Gunny Bags Research Articles

Poor success of seagrass Posidonia oceanica transplanting in a meadow disturbed by power line burial

Local disturbances drive the decrease of the area covered by Posidonia oceanica in the Mediterranean. Mechanical impacts during the development of coastal infrastructures alter sea floor and the recolonization of benthic community will depend on the recovery of pre-disturbance environmental conditions and on the intrinsic characteristics of the local community that was disturbed. We transplanted 468 rhizome fragments and 450 seedlings of P. oceanica in a meadow disturbed by the trenching and deployment of a power line to evaluate the suitability of the disturbed sea floor for rehabilitating P. oceanica meadows. We quantify and compare the survivorship and vegetative development of the transplanted/planted (i.e. fragments/seedlings) material in the two types of the unconsolidated substrata left after infrastructure deployment works finished: sand and burlap bags filled with coarse gravel. The latter was used as a corrective measure for topographic restoration. Three experimental plots with sixteen transplanted fragments or twenty-five seedlings were placed at each substratum type at three different depths (i.e. 15, 20 and 25 m). Our results show that the transplanting of P. oceanica rhizome fragments in the disturbed substrata had low survival rates (0–31%) after 40–48 months. The survivorship of seedlings was lower than that of fragments. Our results highlight the importance of substratum for P. oceanica recovery after mechanical impact; disturbed, non-consolidated substrata will preclude P. oceanica rehabilitation through planting. Preservation of meadow substratum (i.e. dead matte) is a critical element that coastal infrastructure projects should consider to enable future recovery of P. oceanica meadows.

Seed Management and Quality of Farmer Saved Seeds of Bambara groundnut from North Western, Northern and Eastern Uganda


 Bambara groundnut (BG) is a protein and energy-rich legume crop of African origin with the potential to contribute to food and nutrition security. There is limited information on seed man­agement and quality of farmer saved seed of BG in Uganda. This study was conducted to inves­tigate seed management practices and evaluate the quality of farmer saved seed from Uganda. Four hundred BG farmers were chosen using purposive sampling and information gathered on their seed management. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to interview the farm­ers. Seed colour and size determination, standard germination and electrical conductivity tests were done on seed samples collected from farmers. Results from survey revealed that farmers recycled seeds for more than 4 years (39.2%) and maintained mostly single landraces (52.5%). Seed was sun-dried on the ground (81%), stored in gunny bags (93.5%), and threshed mostly by hand (52.0%). Collected landraces had varied seed coat colours and significantly differed at p = 0.05 in their seed sizes, final germination percentage (FGP), electrical conductivity (EC), germination velocity index and seedling vigour index II (SVI-II). Local Bam landrace recorded highest SVI-II (485.3) and EC (0.52MSg-1) while TVSU 688 landrace recorded the highest FGP (96.0%) and lowest EC (0.06MSg-1).

Study of Stress-Strain Behaviour in Soil Nail Wall Using Flexible Facing

Soil nailing is a process used to strengthen the existing fill of soil. It is a cost-effective way to reinforce soil. A number of steel bars are put up into a slope during the top-down excavation. The excavation support is a very effective as well as economical way to build a retention wall to support hilltop, bridge abutments and highways. In this research, a physical model was prepared for performing experiments on various flexible materials. The nail arrangement used was of rectangular pattern consisting of six nails. The flexible materials used in the research were Jute gunny bag, bamboo fibre, and Drainage geo net. In the present study behaviour of stress and strain was studied so as to find the material suitable for flexible facing. In the present study it was found that among the three materials Bamboo fibre was able to absorb maximum stresses before its failure.

Prevalence of Insects in Traditionally Stored Rice at Farmhouses in Bangladesh

A survey was conducted to investigate rice storage practices at the farmer’s level and the prevalence of insects’ status through a pretested questionnaire in Mymensingh and Jashore districts, Bangladesh. For seed purposes, large, medium, and small farmers store about 40, 10, and 5 kg, respectively in the Aman season for 7 months whereas in the Boro season large and medium farmers keep about 80 and 20 kg for 5 months. Average storage time was the highest (7 months) for Boro and Aman rice by large and small farmers, respectively for consumption. Eleven storage items namely, Dole, Motka, Tin, Plastic Drum, Gunny Bag, Bamboo Gola, Dhari, Bamboo Auri, Berh, Steel Drum, and Plastic Bag were found. About 57 and 74% of farmers stored rice, among them 47 and 58% used traditional Dole in Jashore and Mymensingh, respectively. Tin and Berh (1%) were the least used storage structures. About 11 and 17%; 3 and 4% of farmers used neem leaf and chemicals especially phostoxin in storage as an insect repellent in these areas, respectively. The use of Plastic Bags increased sharply due to lightweight, availability, and low price, whereas Bamboo Gola, Berh, Motka users decreased remarkably. Relative abundance of the insect species was: Rice Moth Sitotroga cerealla, Rice Weevil Sitophilus oryzae, Red Flour Beetle Tribolium castoreum, and Lesser Meal Worm Alphitobious diaperinus. Maximum insect infestation was found in stored paddy in Dole followed by Motka, and Plastic Bag; and the least amount was observed in Plastic Drum in both regions. Three fourth of the respondents took no measures to control insect pests in stored rice.

Effect of Drying Methods and Type of Packaging Materials on Phytochemical Content and Total Antioxidant Capacity of Five Medicinal Plants with Cosmetic Potential over Three Months Storage at Ambient Temperature

Drying and storage are the most integral parts of the post-harvest practices of herbal materials. These practices directly influence the physical and chemical quality of the processed product. Therefore, the main objective of the present study was to analyze the effect of drying methods and packaging materials on total flavonoid content, total phenolic content, and total antioxidant capacity of five medicinal plant leaves with cosmetic potential. Leaves of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L., Senna alata (L.) Roxb., Centella asiatica (L.) Urb., Ocimum tenuiflorum L. and Justicia adhatoda L. were dried to a constant weight using shade drier at 30-35°C, solar drier at 30-40°C and oven at 40°C. Thereafter, dried leaves were stored using three different packaging materials namely glass jars, polythene bags and gunny bags at ambient temperature for three months. Aluminum chloride colorimetric assay, folin-ciocalteau method, and phosphomolybdate assay were employed to analyze the total flavonoid content (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of ethanolic extracts of leaves respectively in each month. Data were presented as mean ± standard deviation of minimum three replications. Significant interactions of the drying methods and packaging materials on TAC, TFC and TPC of dried leaf materials were analyzed using Two-way ANOVA. Results showed that the maximum TFC, TPC and TAC in oven dried H. rosa-sinensis (23.48±2.49 mg RE/100g DW, 1.09±0.24 mg GAE/100g DW and 0.39±0.05 mg AAE/100g DW respectively) and C. asiatica (128.64±10.59 mg RE/100g DW, 2.38±0.32 mg GAE/100g DW and 2.2±0.05 mg AAE/100g DW respectively) leaves stored in glass jars and solar dried S. alata (117.43±9.00 mg RE/100g DW, 3.99±0.29 mg GAE/100g DW and 1.07±0.04 mg AAE/100g DW respectively), O. tenuiflorum (216.02±0.75 mg RE/100g DW, 1.92±0.12 mg GAE/100g DW and 1.07±0.03 mg AAE/100g DW respectively) and J. adhatoda (11.13±1.23 mg RE/100g DW, 1.02±0.19 mg GAE/100g DW and 0.42±0.04 mg AAE/100g DW respectively) leaves stored in glass jars at the end of the storage period. However, statistically significant interaction (p value < 0.05) was not reported between drying method and packaging material on TPC of C. asiatica and O. tenuiflorum leaves and TFC of S. alata leaves. In conclusion, determining the effect of different processing methods on chemical constituents of aforementioned plant leaf materials is suggested to assure the quality of the final product.

An ergonomic intervention for manual load carrying on Indian farms

The farm inputs like seeds, fertilizers and produce are handled manually in most of the low-income and underdeveloped countries. Such practice of manual load carrying is one of the dominant contributors to back pain and associated physiological problems.In the present study, it was found that volume, quantum and distance determine the mode of load carrying. Bulky or voluminous commodities like harvested cereal crops and fodder are carried on the head. Heavy loads of paddy and vegetables filled in gunny bags, which limits the volume to bag size are carried on the back. Carrying the load on the head is by and large prevailing mode because it does not introduce eccentricity and postures remain balanced., In the present study, an attempt is made to develop a harness, which does not alter the head loading but prevents the loading of the spine. Three approaches considered were: Approach-I (harness H1): load passing through shoulders only (one path only); Approach II (harness H2): load passing through head and shoulder (through two paths only); Approach III (harness H3): Load passing through head and shoulder (through two paths), but in this approach, load on the cervical spine was limited to 10 kg and rest of the load was transferred to shoulder with proper stability. The outcome of ergonomic studies showed that Approach-III is the most metaboliclly economical, compared to other developed approaches and could be adopted for Indian agricultural farm load carriage for various purposes.

WITHDRAWN: Soil nails for slope Reinforcement: A Lab-based model study

Abstract Soil nailing is a cost-effective way to reinforce soil. Various bars are introduced into a slant during the top-down unearthing. The unearthing support is a powerful and prudent approach to assemble a maintenance divider to help ridge, connect projections and roadways. In this exploration, an actual model was ready for performing probes different adaptable materials. Soil nailing is a strategy used to strengthen the soil in order to increase the stability of slope. This innovation us utilized for holding vertical and almost vertical cuts in soil. The erosion of the soil occur due to the heavy rainfall and damages the property in order to control the damage nailing should be provided where there is no plantation. The main elements of the soil nail formation are retained soil, resistant reinforcements and exterior facing. In present construction nailing plays a vital role for the stabilization of slopes and increases the strength and durability of the slopes. The experiment was carried out with six nails which are placed horizontal as well as in vertical position in the soil. Soil nailing is currently an entrenched method around the globe .In the present study two different materials were tested along with jute gunny bag and among them Galvanized Iron Mesh was able to take up maximum stresses.

Effect of packaging on phenols, flavonoids and antioxidant characteristics of mechanical cabinet dried wild pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) arils

Wild pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit arils with high acid content are processed into dried arils (anardana) which is used as an ingredient in various medicinal formulations and culinary preparations. The various phenols and flavonoids are responsible for the antioxidant activity of anardana which signifies its functional benefits. The advanced packaging techniques like vacuum packaging, can retain higher antioxidant activity characteristics during storage. So, the present studies were carried out to compare the effect of packaging on total phenols, flavonoids, DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) antioxidant activity, metal chelating activity, FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) and reducing power of anardana prepared in mechanical cabinet drier. Anardana was packed in different packaging materials and stored under ambient and refrigerated temperature conditions. The overall effect of storage during 12 months revealed that there was a significant (p&lt; 0.05) decrease in total phenols (180.95 to 161.76 mg GAE/100 g), flavonoids (40.60 to 32.66 mg QuE/100 g), DPPH antioxidant activity (61.23 to 56.13%), metal chelating activity (22.25 to 19.37%), FRAP (34.60 to 31.73 ?M Fe2+/100 g) and reducing power (0.610 to 0.521) which was observed less in anardana packed in ALPV (aluminium laminated pouches with vacuum) followed by ALP (aluminium laminated pouches) and gunny bags. Due to slower rates of degradation of various antioxidant compounds, the changes after 12 months of storage were lower under refrigerated conditions. The total phenols, flavonoids and DPPH antioxidant activity were reduced from 180.95 to 167.24 and 156.28 mg GAE/100 g, 40.60 to 34.95 and 30.37 mg QuE/100 g and 61.23 to 57.99 and 54.27 % in refrigerated and ambient temperature conditions, respectively.

Development and packaging of a leucine-rich composite flour for treatment of moderate wasting in children aged 6 – 24 months

Wasting, categorized as either severe or moderate, is a form of child malnutrition that manifests with a low weight-for-height Z-score. Previous treatment methods for moderate wasting, which affects approximately 300,000 children in Kenya, were ineffective as they lacked a mechanism to replace the accelerated loss of lean tissue. Supplementation with leucine, maybe a safe and effective method for treating moderate wasting. At a high dosage, leucine activates the mammalian target of rapamycin within the muscles which enhances gain of lean tissue. Leucine supplements are currently inaccessible to populations affected by moderate wasting in Kenya. The objective of this study was,therefore,to formulate a leucine-rich composite flour (TheraPEM) from locally available foods for treatment of moderate wasting. Six composite flours were prepared using combinations of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), groundnuts (Voandzeia subterranea), and foxtail millet (Setaria italica) selected for their high leucine content, local availability and relatively low cost. Nutrient composition analysis and sensory evaluation were conducted on each of the six flours. The three preferred flours in terms of sensory attributes were subjected to accelerated shelf-life evaluation to determine changes in peroxide value, fat acidity, moisture content and total viable count. Kraft paper, gunny bags and plastic containers were the packaging materials used.All six flours met the Codex Alimentarius food standards for minimum energy density (80 kcal/100g) and maximum fat content (27 %) in processed cereal-based foods used for complementary feeding of infants and young children. They all also met the required &gt; 1050 mg leucine per 100 grams of flour. Formulations 2, 3 and 5 had the most preferred sensory attributes and were thus subjected to accelerated shelf-life evaluation. At the fifth month, fat acidity was least in the flours packaged in plastic containers. There was no peroxide formation in any of the three samples during the storage period. The study generated six formulations that meet the minimum requirement for leucine in treatment of moderate wasting but formulation 3, had the most preferred sensory attributes. It is recommended that formulation three be subjected to a study to further validate its effectiveness in the treatment of moderate wasting prior to release for up-scaled use.

Effect of Curing Methods on Strength of Self-Compacting Concrete

In this paper three different curing techniques with variation in compressive strength of medium strength, self-compacted concrete are discussed. To achieve the mix design of medium strength self-compacting concrete initially numbers of trials were carried out. Super plasticizer of 0.7% and an internal curing agent, Superabsorbent Polymer of 0.3% together to the weight of cement were added. Once the mix design was achieved, as per ASTM standard three batches of concrete cubes were casted. Slump flow test was carried out in order to determine workability of self-compacting concrete. Concrete cube cured in a curing tank in the laboratory was taken as first batch. The second batch was cured by the application of an internal curing compound. The third batch was cured by Gunny bag Method. Three cubes were tested for compressive strength, from every batch at 7 days, 28 days and 60 days age of concrete. The split tensile strength of concrete was also considered. Graphs were drawn with analyzed results. So it was concluded that to get improved strength and sustainability of self-compacted concrete in areas with shortage of water, curing compound found to be more effective.

Hermetic Storage of Shelled Peanut Using the Purdue Improved Crop Storage Bags1

ABSTRACT Low oxygen or hermetic storage has been successfully used to store several commodities such as corn (Zea mays L.), cowpea (Vigna Savi), cocoa (Theobroma cocao), coffee (Coffea L.), and rice (Oryza sativa L.). However, previous research using hermetic storage for peanut or groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) had mixed results. Research was conducted to determine the effect on aflatoxin contamination, seed germination, and oil chemistry of shelled peanut hermetically stored in the Purdue Improved Crop Storage (PICS) bags for up to 12 months. A 2 × 4 factorial study included 1) normal and high oleic peanut, 2) two initial moisture contents by four storage treatments. The four storage treatments were 1) burlap bags as the control, 2) PICS bags, 3) PICS bags with air extracted by vacuum, and 4) PICS bags with sachets of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) dry fumigant added. There were three replications of each treatment combination. Peanut was stored in an area maintained at a temperature above 21C. The initial seed germination of the normal oleic and high oleic peanuts was 77 and 80%, respectively. Initial aflatoxin concentration in all peanut was less than 2 μg/kg. Bags were opened, sampled, and resealed at 60, 159, 249, and 301 d of storage. Approximately half of the 12 burlap bags suffered significant rodent damage, and all had significant infestation by Indian meal moth (Plodia interpunctella). Only 4 PICS bags had rodent damage with damage limited to the outer polypropylene bag. There were no live insects in the PICS bags. Seed germination decreased for all samples to an average of 6.3%. Peanut stored in the burlap bags had an average germination of 19.2% compared to 2.1% for peanut stored in PICS bags. The aflatoxin concentration in one of the burlap bags with normal oleic peanuts was 75 μg/kg, and one of the PICS bags with high oleic peanuts had an aflatoxin concentration of 12 μg/kg. The remaining samples had aflatoxin below the detectable limit of 2 μg/kg.

Assessment of losses due to pulse beetle in chickpea under stored conditions in Southern Haryana

The present study was carried out with the objective of assessing the losses caused by pulse beetle (Callosobruchus spp.) during storage of chickpea grains in various storage structures. It was found that, still farmers are using traditional storage structures (earthen pots, earthen pots + sand, jute bags). Chickpea grain samples (500g each) were collected during August, September and October from different storage structures (metal bins, plastic bags, gunny bags, earthen pots and earthen pots + sand) in 15 villages of Rewari, Hisar and Mahendergarh district in the year 2017 and 2018. The results of analysed samples revealed that the highest infestation was observed in Rewari followed by Hisar and Mahendergarh district. It was found that maximum number of farmers were using metal bins (51.45, 40.11%) followed by gunny bugs (31.79, 31.64%), plastic bags (16.76, 15.82%), Earthen pots (6.51, 7.91%) and Earthen pots + sand (2.35, 4.52%) to store the chickpea grains in 2017 and 2018, respectively. Out of total samples infested with bruchid, 70.91 &amp; 53.63 per cent gunny bag samples were found infested followed by plastic bags (48.28 &amp; 20.29%), metal bins (11.24 &amp; 15.94%) and earthen pots (9.80 &amp; 10.14%) in both the years. There was no infestation of pulse beetle observed in those samples which were stored in earthen pots along with sand. Higher moisture percentage in the grain and infestation of pulse beetle was observed in the month of September followed by October in comparison to August month. Among the storage structures in frequent use, metal bins were found to have less qualitative and quantitative losses of seed/grains.

Retracted] Experimental Study of Thermal and Mechanical Behaviour of Graphite‐Filled UJF Composite

The advancement of composites mixed with natural fibers and with fillers has become the most supportable alternative material for engineering applications, especially in industries such as automotive and aerospace. Natural fibers are renewable, cheap, biodegradable, and ecological materials. In the present work, already used woven jute fibers, which are extracted from gunny bags with the same grams per square meter (GSM), were used, and then, woven jute fibers were chemically treated to improve their characteristics. Graphite powder‐filled used jute fiber reinforced epoxy composite (UJF) are prepared by using the hand‐layup technique. Tests such as tensile, flexure, impact, and thermo‐gravimetric analysis (TGA) were conducted. These tests were according to ASTM standards to evaluate the effect of graphite filler content on hybrid epoxy jute composites. The composite material is prepared by changing the content by weight of the filler by 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12%. The experimental results reveal that 6% of the graphite composites showed the maximum tensile strength and modulus. With the increase in the filler content, there is a decrease in the flexural properties. The impact resistance increases slightly up to 6% of the filler content. The study of thermal decomposition showed that the lowest mass loss was found at 9% by weight of the filler content. Morphological analysis performed by FE‐SEM showed that the addition of filler content improved the binding of the fiber and matrix up to 6% by weight of the filler content. It should be noted that these hybrid composites are a promising material at low cost for lightweight structural applications.

Effect of Different Packaging Materials on Quality of Sapota (Manilkara achras) cv. Kalipatti

This study investigates the effect of packaging materials on physical parameters of sapota Cv. kalipatti. Ten different treatments involving five packaging materials, out of which four packaging materials were of 100 guage each with 1% and 2% ventilations, one gunny bag and control( no packaging) were tried in completely randomized design with three replications. Fruits packed with LDPE 200 guage with 2% ventilation (T7) recorded minimum physiological loss in weight (6.97%), maximum number of days for ripening (8.75 days), firmness (1.65 kg/cm2). While maximum ripening percentage (73.89%) was observed in gunny bag (T1).

Gunny Bag Based Soil Columns for Crop Diversification in Rice Field to Enhance Livelihood Security of Land Scarce Farmers

Gunny Bag Based Soil Columns for Crop Diversification in Rice Field to Enhance Livelihood Security of Land Scarce Farmers

Design, development and performance evaluation of transportation container for sapota fruit

A transportation container was developed to minimize transportation losses of sapota fruit. The container was made of corrugated polypropylene (PP) sheet. The container is completely foldable, reusable and enclosed condition for protecting produce from adverse climate. The adjustable cells were made to enhance the safety of fruits. Separation sheets were provided in a container to support the fruits. Perforation was provided for proper respiration of the fruits. Velcro feature was provided to erect and fold the container. Freshly harvested and uniformly matured and graded sapota fruits were transported in seven types of containers or bags with 10kg capacity stacked in six layers viz.; gunny bag, gunny bag lined with bubble sheet, perforated PP bag, foldable plastic container, egg tray in corrugated fiberboard box (CFB) carton, plastic crate and CFB carton. The fruits were transported from Junagadh to Jamnagar and returned from Jamnagar to Junagadh by road approximately 350km in goods rickshaw. Effect of different containers on quality parameters of sapota fruits viz., hardness (30.09kg/cm2), firmness (12.63 kgf) and rupture force (100.2 kgf) were found maximum and weight loss (1.01%), deformation (10.9mm) and total soluble solids (16.40°Brix) were found minimum in the fruits transported in foldable plastic container. Bruising, cracking and impact damage were not observed on the fruits transported in foldable plastic container. Maximum marketable fruits (98.37%) were observed in foldable plastic container. Transportation losses of sapota fruits in foldable plastic container were minimized 8.65% and 2.85% as compared to gunny bag and plastic crate, respectively.

Decontamination of cyst (Globodera spp.) infested potato seed tubers with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)

Potato cyst nematode (Globodera spp.) is one of the serious pests of potato worldwide including India. Infested seed tubers and soil are the primary means of spread of cysts to non-infested areas, whereas air, water, human, animals, field equipments, composts, gunny bags are other means of spread. Therefore, a study was carried out with different concentrations of NaOCl under in vitro and in vivo condition to see its decontamination effect on potato cyst nematode (PCN). The results revealed that potato tubers harvested from the PCN infested fields can be completely decontaminated by giving dip treatment in NaOCl (2%) solution for 30 min. and the treated tubers sprouts normally after two months of storage.

Seedling emergence and vigour improvement by priming muskmelon (Cucumis melo) seeds under diverse environments

Priming is known to improve the germination of seed even under stress conditions. The present investigation was conducted at vegetable Research Farm, PAU, Ludhiana during 2016-17. Seeds of Punjab Sunehri variety of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) were treated with eleven priming treatments (hydration, GA3, KNO3, KH2PO4 and ethrel along with placing in wet gunny bags for 24 h and 48 h and hydration + FYM for 48 hours) along with control were sown in two diverse environments. Seeds sown during third week of February shows better germination and vigour than January sown seeds. Seed priming treatments were significantly better over the control. Treating the seed with potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate for 12 hr and then placing in wet gunny bags for 48 hr resulted in maximum germination (%), speed of germination, seedling length, dry weight and vigour indices in January sown seeds and par with GA3 and at ethrel treatments in February sown seeds.

Influence of storage containers, desiccant on physiology of summer groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cv. G2-52 stored both in the form of pod and kernel during storage

An experiment was conducted to assess the physiological performance of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in storage during 2016-2017 to evaluate the influence of storage containers and desiccants on longevity of groundnut Cv. G2-52. The groundnut is stored both in the form of pods and kernels, and they were stored in four different packaging materials like PICS (Perdue improved crop storage) bag, HDPE (High density polythene bag) bag, polythene bag (700 gauge), and gunny bag. Among the interactions T1 (pod stored in PICS bag) showed maximum seed quality parameters like germination (81.17%), seedling dry weight (294.7 mg), dehydrogenase activity (0.440 OD value) with lowest electrical conductivity (dS/m). Whereas the lowest germination (55.17), seedling dry weight (131 mg), dehydrogenase activity (0.142 OD value), with highest electrical conductivity (1.410 dS/m) were recorded in T14 (kernel stored in gunny bag) at the eight month of storage period.

Evaluation of different packaging materials for management of angoumois grain moth on paddy

Evaluation of different packaging materials against angoumois grain moth on paddy was carried out in the Seed unit, UAS, Raichur during 2018-19 with ambient conditions (20.3 ± 2.3 oC temperature and 50.5 ± 6.3% RH). The seeds packed in PICS bag recorded significantly zero per cent seed damage, lowest adult emergence of angoumois grain moth (1 adults /100 g of seeds), highest germination (89.00%) maintained good seed health throughout the storage period which was on par with grain pro bag compared to gunny bag. The PICS bag recorded highest net returns (1372.50 Rs) compared to gunny bag (1130.50 Rs).