demand for traditional charcoal made from wood, there is also a high demand for cutting trees resulting in soil erosion, biodiversity loss, and modifications to regional climatic patterns are all consequences of deforestation. The researchers conducted the study to propose a solution to these problems by promoting sabango charcoal made from organic waste, such as dried mango leaves and saba banana peels. The researchers aimed to assess the acceptability level of sabango charcoal compared to traditional charcoal and used as a basis for a community extension program. Based on the analysis of statistical data, it showed that there is a significant difference between sabango charcoal and traditional charcoal in terms of smoke, ignition, and longevity. The gap between sabango charcoal and traditional charcoal can be determine to the smoke it produces, the time it takes to ignite, and the burning time. It can also be reused multiple times and offers a more environmentally friendly product.

Influences of Sulfur-Containing Components on the Key Phases of FeS Spontaneous Combustion Dynamics

ABSTRACT In petroleum storage tanks, sulfur-containing crude oil continues to corrode equipment, generating sulfur corrosion products such as FeS. These products exhibit rapid exothermic reactions upon contact with air, thereby increasing the risk of fires and explosions. Additionally, sulfur monomers precipitated from sulfur or other compounds present in crude oil can adhere to FeS, consequently altering its spontaneous combustion characteristics. To explore the impact of associated sulfur content on the spontaneous combustion characteristics of FeS during its formation, this research synthesized FeS and its sulfur mixtures with sulfur concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. These mixtures were prepared using a liquid-phase method, which involved the synthesis of self-made active FeS followed by the addition of different sulfur components. Differences in the spontaneous combustion characteristics of the five groups of samples were investigated in stages by simultaneous thermal analysis. The trends of the characteristic parameters of spontaneous combustion of FeS with different percentages of sulfur-containing components were analyzed. Finally, the apparent activation energy values of FeS with FeS and its associated sulfur were calculated by using thermodynamic analysis in the room-temperature spontaneous combustion stage (RT-75℃) and high temperature combustion stage (160–250℃). The findings indicate that the presence of sulfur components enhances the reactivity of FeS, yet reduces its oxygen absorption saturation threshold, thus advancing the oxygen absorption endpoint and facilitating entry into the high-temperature combustion stage. Moreover, FeS and its associated sulfur exhibit prolonged sustained combustion times when the sulfur component percentage is below 10%, favorably influencing the combustion behavior of FeS. As the percentage of sulfur component increases (from 10% to 20%), the combustion duration temperature rises from 60°C to 95°C. Additionally, an increase in the percentage of sulfur component (from 10% to 20%) leads to a higher combustion temperature. The activation energies of the five samples were determined using the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) kinetic methods. During the room temperature spontaneous combustion stage, the activation energy increases from 65.05 kJ/mol to 112.44 kJ/mol as the percentage of sulfur component rises from 0% to 20%. During the high temperature combustion stage, the activation energy increased from 108.32 kJ/mol to 214.49 kJ/mol with the increase in the percentage of sulfur component. FeS and its associated sulfur necessitate energy to propel the process due to heat absorption from the melting of sulfur monomers. As the reaction progresses into the high temperature stage, the required activation energy escalates accordingly.

Development of Light, Strong, and Water-Resistant PVA Composite Aerogels.

A significant weakness of many organic and inorganic aerogels is their poor mechanical behaviour, representing a great impediment to their application. For example, polymer aerogels generally have higher ductility than silica aerogels, but their elastic modulus is considered too low. Herein, we developed extremely low loading (<1 wt%) 2D graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets modified poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) aerogels via a facile and environmentally friendly method. The aerogel shows a 9-fold increase in compressional modulus compared to a pure polymer aerogel. With a low density of 0.04 mg/mm3 and a thermal conductivity of only 0.035 W/m·K, it outperforms many commercial insulators and foams. As compared to a pure PVA polymer aerogel, a 170% increase in storage modulus is obtained by adding only 0.6 wt% GO nanosheets. The nanocomposite aerogel demonstrates strong fire resistance, with a 50% increase in burning time and little smoke discharge. After surface modification with 1H,1H,2H,2H-Perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane, the aerogel demonstrates water resistance, which is suitable for outdoor applications in which it would be exposed to precipitation. Our research demonstrates a new pathway for considerable improvement in the performance and application of polymer aerogels.

Expression of Concern: The effect of penetrated oxygen particles on combustion time of coated Al hydride nanoparticles in an oxygenated medium by applying molecular dynamics method via Lennard-Jones and reactive force-field potentials

Expression of Concern: The effect of penetrated oxygen particles on combustion time of coated Al hydride nanoparticles in an oxygenated medium by applying molecular dynamics method via Lennard-Jones and reactive force-field potentials

Determining the preeminent plastic wastes in the production of petrol using pyrolysis method and its effectiveness as an alternative fuel

Abstract: This study aimed to determine which type of plastic – PET, HDPE, LDPE, PP, PS, and Others, produces most oil yield in terms of time of complete degradation, temperature and amount of plastics using a non-catalytic slow pyrolysis method; it also determined the physical characteristics of the oil yield in terms of its color and appearance; and it also aimed to determine which petroleum produced by different types of plastics are more efficient in terms of (a) production of oil and (b) combustion time. Production of oil and oil yield is presented in milliliters and percentage, respectively. Combustion time is expressed in seconds from the time of ignition to total disappearance of flame having 1ml of oil tested from each produced pyrolytic oil. Experimental-descriptive comparative method was used in determining the type of plastic that yields to most of pyrolytic oil. Based from gathered results, at constant temperature and amount of plastics, PS produced most petroleum at 29.5% oil yield followed by PP with 29%. While PET produced the least petroleum with 0.01% oil yield. Color varies at different types of plastics, given that PET and PP produces light brown color, LDPE produces light yellow while HDPE, PS and Others produces black color. PET, HDPE, PP, PS and Others produced liquefied petroleum while LDPE produces flammable wax product. PS produced most petroleum with 295ml (29.5%), and PET produced least oil with 1ml (0.01%). Combustion time varies at different types of plastics: PS at 145 seconds, PP at 141 seconds, HDPE at 115 seconds, Others at 78 seconds, LDPE at 77 seconds while PET produced non – flammable oil yield. Thus, PS is most efficient as an alternative fuel in terms of production and combustion time. For the betterment of similar study, future researchers are encouraged to test the pyrolytic oil yielded from different types of plastics in engine performance and machineries and the comparative performance to the available commercial fuels.

Ignition and combustion of Al–Mg–Li alloy particles at elevated pressures

Al–Mg–Li ternary alloy particles can be a promising metal additive to replace aluminum in solid propellants to improve combustion efficiency by reducing agglomeration during combustion. In this paper, Al–Mg–Li ternary alloy was prepared and its basic physical and chemical characterization parameters were obtained by SEM-EDS, ICP-AES, and XRD analysis. The ignition and combustion characteristics of single Al–Mg–Li particles under different pressures were investigated by using a self-developed experimental setup. The ignition process and combustion flame structure of Al–Mg–Li particles were significantly affected by the increasing pressure, and the ignition delay and combustion time decreased. The ignition mode was clearly identified: surface ignition (0.1–0.2 MPa) and gas phase ignition (0.4–1.2 MPa). Al–Mg–Li particles showed white-pink flame during combustion, and the characteristic peaks of AlO, MgO, and Li were identified, confirming that the particles performed a gas-phase combustion at pressures above 0.4 MPa. The combustion temperature of Al–Mg–Li particles could exceed 3000 °C when the pressure surpassed 0.6 MPa. The composition of different regions in the condensed combustion products were analyzed. Reaction mechanism was proposed to reveal the addition of elemental Mg and Li could improve the ignition and combustion characteristics of Al, especially at higher ambient pressures.

702 Ethnicity Does Not Change Burn Resuscitation and Time to First Excision

702 Ethnicity Does Not Change Burn Resuscitation and Time to First Excision

Study on Explosion Characteristics and Mechanism of Electrostatic Spray Powder.

In order to fully understand the explosion risk of electrostatic spraying powder, corresponding preventive measures are put forward. The explosion characteristics, ignition sensitivity, and flame propagation of three typical electrostatic spraying powders were tested using a 20 L spherical explosion test device, a G-G furnace test device, and a Hartmann tube test device, and the explosion process and mechanism of electrostatic spraying powders were discussed. The results show that the maximum explosion pressure and the maximum explosion pressure rise rate increase first and then decrease with the increase in mass concentration. The maximum explosion pressure and the maximum explosion pressure rise rate of acrylic powder coating are the largest, which are 0.75 and 85.4 MPa/s, respectively. The shortest burning time is 97.5 ms, and the highest explosion danger level is 23.46 MPa·m/s. The flame propagation of electrostatic spraying powder develops slowly; the flame front spreads linearly and the average flame velocity increases first and then decreases. The explosive development process of powder coating particles is concentrated in the three-phase system of solid particles, molten particles, and pyrolytic gasification combustible gas, which goes through the kinetic process of particle heating melting, cross-linking curing, pyrolytic gasification, combustion, and extinction.

A Novel Method to Estimate Base Drag and Burn Time from Flight Data Using Extended Kalman Filter

Estimating highly spinning projectiles’ base drag and burn time by static trials is challenging. Drag profiles obtained using numerical methods or experimental or wind tunnel estimations should be updated using the estimates obtained from dynamic flight test data. This paper proposes a novel methodology to estimate the base drag and burn time from flight data using an extended Kalman Filter. Trajectory positional data is used to calculate base drag and indirect measurement of burn time. The simulation is carried out for two cases, artillery shell and rocket. The proposed method works well for both cases. Exhaustive simulation results indicate that the technique can be used for any configuration. Estimating both base drag and burn time is within 5 % accuracy.

Bayesian calculation of optimal burn-in policy for heterogeneous items under two-dimensional warranty

Various burn-in procedures have been greatly used to screen weak items and reduce warranty costs. This paper proposes a new burn-in model for heterogeneous items with non-renewing two-dimensional warranty. All failures within burn-in and warranty are assumed to be repaired through the minimal repair. Then we screen the items according to the failure information of the items during burn-in. We establish a cost-based model to optimize the mean total cost of each item put into the market. We demonstrate that the optimal burn-in time or usage rate should reach its upper bound under some conditions. In practice, the reliability and mean total cost of an item may be random due to the uncertainty of parameters in the model. Therefore, we also propose a Bayesian method to calculate the mean total cost and optimal burn-in policy of an item, which fully considers the uncertainty of parameters in the model. An example is also given to demonstrate the proposed burn-in model and Bayesian method.

Experimental Study on the Reaction of Magnesium in Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen Atmosphere

This manuscript presents an experimental study focusing on the combustion of magnesium in an atmosphere depleted of oxygen. The study explores various mixtures of carbon dioxide and nitrogen, examining their impact on the combustion performance. The experimental design involved evaluating how the carbon content influences combustion parameters. Temperature profiles were analyzed to elucidate different stages of the combustion process. Furthermore, the effects of pressure (2 and 3 ata) and the composition of CO2-N2 mixtures (10%, 19.5%, 35%, 48%, 72%, and 80% CO2 content) on magnesium combustion, including ignition time, maximum temperature, and post-combustion temperatures, were investigated. The results revealed a substantial impact on the ignition delay and combustion time, with the ignition delay decreasing with higher chamber pressure. The combustion process, especially with regard to the ignition time and heat of combustion, was notably affected by CO2 concentration. The morphology of the combustion residue from the magnesium microparticles was characterized using scanning electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). The reaction of Mg with CO2 represents a promising energy source, quickly releasing a substantial amount of heat with a very low quantity of Mg. The estimated value of the heat of combustion for magnesium in N2-CO2 atmosphere is 78.4 kJ mol−1.

Nanosizing and Al-Mg alloying effects of boron particles on combustion characteristics and energy release of B/JP-10 suspension fuel

Adding boron particles into JP-10 to prepare B/JP-10 suspension fuel can effectively improve the energy density and combustion heat of JP-10-based aviation fuel. However, the energy release of boron in B/JP-10 fuel has many challenges to overcome. In this study, micron-sized boron (Micro-B), nano-sized boron (Nano-B) and aluminum-magnesium-boron (AlMgB) alloy particles were added into JP-10 fuel to prepare suspension fuels. The effects of boron particle nanosizing and alloying on the combustion characteristics and energy release of B/JP-10 fuel are experimentally evaluated. These characteristics were achieved by investigating the combustion stage, flame structure, emission spectra, droplet evolution, micro-explosion, flame temperature, and morphology of residues. The results show that compared with Micro-B/JP-10, Nano-B/JP-10 droplets show better micro-explosion characteristics, shorter burning time, and better boron-oxygen reaction rate during the combustion process. The results of combustion flame temperature and emission spectrum show that Nano-B/JP-10 droplets burn better, which shows that nano-boron particles have better energy release characteristics. AlMgB/JP-10 droplets reduce the reaction temperature of boron and enhance the combustion of boron through the interphase interaction of Al and Mg into B. Compared with Micro-B/JP-10, it shows a higher combustion flame temperature and emission spectrum intensity, the boron-oxygen reaction rate is greatly improved, and react to form flaky crystals on the agglomerate surface, making it difficult for the shell to close, resulting in weak micro-explosion but effective energy release.

Combustion performance of aluminum modified boron nanoparticles coated with silane coupling agent

Boron (B) powder, with its high mass and volumetric heat values, makes it highly promising in the field of energetic materials. However, the oxide layer on the B surface is the most significant barrier to realizing its full potential as a fuel. How to eliminate or disrupt the oxide layer is currently an urgent problem that needs to be addressed. This study proposes an approach to enhance the combustion of nano-B powder by coating aluminum (Al) onto its surface using a silane coupling agent. The combustion characteristics of Al-modified B powder with different Al contents were investigated through experimental and molecular dynamic simulation methods, and the bidirectional diffusion mechanism on the interfacial layer of modified B particles was revealed. A small amount of Al powder can largely lower the initial oxidation temperature of B powder, increase the maximum flame temperature, and enhance the heat release. However, an excessive amount of Al powder leads to a deterioration in the combustion of B powder but can alter the combustion behavior and suppress the aggregation of B powder during the combustion. Additionally, combination reaction and redox reaction occurring during the combustion of B@Al samples not only reduce the burning time of B powder but also accelerate the flame expansion speed and improve the combustion efficiency. These results lay the foundation for the application of B@Al in the field of energetic materials.

Preparation of RDX/F2311/Fe2O3/Al Composite Hollow Microspheres by Electrospray and Synergistic Energy Release during Combustion between Components.

Nanothermites and high-energy explosives have significantly improved the performance of high-energy composites and have broad application prospects. Therefore, in this study, RDX/F2311/Fe2O3/Al composite hollow microspheres were successfully prepared utilizing the electrospray method using F2311 as a binder between components. The results show that the combustion time of the composite hollow microspheres is shortened from 2400 ms to 950 ms, the combustion process is more stable, and the energy release is more concentrated. The H50 of the composite hollow microspheres increased from 14.49 cm to 24.57 cm, the explosion percentage decreased from 84% to 72%, and the sensitivity of the composite samples decreased significantly. This is mainly the result of the combination of homogeneous composition and synergistic reactions. The combustion results show that F2311 as a binder affects the tightness of the contact between the components. By adjusting its content, the combustion time and the intensity of the combustion of the composite microspheres can be adjusted, which provides a feasible direction for its practical application.

Advancements in homogeneous charge compression ignition technology: Efficiency, emissions, and applications in the modern automotive industry

Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) technology is a novel approach in internal combustion engines that combines the efficiency of gasoline engines with the spontaneous ignition characteristics of diesel engines. HCCI engines offer cleaner emissions, reduced noise, and wider fuel adaptability, overcoming many drawbacks of traditional engines. The paper explores the HCCI combustion process, highlighting its unique features and advantages over spark ignition (SI) and compression ignition (CI) engines. It also discusses innovations in HCCI technology, including its combination with other strategies like spark-controlled compression ignition (SCCI) and low-temperature combustion (LTC) to expand its load range. The challenges of HCCI technology, especially in combustion timing control, are addressed, along with suggestions for future research directions. The application of HCCI technology for energy savings and emission reduction and its impact on the automotive industry are also discussed, citing examples from manufacturers like Volvo, Nissan, and General Motors. The paper concludes by emphasizing the importance of ongoing research, integration with other technologies, and financial support to further advance HCCI technology and its market potential.

Combustion characteristics and performance analysis of a heavy-fuel rotary engine by designing fuel injection position

The heavy fuel rotary engine commonly operates under high-pressure direct injection, lean-burn and spark-assisted ignition modes, this characteristic feature further highlights the significance of the distance between fuel injection position (FIP) and assisted spark plug in engine combustion organization and performance improvement. Thus, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) means coupled with chemical reaction kinetics is used to investigate the FIP effects on the fuel stratification rule and combustion performance of a heavy-fuel rotary engine. Meanwhile, the flow and combustion transient information in the narrow combustion chamber is analyzed by considering five specially designed FIPs, whose distances to the assisted spark plug along the X-axis (major axis) are 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45 (mm). The results indicate that the distance increases to 40 mm (FIP-40) and 45 mm (FIP-45), the fuel stratified distribution rule is more rational, the mixture burn rate accelerates, combustion time reduces, and combustion performance improves significantly. The FIP-45 scheme is the preferred engineering application scheme after comprehensively assessing engine performance parameters, and when compared to the FIP-35 (original scheme) its peak cylinder pressure (Pmax) increases by 5.3 %, CA10-90 accelerates by 20.4 %, and main emissions of Soot, NO and CO reduce by 48.1 %, 50.0 % and 36.2 % respectively, while CO2 increase.