Burial Test Research Articles

Biodegradable Plastics from Marine Biomass: A Solution to Marine Plastic Pollution

The growing demand for plastics has raised environmental concerns due to their non-biodegradable nature. Sustainable solutions are urgently required to decrease plastic pollution. This study explored the potential of Sargassum wightii, a seaweed found in Malaysia, as a sustainable material for bioplastic films. The seaweed-based bioplastic was produced using an extraction-based method where alginate was formed using NaOH, followed by mixing sodium alginate with isopropanol and potato starch. The bioplastic was then characterized using various analytical techniques, including Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Physical properties such as density and moisture content, along with environmental tests like water absorption and biodegradability, were evaluated. TGA analysis indicated that 31.12% of the sample remained as residue. FTIR spectroscopy identified the presence of bioactive compounds, with a prominent alcohol group peak at 3358cm-1. XRD analysis revealed a peak at 23.1°, indicating crystallinity within the sample. The moisture content of the bioplastic film was found to be 21.16%. The water absorption test demonstrated the film's hydrophilic nature, showing a 60% increase in weight. A soil burial test for biodegradability confirmed a 40% reduction in weight over 21 days, indicating a reasonable degradation rate. These findings suggest that seaweed holds promise as an alternative raw material for bioplastic production, contributing to more sustainable materials and reducing reliance on non-biodegradable plastics.

Development of Biodegradable Films from Carrot, Guava, and Banana Peel Fibers for Environmental Packaging Applications

Polymeric materials, known for their lightweight and strength, are widely used today. However, their non-biodegradable nature poses significant environmental challenges. This research aimed to develop biodegradable films from fruits and vegetables, using alginate as a binding agent. Using a completely randomized design, seven experimental sets were prepared with carrots, Kimju guava, and Namwa banana peel fibers as the primary materials and alginate as the secondary material at three levels: 1.2, 1.8, and 2.4 by weight. The solution technique was employed to create the samples. Upon testing mechanical and physical properties, experimental set 3, consisting of 60% guava and 1.8% alginate, emerged as the optimal ratio. This combination exhibited favorable physical properties, including a thickness of 0.26 ± 0.02 mm, meeting the standards for food packaging films. Additionally, the tensile strength was 0.50 ± 0.01 N/m², and the elongation at break was 55.60 ± 0.44%. Regarding chemical properties, the moisture content of 5.64 ± 0.03% fell within the acceptable range for dried food. Furthermore, a 30-day soil burial test revealed that the sample from experimental set 3 exhibited the highest degradation rate. In conclusion, these findings suggest that guava can be a promising raw material for producing biodegradable plastics suitable for packaging applications.

Enhancement of Green Composite Performance Through the Synergistic Influence of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid and Nanoclay on Natural Fiber Reinforcement

ABSTRACTNatural fiber‐reinforced biocomposites are emerging as viable alternatives to conventional thermoplastics; however, low mechanical and physical properties limit their broad applications. This study addresses these limitations by developing a nanoclay and cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL)‐modified novel soy resin‐based jute composites by enhancing mechanical and physical performance. CNSL, rich in phenolic compounds, chemically interacts with the soy matrix, improving interfacial bonding and imparting resistance to environmental degradation. Nanoclay dispersion within the matrix optimizes load transfer, as confirmed through density functional theory (DFT) calculations of interaction energies, resulting in a synergistic effect on composite strength. The optimized composite exhibited a remarkable storage modulus of 8697 MPa at 35°C and 1 Hz, a flexural modulus of 3288 MPa, tensile strength of 61.3 MPa, and flexural strength of 62.7 MPa. X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy analyses revealed a well‐integrated nano‐biocomposite structure, confirming successful reinforcement dispersion. Thermal stability up to 290°C, a contact angle of 61.4°, and water absorption of 49.5% indicate its suitability for diverse conditions. Additionally, cytotoxicity tests demonstrated the material's biocompatibility, while soil burial tests showed a mass loss of 74.2% over 75 days, verifying its biodegradability. These biocomposites can replace nondegradable thermoplastics in various applications.

A Sustainable Approach for the Development of Cellulose-Based Food Container from Coconut Coir.

The increasing demand for sustainable resources has revived the research on cellulose over the last decades. Therefore, the current research focused on the synthesis of biopolymers for the development of viable tableware utensils from cellulose of coconut coir. The synthesized biopolymer was characterized by using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), tensile strength, and contact angle. The synthesized biopolymer was converted to workable conditions through incorporation of starch, as a binder, at various ratios with cellulose, ranging from 1:9 to 10:0. Moreover, the most prominent features of the synthesized biopolymer were obtained by the addition of glycerin as a plasticizer and citric acid as a cross-linker. At 6:4 ratio of cellulose and binder showed excellent mechanical properties, and with the incorporation of cross-linker, the biopolymer possessed high tensile strength (18.6 MPa) and elongation (3.5%) in comparison to commercially available polystyrene polymer (1.5 MPa) and (2.6%), respectively. Furthermore, the cross-linker citric acid bestows with network structure that was confirmed with the change of contact angle (81°), FT-IR spectra, surface morphology, crystallinity index, and water vapor transmission rate (573 g/m2/d). TGA data revealed the improved thermal properties of the biopolymer, and the decomposed temperature was elevated from >223 to 238 °C in the presence of network structure proved by cross-linker. The degree of deterioration was assessed by soil burial test, highlighting the environmental compatibility of the tableware. The purpose of the study was to synthesize sustainable tableware from waste source coir fiber for the reduction of harmful effects of synthetic counterpart.

Tailoring Gelatin Films: Functionality, Stability, and Beyond Biodegradability.

This study investigates the enhancement of biodegradable gelatin films through the incorporation of glycerol as a plasticizer, and citric acid and zinc oxide as cross-linkers. The results showed notable improvements in various properties, including solubility, swelling behavior, thickness, pH, biodegradability, and both mechanical and thermal characteristics. The films demonstrated complete water solubility and UV-visible light absorbance in the 280-480 nm range. Soil burial tests indicated gradual weight loss over 15 days, leading to complete degradation. Structural and thermal analyses via FTIR and TGA confirmed the films' integrity and stability. Additionally, the study highlighted the effectiveness of these modified films in adsorbing copper (II) ions from acidic solutions, showcasing their potential for environmental applications like heavy metal remediation. These findings emphasize the potential of tailored additive combinations to produce biodegradable films with enhanced properties and functionality.

Biodegradation of hemp woven geotextile in granular soil

Hemp production is increasing globally as sustainability gains importance. This study aims to develop environmentally friendly a new type of woven hemp geotextile and determine its biodegradability and service life for civil engineering applications. Soil burial tests which lasted one, four, and eight months were performed to deduce service life. Each time duration, three hemp geotextile samples, polypropylene (PP) based woven and nonwoven geotextiles were buried in the sand. The performance of hemp geotextile is compared with PP geotextiles after burial. Biodegradability was evaluated by weight loss, microscope photographs and tensile strength tests. Hemp geotextiles started to degrade after 8 months of burial time. The tensile strength of hemp geotextiles decreased as soil burial time increased. Hemp geotextiles become more brittle as their burial time increases. The biodegradability of samples is also determined from microscope photographs, which show partial biodegradation. PP geotextiles outperformed hemp geotextiles after soil burial.

Study the effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles on degradation, antibacterial, thermal and morphological properties of polyvinyl alcohol films

Abstract In this study, a film was prepared from polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (nano-ZnO) via the casting method. Nanoparticles were added to PVA biopolymer to create reinforced biocomposite films with different loading contents (2, 4, and 6 wt.%), and they were tested by performing the following assays: the FTIR test, the antibacterial, soil burial test, DSC, AFM, and SEM. The results showed an improvement of the membranes in the antibacterial properties for both Escherichia coli (E. coli, Gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus, Gram-positive) when nano-ZnO was added. The biodegradation through weight loss was observed for all samples, and the results showed that the weight loss increased with the increase in ZnO nanoparticle content from 2% to 6% wt. The DSC results showed that the addition of ZnO led to an increase in Tg, and increasing the degree of glass transition led to an increase in the degradation rate. In the FTIR results, only physical interference was observed; no chemical interference was evident. The AFM results showed some agglomerations of nano-ZnO in the PVA matrix led to an increase in the surface roughness of the PVA/nano-ZnO film.

Effectiveness and Risk Assessment of Septic Tank Treatment Systems in Rural Cold Regions of China

Rural toilet reform in cold areas is the focus and difficulty of China’s toilet revolution. In this paper, by carrying out the septic tank gradient burial depth test and regular seasonal monitoring of the operation effect of rural septic tanks in cold areas, the frost protection effect and treatment effect of rural toilets in cold areas are clarified, which provide important references for the rural toilet revolution and its practical significance in cold areas of China. Based on controlled tests and correlation analysis methods, different gradient burial depths of septic tanks (40, 60, and 80 cm) and different seasonal operation effects (spring, summer, autumn, and winter) were studied to analyze the influence of factors such as burial depths and temperatures on the effectiveness of anti-freezing and treatment of septic tanks. The results found that the septic tank effluent indexes of the six cold-zone test households could not meet requirements of Class Ⅰ-B in the discharge standard of pollutants for municipal wastewater treatment plants (GB 18918-2002). (The criteria for Class I-B are as follows: COD emission limit of 60 mg/L; SS emission limit of 20 mg/L; TN emission limit of 20 mg/L; TP emission limit of 1 mg/L; NH3-N emission limit of 8 mg/L); The average removal of suspended solids (SSs), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), NH3-N, and NO3-N by septic tanks was 79.7%, 21.8%, 10.5%, 13.5%, 9.76%, and 2.38%, respectively; the water temperature was significantly positively correlated with SS, TN, and TP; the double-layer insulated septic tank with medium burial depth (60 cm) could operate normally in cold areas in winter. The treatment effect of septic tanks on various indicators basically shows that summer > autumn > spring > winter. Temperature is the main limiting factor affecting the treatment effect of septic tanks.

Amine-functionalized soy protein/graphene oxide aerogel for efficient removal of multiple sugar-derived contaminants (SDCs): Full life cycle exploration and interaction simulation

Sugar-derived contaminants (SDCs) pose significant environmental hazards and safety concerns, emerging as urgent issue. Using amine-modified soy protein (SPI) and graphene oxide (GO), an environment-friendly aerogel (PSPI/PGO) was synthesized to efficiently remove multiple SDCs. The equilibrium adsorption capacities of PSPI/PGO for melanoidins, caramels, and saccharin were 1124.2, 291.1, and 399.3 mg/g, respectively, surpassing those of previously proposed materials. A series of characterizations and experiments demonstrated that the porous PSPI/PGO exhibited high hydrophilicity, nontoxicity, excellent thermal stability, and sustainable capture properties. Emerging dynamic models (i.e., AOAS, EXT-INT, and LF-PC-AS) and multiple quantum chemical theory calculations (ESPL, ALIE, FMO, IGMH, and HSA) further revealed the capture of each SDC onto PSPI/PGO was driven predominantly by charge interactions, followed by H-bonding and intermolecular interactions. PSPI/PGO acts as an H-bonding acceptor in a diverse range of uptake processes for each SDC. The applicability of PSPI/PGO for treating real wastewater has been validated. The full lifecycle exploration of PSPI/PGO (including soil burial degradation tests, wastewater treatment, and garlic hydroponic experiments using depleted PSPI/PGO) underscores its considerable biocompatibility and potential for industrial applications.

Eco-Friendliness and Cost-Effectiveness of Reusable Sanitary Pads for Rural Women: A Model for Menstrual Hygiene Management in Low Resource Settings

Background Menstrual Hygiene Management (MHM) is fundamental to women’s health, well-being, and gender equality. The study aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness and acceptability of reusable sanitary pads among rural women in Pakistan, proposing a scalable model for improving MHM practices in low-income countries. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted using Multi- Stage Cluster sampling to accomplish a sample size of 340 childbearing-age women from the rural areas of Sindh, Pakistan. The data was collected using a standard questionnaire regarding the affordability and accessibility of reusable versus disposable sanitary pads; further information was also gathered from Market surveys for MHM products. The biodegradability of the pads was assessed using a soil burial test. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 27. Results Our research found a significant preference for reusable sanitary pads. The biodegradability tests demonstrated that reusable pads had a superior degradation rate (1.88%) to disposable pads (1.59%) over four months. Economic assessments showed a low utilization of commercial pads (12.5%) due to affordability issues, with 87.5% using reusable cloths. Despite 70% awareness of menstrual hygiene, 48% of women showed interest in creating sanitary solutions, underscoring the feasibility of implementing locally sourced, cost-effective products across similar socio-economic landscapes. Conclusion The present study underscores the universal applicability of affordable, sustainable MHM solutions in rural communities of low-income countries, advocating for broader implementation of such models to address global menstrual hygiene challenges. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 23 No. 04 October’24 Page : 1030-1037

Production of Defragmentable Bioplastic using Starch Extracted from Annona Muricata (Soursoup) Seed Reinforced with Bentonite Nanoclay

Abstract Seeds of Annona Muricata, often called soursop or guyabano were used as a source of starch for the production of defragmentable bioplastic. The researchers used mixture of water and starch content of 10 and 20 grams respectively from Annona Muricata (soursop) seeds with various concentration (20%, 25%, 30%) of glycerol (plasticizer) and reinforced with three different concentrations (0%, 3%, 6%) of bentonite nanoclay (filler). The characterization of the bioplastic was carried out by determining the effect of variation of the ratio between the quantity of starch from soursop seeds, bentonite nanoclay, and glycerol. The starch-based defragmentable bioplastic was evaluated with its water retention, degradation, and mechanical properties. The result showed that the tensile strength improved significantly with the addition of bentonite nanoclay and the elongation at break with the addition of glycerol. Same way in water retention test, where the presence of the bentonite nanoclay increased the strength of the bioplastic with its water solubility. In soil burial test, a higher level of glycerol concentration increased the rate of the bioplastic degradation. By adding the bentonite nanoclay as a filler, the rate of bioplastic degradation decreased compared to the bioplastic without filler. In shelf-life test, adding glycerol as plasticizer improved the shelf life of bioplastics. A high concentration of glycerol served as an anti-fungal for bioplastics.

Investigation of Snake Grass/Casuarina/Cork Filler Reinforced Bio Polymer Hybrid Composite

The environment is continuously affected for various reasons, prompting researchers to seek solutions from different angles. This study explores the potential of mixing polymers with and without agricultural/bio fillers such as Snake Grass / Casuarina / Cork in various volume proportions, analyzing their mechanical properties. The hybrid materials are made with the polymers and bio fillers without any change in the quality of existing polymer products, the quality of hybrid materials is assured by the results of impact, flexural, and tensile tests. Finally, the biodegradability tests revealed weight loss in a soil burial test when bio-filler was added to the polymer composite.

Cure, mechanical and swelling characteristics of composites of neoprene rubber and starch from non-edible variety of dioscorea tuber

Composites of Polychloroprene rubber (CR, Neoprene rubber) reinforced with starch from non-edible variety of dioscorea tuber were prepared using three different vulcanizing systems. The cure, mechanical, solvent resistance and biodegradable characteristics of the composites were studied. The addition of starch from dioscorea tuber was found to improve CR’s tensile strength. The maximum torque value increases with the loading of filler and it was found to be the highest at 20 phr. The addition of starch from dioscorea tuber was found to improve CR’s tensile strength and highest value observed at 20 phr. Among the different curing systems studied, the modified DCP system shows maximum mechanical properties, optimum properties of the composites are at 20 phr. The values of the swelling coefficients were determined by examining the intake of the solvents N, N-dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide and water by the composites. The soil burial test indicated that biodegradability of CR enhanced with the addition of starch. The findings of mechanical properties are supported by studies using scanning electron microscopy. Since starch is a naturally occurring biopolymer, adding it encourages microbial activity, which breaks down the composite components. This quality is essential for resolving plastic waste-related environmental issues. It is anticipated that the findings of this study will aid in the development of materials for specific product applications like gasoline hoses, tire sidewalls, seals, and so on.

Valorization of whey through green synthesis of silver nanoparticles for developing biodegradable plastic films with bactericide properties

This study explores the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using untreated whey as a green approach, followed by their integration into biodegradable gelatin films for potential applications in antimicrobial packaging. UV–visible spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy confirm the successful synthesis of AgNPs, which are seamlessly incorporated into flexible and semi-transparent gelatin films. Comparing films with and without AgNPs, subtle changes are observed in UV–visible and Fourier-transform infrared spectra that are attributed to the low AgNP concentrations. However, the resulting films with AgNPs exhibit effective bactericidal efficacy against E. coli. Moreover, soil burial tests demonstrate significant biodegradability, with up to 80% mass loss within two weeks, showing comparable rates between films with and without AgNPs. These results show the prospects of whey-derived AgNPs in the development of sustainable, antimicrobial biodegradable films with potential applications in various industries.

Preparation and Characterization of Biodegradable Plastic from Red Seaweed (Gracilaria sp.) from Coastal Areas in Bangladesh

AbstractBioplastics are biobased or biodegradable plastic synthesized from natural resources with similar features to conventional plastic and environmental sustainability. Seaweed species abundant in the coastal regions of Bangladesh are yet to be explored for developing biodegradable plastic to solve the plastic pollution problem. Semi‐refined kappa carrageenan was extracted from Gracilaria sp. with Pressurized Hot Water Extraction (PHWE) and blended with sorbitol and polyethylene glycol 1540 in this study, respectively. The presence of carrageenan and other functional groups was confirmed with FTIR analysis. The bioplastic films showed over 90 % biodegradability after 16 days of soil burial test and 98 % water solubility after immersion for 16 days. Maximum 20 MPa tensile strength and 44 % elongation were observed from the bioplastic films. The polyethylene glycol 1540 blended films showed better physical and mechanical properties. SEM analysis was conducted to evaluate the influence of tensile strength and elongation on the surface integrity of the bioplastic films. The findings indicate that Gracilaria sp. found in the coastal regions of Bangladesh, can be a potential candidate for developing bioplastics for food packaging and many other applications.

Extraction of Fungal Chitosan by Leveraging Pineapple Peel Substrate for Sustainable Biopolymer Production.

The cost-effective production of commercially important biopolymers, such as chitosan, has gained momentum in recent decades owing to its versatile material properties. The seasonal variability in the availability of crustacean waste and fish waste, routinely used for chitosan extraction, has triggered a focus on fungal chitosan as a sustainable alternative. This study demonstrates a cost-effective strategy for cultivating an endophytic fungus isolated from Pichavaram mangrove soil in a pineapple peel-based medium for harvesting fungal biomass. Chitosan was extracted using alkali and acid treatment methods from various combinations of media. The highest chitosan yield (139 ± 0.25 mg/L) was obtained from the pineapple peel waste-derived medium supplemented with peptone. The extracted polymer was characterized by FTIR, XRD, DSC, and TGA analysis. The antioxidant activity of the fungal chitosan was evaluated using DPPH assay and showed an IC50 value of 0.22 mg/L. Subsequently, a transparent chitosan film was fabricated using the extracted fungal chitosan, and its biodegradability was assessed using a soil burial test for 50 days. Biodegradation tests revealed that, after 50 days, a degradation rate of 28.92 ± 0.75% (w/w) was recorded. Thus, this study emphasizes a cost-effective strategy for the production of biopolymers with significant antioxidant activity, which may have promising applications in food packaging if additional investigations are carried out in the future.

Effect of beeswax and coconut oil as natural coating agents on morphological, degradation behaviour, and water barrier properties of mycelium-based composite in modified controlled environment

Non-degradable coatings made of petroleum-based plastics hinder the degradation performance of products. This highlights the urgent need to develop biodegradable, bio-based coatings derived from renewable resources to create a more sustainable and greener world with a smaller environmental footprint. This study endeavours to examine the effects of beeswax and coconut oil additions on the morphological, degradation, and water-barrier properties of mycelium-based composite (MBC). Coconut oil is supplemented with varying amounts of beeswax, comprising 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 wt%. Dip coating is applied to prepare coated-MBC at 65 °C for 2 min. The coated-MBC is characterized by water absorption test, water loss measurement, density measurement, yeast and mould test, shrinkage measurement, weight loss measu rement, soil burial test, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and macroscopic appearance. Findings revealed that a higher composition of beeswax (80 BW) leads to lower water absorption ability (26.25 %) and no fungal growth for 36 days, in contrast to uncoated-MBC (0 BW), which are used as a reference sample.

Effects of biodegradation of starch-nanocellulose films incorporated with black tea extract on soil quality

This study aimed to investigate the biodegradation behaviour of starch/nanocellulose/black tea extract (SNBTE) films in a 30-day soil burial test. The SNBTE films were prepared by mixing commercial starch, nanocellulose (2, 4, and 6%), and an aqueous solution of black tea extract by a simple mixing and casting process. The chemical and morphological properties of the SNBTE films before and after biodegradation were characterized using the following analytical techniques such as field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The changes in soil composition, namely pH, electrical conductivity (EC), moisture content, water holding capacity (WHC), soil respiration, total nitrogen, weight mean diameter (MDW), and geometric mean diameter (GMD), as a result of the biodegradation process, were also estimated. The results showed that the films exhibited considerable biodegradability (35–67%) within 30 days while increasing soil nutrients. The addition of black tea extract reduced the biodegradation rate due to its polyphenol content, which likely resulted in a reduction in microbial activity. The addition of nanocellulose (2–6% weight of starch) increased the tensile strength, but decreased the elongation at break of the films. These results suggest that starch nanocellulose and SNBTE films are not only biodegradable under soil conditions but also positively contribute to soil health, highlighting their potential as an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional plastic films in the packaging industry.

High toughness and fast home-compost biodegradable packaging films derived from polylactic acid/thermoplastic starch/para-rubber ternary blends

This research aims to formulate biobased and biodegradable packaging films with high toughness and fast home-compost biodegradation using ternary blends of polylactic acid (PLA), Para rubber (NR), and thermoplastic starch (TPS) through blown-film extrusion. The TPS content in this work ranges from 5 to 20 wt%, while the PLA: NR ratio is fixed at 70:30. At this PLA: NR ratio, the blend with 10 wt% TPS (PNT10) exhibited the highest % elongation at break and tensile toughness. Peroxide radical initiator was investigated as a potential additive for improving the properties of the ternary blend. Our binary interaction study indicated that peroxide initiated grafting reactions of PLA–NR and NR–TPS pairs, while no grafting occurred between PLA and TPS. In ternary blends, the highest peroxide content (0.5 wt%) increased the % elongation at break up to 120%, with the tensile toughness reaching 7255 MJ/m3. The improved compatibility induced by peroxide addition was supported by enhanced dispersion of TPS in the PLA/NR matrices. Results from the room-temperature soil burial test indicated that the presence of TPS could significantly accelerate the home-compost degradation of PNT films compared to films produced from neat PLA and PLA/NR. This suggests its potential as both a cost reducer and a biodegradation accelerator.

The impact of ecological aging on the mechanical performance of jute-banana fibre phenol-formaldehyde hybrid composites

Natural fiber composites provide an environmentally favorable and sustainable alternative to traditional materials, greatly reducing environmental impact. Aging tests are required to evaluate the long-term mechanical performance and durability of these composites under varied situations, ensuring their dependability and safety over time. This study investigates the effects of ecological aging on jute-banana fiber reinforced phenol-formaldehyde (JBP-F) composites. The experiment involved fabricating JBP-F composites using jute and banana fibers with varying weight ratios (60:40, 50:50, 40:60, 30:70) and subjecting them to various aging tests like long-time water resistance, accelerated water resistance, thermal aging, hydrothermal aging, soil burial test, and accelerated weathering test. The result showed that the composite with a 50:50 jute-banana fiber to resin ratio (JBP-F50) outperformed the other compositions examined in terms of aging resistance. This balanced ratio likely optimized fiber-matrix interaction, leading to superior strength and water resistance. Higher fiber content composites (like JBP-F60) absorbed more water due to weaker bonding, while lower fiber content (JBP-F30) suffered more in high temperatures. All composites experienced strength loss during thermal and hydrothermal aging due to heat and moisture cycles. JBP-F50 again showed the least degradation, possibly due to the resin’s ability to recover. In soil burial tests, biodegradation impacted strength, with higher fiber content composites (JBP-F60) degrading more. Finally, weathering tests revealed some surface deterioration due to UV radiation. However, the resin offered protection, with JBP-F30 (higher resin content) experiencing the most weight loss.JBP-F50, with its balanced fiber-resin ratio, demonstrated the best resistance to various environmental stresses, making it a promising option for sustainable composite applications.