Fat Burning Research Articles

Keys to the switch of fat burning: stimuli that trigger the uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) activation in adipose tissue.

As one of the main pathogenic factors of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, the incidence of metabolic diseases such as adiposity and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is increasing annually. It is urgent and crucial to find more therapeutic targets to treat these diseases. Mainly expressed in brown adipocytes, mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) is key to the thermogenesis of classical brown adipose tissue (BAT). Furthermore, white adipose tissue (WAT) is likely to express more UCP1 and subsequently acquire the ability to undergo thermogenesis under certain stimuli. Therefore, targeting and activating UCP1 to promote increased BAT thermogenesis and browning of WAT are helpful in treating metabolic diseases, such as adiposity and MASLD. In this case, the stimuli that activate UCP1 are emerging. Therefore, we summarize the thermogenic stimuli that have activated UCP1 in recent decades, among which cold exposure is one of the stimuli first discovered to activate BAT thermogenesis. As a convenient and efficient therapy with few side effects and good metabolic benefits, physical exercise can also activate the expression of UCP1 in adipose tissue. Notably, for the first time, we have summarized and demonstrated the stimuli of traditional Chinese medicines that can activate UCP1, such as acupuncture, Chinese herbal formulas, and Chinese medicinal herbs. Moreover, pharmacological agents, functional foods, food ingredients, and the gut microbiota are also commonly associated with regulating and activating UCP1. The identification and analysis of UCP1 stimuli can greatly facilitate our understanding of adipose tissue thermogenesis, including the browning of WAT. Thus, it is more conducive to further research and therapy for glucose and lipid metabolism disorders.

Evaluation of the efficacy of the combination of high intensity electromagnetic field and radiofrequency in promoting lipolysis

Introduction: The organization of skeletal muscle is complex, structured in distinct layers. This organization allows skeletal muscles to respond to electrical stimuli with precise and coordinated contractions. Muscle contraction occurs through responses to electrical stimuli sent by the brain to the motor neurons in the muscle fiber, these stimuli can also be induced by technologies, one of which is the high intensity electromagnetic field, also known as the HIFEM current, leading to contractions considered to be supramaximal that cannot be achieved with normal contraction, resulting in muscle hypertrophy. Objective: This study aims to analyze the results of the combination of these technologies to reduce adipose tissue. Methods: This is a clinical, observational, cross-sectional study investigating the effectiveness of the combination of high-intensity electromagnetic field and radiofrequency technologies. The sample consisted of 6 volunteers. Conclusion: It is concluded that the combination of muscle contraction and radiofrequency technologies represents an innovative approach to fat burning, combining the efficiency of lipolysis promoted by muscle energy demand with the thermal effect of radiofrequency, reducing the thickness of the fat layer by 19.53%.

Effect of swimming exercise program on quality of life in patients with diabetic foot ulcer

This research aimed to examine the effect of a swimming exercise program on the quality of life in patients with diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). DFUs are a common complication of diabetes that significantly impact patients' physical and psychological well-being and impose a substantial burden on healthcare systems. Physical activity, including swimming, has been shown to improve various aspects of health and well-being. However, its specific effects on the quality of life in patients with DFUs have not been extensively studied. The study included twenty patients diagnosed with DFUs who volunteered to participate in a 12-week swimming exercise program. The program consisted of three one-hour sessions per week, with exercises performed in an indoor swimming pool. Participants' quality of life was assessed using the Diabetic Foot Ulcer Scale Short Form (DFS-SF) before the program and at 4, 8, and 12 weeks into the program. The results demonstrated significant improvements in various domains of quality of life among participants. The leisure, physical health, dependence/daily life, negative emotions, worry about ulcers/feet, and bothered by ulcer care domains all showed positive changes, with reduced scores on negative items and increased scores on positive items over time. These findings highlight the potential benefits of swimming as a therapeutic intervention for improving the quality of life in patients with DFUs. Swimming, as a low-impact aerobic exercise, offers physiological and psychological advantages, including fat burning, mood improvement, stress reduction, and enhanced cognitive function. The study suggests that incorporating swimming exercise programs into the management and treatment of DFUs may lead to improved overall well-being and quality of life for these patients. Further research and larger-scale studies are necessary to validate these findings and explore the long-term effects of swimming exercise programs on the quality of life in patients with DFUs. Nevertheless, this research provides valuable insights for healthcare professionals in developing comprehensive treatment approaches for individuals with DFUs.

Fat burning capacity in a mixed macronutrient meal protocol does not reflect metabolic flexibility in women who are overweight or obese.

Metabolic flexibility, the ability to switch from glucose to fat as a fuel source, is considered a marker of metabolic health. Higher fat oxidation is often associated with greater flexibility and insulin sensitivity, while lower fat oxidation is linked to metabolic inflexibility and insulin resistance. However, our study challenges the universal validity of this relationship, uncovering a more nuanced understanding of the complex interplay between fuel source switching and fat oxidation, especially in the presence of insulin resistance. In an 8-week controlled feeding intervention, overweight to obese women with insulin resistance (as defined by McAuley's index) were randomized to consume either a diet based on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010 (DGA) or a 'Typical' American Diet (TAD), n = 22 each. Participants were given a high-fat mixed macronutrient challenge test (MMCT) (60% fat, 28% carbohydrates, and 12% protein) at weeks 0, 2, and 8. Plasma lipids, metabolome, and lipidome were measured at 0, 0.5, 3, and 6h postprandial (PP); substrate oxidation measures were also recorded at 0,1 3, and 6h PP. Metabolic flexibility was evaluated as the change in fat oxidation from fasting to PP. Mixed model and multivariate analyses were used to evaluate the effect of diet on these outcomes, and to identify variables of interest to metabolic flexibility. Intervention diets (DGA and TAD) did not differentially affect substrate oxidation or metabolic flexibility, and equivalence tests indicated that groups could be combined for subsequent analyses. Participants were classified into three groups based on the % of consumed MMCT fat was oxidized in the 6h post meal period at weeks 0, 2 and 8. Low fat burners (LB, n = 6, burned <30% of fat in MMCT) and high fat burners (HB, n = 7, burned > 40% of fat in MMCT) at all weeks. Compared to LB, HB group had higher fat mass, total mass, lean mass, BMI, lower HDLc and lower RER (p < 0.05), but not different % body fat or % lean mass. During week 0, at 1h PP, LB had an increase in % fat oxidation change from 0h compared to HB (p<0.05), suggesting higher metabolic flexibility. This difference disappeared later in the PP phase, and we did not detect this beyond week 0. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA (regular and repeated measures (sPLSDA)) models identified that LB group, in the late PP phase, was associated with higher rates of disappearance of acylcarnitines (AC) and lysophosphatidylcholines (LPC) from plasma (Q2: 0.20, R2X: 0.177, R2Y: 0.716). In women with insulin resistance, a high fat burning capacity does not imply high metabolic flexibility, and not all women with insulin resistance are metabolically inflexible. LPCs and ACs are promising biomarkers of metabolic flexibility.

8-Week Online Fitness Intervention on Muscle Strength, Flexibility, Body Composition and Physical-Self Perception: A Randomized Controlled Trial

This research examines the effect of an online physical fitness intervention plan on health-related components, and self-perception with randomized controlled trial. A total of 43 individuals completed the study, 21 of them were in the experimental group, and 22 were in the control group. Muscle strength was assessed using push-ups and sit-ups, while flexibility was determined through sit-and-reach tests. Fat and muscle mass in the arms, legs, trunk, android, gynoid regions, and total body were measured in grams by using Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry. Health, body fat, strength, flexibility, endurance sub-dimensions of Marsh Physical Self-Description Inventory was used for self-perception. Results showed that group and time interaction had a significant effect on self-perception of body fat and push-ups, flexibility left and right, total fat, body fat mass in the arm, leg, and gynoid regions. Although the muscle mass of the experimental group increased in the 8-week period, this situation was not statistically significant. The implemented physical fitness intervention program has a significant impact, particularly in terms of fat burning. The findings obtained in strength tests can be associated with a decrease in fat mass, especially in the upper body. In conclusion, these findings underscore the potential of online fitness interventions in achieving positive health outcomes, emphasizing the multifaceted benefits of such programs on both perceived and measured physical well-being.

Molecular Aspects in the Development of Type 2 Diabetes and Possible Preventive and Complementary Therapies.

The incidence of diabetes, including type 2 diabetes (T2DM), is increasing sharply worldwide. To reverse this, more effective approaches in prevention and treatment are needed. In our review, we sought to summarize normal insulin action and the pathways that primarily influence the development of T2DM. Normal insulin action involves mitogenic and metabolic pathways, as both are important in normal metabolic processes, regeneration, etc. However, through excess energy, both can be hyperactive or attenuated/inactive leading to disturbances in the cellular and systemic regulation with the consequence of cellular stress and systemic inflammation. In this review, we detailed the beneficial molecular changes caused by some important components of nutrition and by exercise, which act in the same molecular targets as the developed drugs, and can revert the damaged pathways. Moreover, these induce entire networks of regulatory mechanisms and proteins to restore unbalanced homeostasis, proving their effectiveness as preventive and complementary therapies. These are the main steps for success in prevention and treatment of developed diseases to rid the body of excess energy, both from stored fats and from overnutrition, while facilitating fat burning with adequate, regular exercise in healthy people, and together with necessary drug treatment as required in patients with insulin resistance and T2DM.

REAL-TIME MOTION IMAGE POSE DECOMPOSITION, CLASSIFICATION AND ANALYSIS

Exercise can boost metabolism and make the body healthier. It also increases metabolic rate, helping to consume more calories and burn fat. Regular exercise can stimulate the brain to secrete endorphins, making people feel relaxed and happy, and improves self-confidence, and has been shown to reduce symptoms in people with depression and anxiety. However, incorrect exercise posture may cause harm to the body, such as torn ligaments or muscle strains, so good exercise posture is needed to improve sports performance. This article proposes to use artificial intelligence image analysis method to decompose fitness exercise posture images and establish exercise posture cycle samples to assist in completing fitness exercises.

Pembelajaran Penjasorkes Di Sekolah Dasar: Manfaat Olahraga Untuk Kesehatan Tubuh

Sport is physical activity which is very important for body health. Physical fitness is the body's ability to function effectively at work or other activities. The research method in this article is a literature review to find sports activities that can be beneficial improves the immune system, mental health, metabolic health, muscle strength and function cardiovascular, increasing endurance, lowering cholesterol, reducing stress, burning fat, increasing immunity, preventing illness, improving blood circulation, and maintaining healthy bones and joints. If the exercise you do is not appropriate, it will have a bad impact in the future. To prevent disorders and decline, especially muscle size and strength, you can done with regular strength training. Exercising regularly can improve a person's quality of life, make the body healthier and stronger, and reduce the risk of disease. Exercise also helps increase flexibility, muscle elasticity and blood circulation, as well as speeding up the body's metabolism. Thus, exercising regularly and structured can be an integral part of a balanced and healthy lifestyle.

Abstract 162: Post-transcriptional Regulation Of FGF21 In Obesity And Metabolism

Imbalances in energy intake and expenditure are the leading cause of the dramatic surge in obesity and cardiovascular disease affecting &gt;60% of Americans. Increasing fat content in the average diet alters metabolism and contributes to disease. FGF21, a secreted hepatokine, modulates feeding behavior and energy expenditure (EE) primarily through signaling in brain and adipose tissue. FGF21 analogues are actively in clinical trials for several metabolic diseases, and it is therefore important to understand the various pathways that control FGF21. FGF21 is regulated by well-defined transcriptional programs, but its post-transcriptional regulation is less understood. Post-transcriptional regulation is mediated by RNA binding proteins (RBPs) that control mRNA stability. One family of such RBPs is the ZFP36 family proteins (ZFP36, ZFP36L1, ZFP36L2) that bind to AU-rich regions in the 3’UTR, leading to mRNA degradation. All 3 ZFP36 family proteins are redundant, therefore we knocked out Zfp36 , Zfp36l1 and Zfp36l2 in livers of adult mice. Fgf21 was the most upregulated gene following loss of ZFP36 family proteins in the liver. Consistent with elevated FGF21, these mice rapidly lost weight and fat mass while remaining metabolically healthy. Using metabolic cages, we observed that mice lacking hepatic ZFP36 family proteins had increased food intake and EE and decreased respiratory exchange ratio, indicating preferential fat burning. We then generated mice lacking the ZFP36 family proteins and Fgf21 which partially restored the metabolic phenotypes observed, leading to the hypothesis that ZFP36 family proteins post-transcriptionally regulate Fgf21 in controlling food intake and energy homeostasis. To determine if loss of ZFP36 family proteins protects against diet-induced obesity, we fed mice lacking the ZFP36 family proteins a high fat diet, however, they were entirely protected from diet induced obesity. The protection was partially reversed by additional deletion of Fgf21 . These findings demonstrate that FGF21 is regulated post-transcriptionally by the ZFP36 family proteins and loss of this mode of regulation has significant metabolic implications in diet-induced obesity and could lead to new therapeutic approaches to treat metabolic disease.

The Association Between Physical Activity/Heart Rate Variability Data Obtained Using a Wearable Device and Timed Motor Functional Tests in Patients with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: A Pilot Study.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a devastating X-linked muscle disease. Clinical evaluation of DMD uses patient-intensive motor function tests, and the recent development of wearable devices allows the collection of a variety of biometric information, including physical activity. In this study, we examined differences in physical activity and heart rate variability (HRV) between patients with DMD and healthy subjects using a wearable device, and investigated any association between these parameters and motor function in patients with DMD. Participants were 7 patients with DMD and 8 healthy males, whose physical activity and HRV were provided by a wearable device. These data were used to investigate the relationship between both physical activity and HRV parameters and timed motor functional tests [Time to stand from supine, 10-meter walking time (10MWT), North Star Ambulatory Assessment (NSAA), and 6-minute walking test (6MWT)] in patients with DMD. Results of 24-hours physical activity, fat burning, total number of steps and active distance, average step rate, average exercise intensity during walking, exercise, degree of forward lean during walking, maximum heart rate, normalized low frequency power (LF norm), and maximum exercise intensity in patients with DMD were lower than those in control subjects. Physical activity and HRV parameters did not correlate with the time to stand from supine. The 10MWT positively correlated with average heart rate, while NSAA negatively correlated with average heart rate, total frequency power (TF), and very low frequency power (VLF) during arousal. The 6MWT negatively correlated with ratio LF/high frequency power (HF). Physical activity and HRV indices that differ from those of normal children and that correlate with motor function assessment may serve as digital biomarkers.

Psycho-correction therapy of patients with «metabolically healthy» obesity

Were examined 37 patients with metabolically healthy abdominal obesity in the period of menopausal transition, in whom the association of hypoestrogenemia with psychological changes was revealed. It was found that the natural vitamin and mineral complex Eromax effectively affects the psychological state of the studied patients. This innovative drug has a comprehensive and versatile effect on the female body, allows you to safely normalize the hormonal background, levels clinical manifestations, increases libido, has a positive effect on biological age; activates metabolism, contributing to the burning of excess fat. All components of the drug are physiologically close to the human body and do not disrupt the natural processes occurring in it. The drug Eromax is highly effective, has a fairly wide range of effects, and has a complex harmonizing effect on the body.

Athletes' performance increasing techniques through application of aesthetics procedures

Sport performance is the way in which sport participation is measured. It has different aspects, each of which has a number of subcategories. Apart from these, there are some additional elements that are important in the training process, such as nutrition, meal time and supplements, maintaining a healthy weight, hydration, rest and recovery, satisfying body image and well-being. Aesthetician/Cosmetologist can be among the professionals who can be important for the positive outcome of the training process. Massage, sauna, and cryotherapy are some methods which can be used by athletes for recovering as quickly as possible and to be able for best performance for long periods of time. Electrotherapy can be used for the improvement of strength, speed, physical condition and maximum endurance and can increase the ability of red blood cells to deform and absorb more oxygen improving strength in high performance exercise. Electrotherapy and microcurrent have positive effects on body composition by burning fat. Additionally, depilation in sports, is recommended for a variety of reasons including body appearance, improving hydrodynamics and aerodynamics by decrease resistance, the easier putting on sports clothes, cleaning of wounds, easier massage to relax and regenerate muscles and better heat dissipation through the skin.

Chenodeoxycholic Acid-Loaded Nanoparticles Are Sufficient to Decrease Adipocyte Size by Inducing Mitochondrial Function.

Excess fat accumulation is not only associated with metabolic diseases but also negatively impacts physical appearance and emotional well-being. Bile acid, the body's natural emulsifier, is one of the few FDA-approved noninvasive therapeutic options for double chin (submental fat) reduction. Synthetic sodium deoxycholic acid (NaDCA) causes adipose cell lysis; however, its side effects include inflammation, bruising, and necrosis. Therefore, we investigated if an endogenous bile acid, chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), a well-known signaling molecule, can be beneficial without many of the untoward effects. We first generated CDCA-loaded nanoparticles to achieve sustained and localized delivery. Then, we injected them into the subcutaneous fat depot and monitored adipocyte size and mitochondrial function. Unlike NaDCA, CDCA did not cause cytolysis. Instead, we demonstrate that a single injection of CDCA-loaded nanoparticles into the subcutaneous fat reduced the adipocyte size by promoting fat burning and mitochondrial respiration, highlighting their potential for submental fat reduction.

Impact of Vitamin D Status on Irisin Hormone Level in Type 2 Diabetic Iraqi Women

Irisin, a hormone discovered in 2012, has gained attention for its potential role in regulating metabolism and promoting fat burning. This study was conducted on 180 women from Najaf Governorate/Iraq with T2DM who were divided into two main groups: the first group 90 T2DM with vitamin D deficiency and the second group 90 T2DM without vitamin D deficiency. Serum 25(OH)D and irisin levels were analyzed for the purpose of knowing the effect of vitamin D status on circulating irisin in relation to lipid profile and glycemic control in women with type 2 diabetes.The finding of the current study has been signified the effect of vitamin D deficiency may on serum irisin level in T2DM women. The vitamin D-deficient T2DM women had lower irisin levels than normal vitamin D T2DM women consistent with our hypothesis.

Lactobacillus plantarum alleviates high-fat diet-induced obesity by altering the structure of mice intestinal microbial communities and serum metabolic profiles.

Obesity, which is always accompanied by disorders of lipid metabolism and dysbiosis of the gut microbiota, has become a global epidemic recognised by the World Health Organisation, necessitating innovative strategies and a globally accepted agreement on treating obesity and its related complications. Probiotics, as major active ingredients in many foods, offer potential as biological treatments for obesity prevention and management. Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) possesses a wide range of biological activities and is widely used to alleviate and ameliorate various diseases. This research demonstrated that Lactobacillus plantarum reduces the weight increase and fat build-up caused by a high-fat diet (HFD) in mice, while also improving glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in obese mice. Results indicated that L. plantarum effectively controlled the intestinal microbial community's structure, counteracted disruptions in gut flora caused by HFD, normalized the Firmicutes to Bacteroidota ratio (F/B), and decreased the prevalence of detrimental bacteria Desulfovibrio and Clostridia. Serum metabolomics findings indicate notable alterations in serum metabolites across various groups, notably the increased levels of Isoprothiolane and Inosine, key regulators of lipid metabolism disorders and enhancers of fat burning. These differential metabolites were mainly enriched in unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, sulfur metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, and purine metabolism. Consequently, we propose that L. plantarum has the potential to alter the gut microbial community's composition, positioning it as a promising option for obesity therapy.

High intensity interval training on physical fitness

physical performance, and sports. This article examines the research on high intensity interval training. This article aims to determine the effectiveness of high-intensity interval training on fitness and endurance. Data sources were taken from Scholar, Scimago Jr., Wiley Online Library, Springer. Search data ranges from 2015 to 2023. The method of implementing activities uses the literature review method. In this article, it is recommended that high intensity interval training should be done regularly with the right intensity and sufficient duration to achieve optimal results. The results of the review concluded that high intensity interval training can be done outside or inside the house which is suitable for athletes and non-athletes because it can increase muscle strength, reduce high blood pressure, improve cardiorespiratory fitness, burn fat, and help cure diabetes. In conclusion, high intensity interval training has an influence on changes in improving performance, health, and endurance. This strength training can further be developed or tested with various variables, subject characteristics, and a larger population. HIIT exercise can greatly increase physical performance. Optimal physical ability is intended to increase the body's metabolic system, cardiovascular fitness, and endurance, as well as influence health levels. HIIT is a quick and effective exercise that can be done both indoors and outdoors.Key words: high intensity interval training, physical fitness, endurance

Intermittent normobaric hypoxia alters substrate partitioning and muscle oxygenation in individuals with obesity: implications for fat burning.

This single-blind, crossover study aimed to measure and evaluate the short-term metabolic responses to continuous and intermittent hypoxic patterns in individuals with obesity. Indirect calorimetry was used to quantify changes in resting metabolic rate (RMR), carbohydrate (CHOox, %CHO), and fat oxidation (FATox, %FAT) in nine individuals with obesity pre and post: 1) breathing normoxic air [normoxic sham control (NS-control)], 2) breathing continuous hypoxia (CH), or 3) breathing intermittent hypoxia (IH). A mean peripheral oxygen saturation ([Formula: see text]) of 80-85% was achieved over a total of 45 min of hypoxia. Throughout each intervention, pulmonary gas exchanges, oxygen consumption (V̇o2) carbon dioxide production (V̇co2), and deoxyhemoglobin concentration (Δ[HHb]) in the vastus lateralis were measured. Both RMR and CHOox measured pre- and postinterventions were unchanged following each treatment: NS-control, CH, or IH (all P > 0.05). Conversely, a significant increase in FATox was evident between pre- and post-IH (+44%, P = 0.048). Although the mean Δ[HHb] values significantly increased during both IH and CH (P < 0.05), the greatest zenith of Δ[HHb] was achieved in IH compared with CH (P = 0.002). Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between Δ[HHb] and the shift in FATox measured pre- and postintervention. It is suggested that during IH, the increased bouts of muscle hypoxia, revealed by elevated Δ[HHb], coupled with cyclic periods of excess posthypoxia oxygen consumption (EPHOC, inherent to the intermittent pattern) played a significant role in driving the increase in FATox post-IH.

High intensity interval exercise maintains irisin level and reduces body fat in overweight women

Abstract A body mass index of more than 23 kg/m2 refers to being overweight. When overweight is not treated well, it can lead to obesity which is the condition of accumulation of excess adipose tissue. Obesity increases the risk of metabolic disease and physical activity has been known to prevent it. Irisin has been established to have a positive correlation with body fat burning. The purpose of this study is to analyse the acute effect of high intensity interval exercise on irisin level and body fat percentage in overweight sedentary women. Subjects were divided into 2 groups, the experimental (EXP) group (n = 10) and the control (CON) group (n = 10). The EXP group was using an ergo cycle of 10 sets, consisting of 60 s at 80-90% HRmax (cycling ∼120 rpm) and 60 s of active resting (cycling ∼40 rpm), intermittently. Blood serum and body fat percentage were measured before treatment and after 60 min of treatment. The results showed the serum irisin level was insignificant differences between EXP and CON groups. However, there was a significant decrease of irisin level between pre- and post-data in both EXP and CON, and the significant decrease of it between pre and post was in control group (EXP 6.65 ± 0.767 vs 5.76 ± 0.825, ; CON 7.46 ± 1.659 vs 5.80 ± 0.935 ng/ml, ). The change in body fat percentage was significant lower in EXP compared to CON (0.30 ± 0.217; 0.23 ± 0.118%; ). The conclusion is that the acute effect of HIIE can maintain the irisin level, and may also maintain the burning of body fat, which will lead to the reduction of body fat.

Personalized daily-weekly workout arrangement application "cardio fit"

Having mobile applications has become an indispensable part of our lives in recent years. There are many mobile applications that are already being used in the field of fitness. By using these apps, people can lead a more organized and planned lifestyle. However, many apps fail to offer personalized programs for individuals. This makes mobile applications an inefficient method for users to reach their goals. Our mobile application aims to enable users to reach their fitness level effectively and quickly with a program suitable for their body type, physical characteristics, training goals and exercise preferences. Body mass indexes are calculated based on the body measurements that users enter and their maximum oxygen capacity is determined according to their age, the user chooses their fitness goals, selects the equipment they will train with, and indicates whether they have heart rate monitors. Based on this, the appropriate program is presented to the user. This app is not suitable for users over 50 years old. Users have two goal options for the app: “Feeling Good – Breaking a Sweat” and “Achieving Fitness Level (Firming-Fat Burning).” In the “Reach Fitness Level” option, a tightening program is recommended if the user’s weight is above their ideal weight, while a fat burning program is recommended for users who are significantly above their ideal weight. The Kotlin programming language was used to develop this application, and the Firebase database was used to speed up the development process to ensure the effectiveness of fitness programs, the cardio program was provided by a fitness trainer who is an expert in the field. This app retrieves the necessary user information from the database and provides them with the most suitable fitness program. As a result, users can achieve their goals without needing a fitness trainer or going to the gym.

Sweet swell of burning fat: emerging role of high-density lipoprotein in energy homeostasis.

Metabolism of lipids and lipoproteins, including high-density lipoprotein (HDL), plays a central role in energy homeostasis. Mechanisms underlying the relationship between energy homeostasis and HDL however remain poorly studied. Available evidence reveals that HDL is implicated in energy homeostasis. Circulating high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels are affected by energy production, raising with increasing resting metabolic rate. Lipolysis of triglycerides as a source of energy decreases plasma levels of remnant cholesterol, increases levels of HDL-C, and can be cardioprotective. Switch to preferential energy production from carbohydrates exerts opposite effects. Low HDL-C may represent a biomarker of inefficient energy production from fats. HDL-C-raising can be beneficial when it reflects enhanced energy production from burning fat.